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OBJECT    LESSONS 


IN 


BOTANY. 


The  Mexican  Sage,— the  Pink,— Phlox,— Bell-flower,— Sweet  Pea,— Lily,— Morning-glory, 
—Heather,— Rose,— Ear-drop,— Monk's-hood,  &c.,— illustrating  the  several  classes  of  corolla 
forms.    See  Lesson  XV. 


pMMSi  mi  gkwm; 


OR, 


i;jECT  LESSONS  IN  BOTANY 

WITH 

A  FLORA. 

PREPARED   FOR  BEGINNERS  IN  ACADEMIES  AND   TUBIJC   SCnoOI  9, 

BY  ALPIIONSO  WOOD,  A.M., 

AUTHOR    OF    THE    CLASS-BOOK    OF    BOTANY,    ETC. 
WITH    685    ILLUSTRATIONS. 


NEAV    YORK: 

A.  S.  BARNES  &  CO.,  Ill    &   113  WILLIAM  STREET. 

TROY:    MOORE    &    NIMS. 

1870. 


THE    NATIONAL   SERIES 

STANDARD  TEXTS  IN  THE  SCIENCES. 

I.— NORTON'S  FIRST  BOOK  IN  PHILOSOPHY $1  00 

PECK'S  GANOT'S  NATURAL  PHILOSOPHY 1  75 

H.— PORTER'S  FIRST  BOOK  IN  CHEMISTRY 1  00 

PORTER'S  PRINCIPLES  OF  CHEMISTRY 2  00 

HI.— J  ARVIS'   PRIMARY  PHYSIOLOGY 75 

JARVIS'  PHYSIOLOGY  AND  LAWS  OF  HEALTH 1  75 

IV.— WOOD'S  OBJECT   LESSONS  IN  BOTANY 1  50 

AMERICAN  BOTANIST  AND  FLORIST. 2  50 

WOOD'S  CLASS-BOOK   OF    BOTANY 3  50 

v.— STEELE'S  FOURTEEN  WEEKS  IN  ASTRONOMY....  1  50 

VI.— PAGE'S  ELEMENTS  OF  GEOLOGY 1  25 

VII.— CHAMBERS'  ELEMENTS  OF  ZOOLOGY 1  50 


thssie:  standard  works 

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A,  S,  SAUIVES  *&   CO., 

NEW  YORK. 


Entered  according  to  Act  of  Congress,  in  the  year  1860, 

By  A.  S.  BARNES  &  BURR, 

Ii  the  Clerk's  Office  of  tlie  United  States  District  Court  for  tlie  Southern  District  of  New  Tork. 


PREFACE 


Amoxg  tlie  happiest  days  of  oar  childhood  were  those  devoted  to  the 
study  of  Botany.  Pure  sunshine  rests  upon  the  memory  of  those  rambles 
in  the  fields  and  woods,  amid  the  opening  flowers  of  Spring,  and  then  in 
the  gay  profusion  of  advancing  Summer,  in  which  we  made  acquaintance 
with  many  a  floral  gem  before  unknown.  "We  love  to  think  of  that  wild 
woodland  lake  w^here  first  we  saw  the  sparkling  Sundew,  the  quaint 
Sarracenia,  and  the  fair  Nymphtea,  resting  on  the  bosom  of  the  waters ; 
or  of  that  lowly  dell  by  the  brookside,  where  the  Yellow  Violet,  the 
Hepatica,  and  the  Bloodroot  bloomed;  or  of  that  craggy  mountain, 
where,  among  the  rocks,  the  Columbine  hung  out  its  scarlet  flowers. 
Then  returning  home  with  our  gathered  treasures,  how  we  entered  with  a 
will  upon  the  work  of  Analysis,  toiling  for  hours  as  no  schoolmaster  could 
have  compelled  us  to  do,  being  attracted  to  the  task  by  the  very  love  of  it 
alone.  Here,  then,  we  have  at  least  one  department  in  learning  whose 
earnest  pursuit  is  so  congenial  to  the  affections  and  tastes  of  the  mind  as 
to  be  no  irksome  task,  but  a  pastime, — a  perpetual  feast;  and  this  not 
only  to  maturer  minds,  but  to  the  season  of  early  youth  even  in  a  higher 
degree,  since  then  the  objects  of  nature  are  especially  invested  with  the 
charms  of  novelty. 

Let  it  not  be  said,  however,  that  Botany  attracts  such  willing  votaries 
because  it  requires  no  labor,  no  persevering  effort.  No  science  is  more 
intricate  or  profound.  It  cannot  be  understood  except  by  vigorous  and 
persevering  effort.  Consequently,  in  its  successful  pursuit  there  is  disci- 
pline for  the  mind  as  well  as  for  the  body ;  and  since  the  subject  itself  is 
replete  with  refinement  and  beauty,  and  fresh  from  the  hand  of  God,  its 
pursuit  must  also  conduce  to  the  invigoratiou  of  the  moral  nature. 

If,  then,  it  be  desirable  to  preoccupy  the  minds  of  our  children  with 
controlling  ideas  of  purity,  refinement,  and  moral  beauty, — with  exalted 

27695 


(5  PREFACE. 


thoughts  of  God,  habits  of  mental  activity,  strength  of  judgment,  and 
decision  of  character ;  and,  moreover,  to  do  all  this  by  means  of  a  study 
whose  path,  in  a  double  sense,  is  strown  with  flowers,  then  is  the  study 
of  Botany  desirable;  and  that  labor  is  not  in  vain  which  is  bestowed 
upon  the  preparation  of  a  work  designed,  like  the  present,  for  primary 
classes,  from  the  ages  of  ten  to  fourteen. 

As  the  title  implies,  we  have  aimed  to  represent  to  the  eye  nearly  every 
subject  or  form  treated  of,  or  described  in  these  Lessons.  But,  notwith- 
standing the  copiousness  of  these  illustrations,  neither  the  teacher  nor  the 
pupil  will  be  satisfied  to  rely  upon  their  aid  alone.  Nature  alone  can 
afford  the  proper  illustrations  in  the  study  of  Nature's  works,  and  it  is 
only  by  comparison  with  the  living  specimen  that  eithjr  the  picture  or 
the  description  becomes  intelligible.  Therefore  let  specimens  in  unlimited 
number  accompany  every  botanical  recitation. 

Most  of  the  figures  are  original.  Others  have  been  derived  from  Maout,, 
Payer,  Richard,  Balfour,  Lindley,  and  a  few,  by  permission,  from  Darl- 
ington's "  ^Yeeds  and  Useful  Plants." 

Finally,  to  the  children  and  youth  of  our  country,  gathered  in  schools 
of  every  name,  this  liumble  volume  is  dedicated,  with  confident  belief  that 
it  will  prove  to  many  of  them  a  source  of  intellectual  and  moral  culture 
as  well  as  of  pure  and  rational  delight. 

Bkooklyk,  N.  Y.,  February  23,  1863. 


BOTANICAL  APPARATUS. 
The  Publishers  have  recently  provided  and  have  on  sale  a  set  of  apparatus  of  the  most 
approved  form  for  the  use  of  the  student  in  hotanical  pursuits,  and  as  described  in  the  Class- 
Book,  page  15.  It  consists  of  a  km'fe-ti'owel  for  dig.^ing  and  cutting  specimens,  a  inicroscojie 
and  tweezers  for  analysis,  a  tin-box  for  preserving  them  fresh,  and  a  j/rcss  for  drying  them. 
The  Set,  securely  packed,  will  be  sent  by  Express  to  order,  at  a  moderate  price. 

IN    PRESS. 
"  The  Botanical  Index,''  a  work  for  Schools  and  Seminarfes,  altogether  neto  and  ^7ef  (<'iar, 
in  which  the  study  of  the  entire  flora  of  the  country  and  city  is  reduced  to  the  last  degree 
of  simplicity  and  precision.     Its  use  will  lighten  the  labors  of  the  teacher  and  add  still  new 
pleasures  to  botanical  pursuits  for  every  one.    It  will  be  issued  ia  June  or  July. 

Also,  in  the  domain  of  Science,  the  Publishers  offer 
Steele's  14  Weeks'  Course  in  Astronomy. 

"  "  "  Chemistry  (with  Apparatus). 

"  "  "  Philosophy  (in  Press). 

Most  interesting  and  valuable  Text  Books. 


CONTExNTS. 


PAGE 

Preface 5 

Lesson  1.  The  Leaf  and  its  parts 9 

2.  Veins  and  Venation  of  tlie  Leaf 11 

3.  Forms  and  Figures  of  Leaves 15 

4.  Forms  and  Figures  of  Leaves 19 

5.  Otlier  Forms  and  Figures 23 

6.  Margin  and  Apex 26 

7.  Compound  Leaves 28 

8.  Sessile  Leaves. — Forms  of  Stipules 32 

9.  Arrangement  of  Leaves  and  Buds 35 

10.  Appendages,  &c 38 

11.  Organs  of  tlie  Flower 41 

13.  More  about  tlie  Calyx  and  Corolla 43 

13.  About  Adliesions 48 

. 14.  Forms  of  tlie  Perianth 50 

15.  Concerning  the  Stamens 54 

16.  More  about  the  Stamens 59 

17.  The  Plan  of  the  Flower 63 

18.  Of  the  Pistils 67 

19.  How  the  Leaves  are  folded  in  the  Bud 71 

20.  How  the  Flowers  are  arranged  on  the  Plant 75 

31.  The  Inflorescence  continued 78 

33.  Concerning  the  Fruit 83 

33.  Fruits  continued 88 

34.  Concerning  the  Seeds 93 

35.  The  Seed  becoming  a  Plant 95 

. 26.  Life  of  the  Plant,  or  its  Biography 100 

.  37.  Of  the  Axis  of  the  Plant 103 

38.  Of  the  Stem  or  Ascending  Axis 106 

29.  Plants  to  be  .arranged  in  Classes 113 


8  CONTENTS. 

PACK 

Lesson  30.  The  Natural  System 115 

31.  More  about  the  Natural  System 119 

32.  Of  the  Analysis  of  Plants 122 

33.  How  to  Analyze  a  Plant  by  the  Tables 125 

34.  Various  Suggestions  and  Cautions 128 

Abbreviations  and  Signs 131 

Analysis  of  the  Natural  Orders 132 

The  Flora. — Cohort  1.  The  Polypetalous  Exogens 143 

Cohort  2.  The  Gamopetalous  Exogens 215 

Cohort  3.  The  Apetalous  Exogens 275 

Cohort  4.  The  Conoids  (omitted). 

Cohort  5.  The  Spadiciflorse 282 

Cohort  6.  TheFloridioe 284 

Glossary  of  Botanical  Terms 302 

Index  to  the  Names  of  Species,  Genera,  Orders,  &c 309 


.?*-^ 


OBJECT  LESSONS  IN  BOTANY. 


•     LESSON  I. 

THE  LEAF,   AND   ITS  PARTS. 


Fig.  1.  Leal'uf  Llic  Quince. 


1.  "We  have  before  us  tlie  picture  of  a  Quince  leaf,  care- 
fully drawn  and  colored.  It  is  of  a  rich  green  color,  very 
pleasant  to  the  eye.  Its  outlines  are  full,  even,  and  grace- 
fully curved,  and  its  upper  surface  is  smooth  and  naked. 
Although  it  is  indeed  but  one  leaf,  yet  it  seems  to  be  made 
up  of  three  parts — 5,  j9,  ss, 

2.  The  upper  part,  5,  is  broad  and  thin,  and  is  called  the 


10  OBJECT  LESSONS  IN  BOTANY. 


BLADE.  The  upper  end  of  tlie  blade  is  tlie  ajpcx^  and  the 
lower  end  is  the  hase.  You  see  at  once  that  the  outline  of 
this  blade  represents  a  certain  form  or  figure,  with  an  even 
margin,  rounded,  and  broader  at  the  base  than  at  the  apex, 
like  the  figure  of  an  ^g^.  So  it  is  called  an  egg-shaped  leaf: 
or,  to  use  a  softer  word,  ovate. 

3.  Now  see  how  this  blade  is  supported.  At  the  base  it  is 
suddenly  narrowed  to  a  foot-stalk,  which  is  properly  called 
the  PETIOLE.  You  see  that  this  part  of  the  leaf  is  narrow  and 
slender,  and  in  this  leaf  terete^  or  cylindrical^  in  form.  But  in 
some  kinds  of  leaves  it  is  flattened.  Remember  its  name, — 
petiole. 

4.  Lastly,  at  the  base  of  the  petiole  you  notice  a  pair  of 
little  leaf-like  bodies,  one  on  this  side  and  one  on  that.  These 
we  call  the  STiruLES.  Stipules,  then,  are  always  in  pairs,  and 
placed  at  the  base  of  the  petiole.  Their  shape  is  quite 
various. 

5.  Thus,  when  a  leaf  is  complete,  it  consists  of  a  blade,  a 
petiole,  and  a  pair  of  stipules.  But  you  will  not  find  every 
kind  of  leaf  complete.  Many  sorts  have  no  stipules  at  all. 
Can  you  find  stipules  on  the  leaves  of  the  Lilac?  Some 
leaves,  moreover,  have  not  even  a  petiole.  See  the  leaves  of 
Phlox.     Such  leaves  are  said  to  be  sessile^  that  is,  sitting. 

1.  What  is  tlie  color  of  the  leaf  of  the  Quince  bush  ?  What  is  the  color 
of  leaves  generally  ?  Ans.  Green,  of  lighter  or  darker  shade.  What  of  the 
outline  of  this  leaf? — its  upper  surface? 

2.  What  is  the  Uade  ? — the  apex  ? — the  hase  ?  What  is  the  figure  of  the 
blade? 

3.  How  is  the  blade  supported?  Describe  the  foot-stalk.  Tell  its  real 
name. 

4.  Describe  the  stipules. 

5.  Now  state  the  three  parts  of  a  complete  leaf.  Do  all  kinds  of  leaves 
have  stipules  ?    Do  the  leaves  of  the  Lilac  ? — of  St.  Johnswort,  &c.  ? — of  the 


VEINS  OF  THE   LEAF. 


11 


LESSON    II. 

VEINS  AND  VENATION   OF  THE  LEAF. 

6.  The  blade  of  the  Quince  leaf  (Fig.  2)  shows  many  veins 
running  through  it,  and  branching  all  over  it.     Examine 


blcide. 


Fig.  2.  Leaf  of  the  Quince,  showing  the  veins. 

them.  First,  the  petiole  seems  to  be  extended  and  continued 
right  through,  from  the  base  to  the  apex,  forming  the  largest 
vein  in  tlie  leaf.     This  is  the  midvein, 

7.  lS[ext  observe  several  large  branches  sent  off  from  this 
midvein  on  both  sides,  right  and  left.  These  are  the  veinlets, 
Now,  looking  at  these  veins,  their  arrangement  reminds  us  of 
a  feather,  and  we  call  such  leaves  feathti'-veiJied.     Therefore, 

Violet  ?  Do  all  kinds  of  leaves  have  petioles  ? — of  Plilox,  for  example  1 
Wliat  do  you  understand  by  sessile  leaves  ? 

6.  Describe  the  midvein  of  the  Quince  leaf. 

7.  Describe  the  veinlets.    What  is  the  feather-vcincd  venation  ? 


12 


OBJECT  LESSONS  IN  BOTANY. 


we  may  say  that  the  feather- veined  venation  consists  of  07ie 
7nidvein  hranching  iiito  vei7ilets.     This  is  very  common. 

8.  Thirdly,  the  veinlets  themselves  send  off  little  branches 
(branchlets)  on  their  right  and  left,  and  we  call  these  the 
veinulets.  These  again  and  again  may  divide,  and  finally,  all 
the  little  divisions  unite  again,  forming  a  complete  net-work 
all  over  the  leaf.     Thus  we  learn  what  a  net-veined  leaf  is. 


Fig.  3.  The  Willow  leaf.    Some  of  the  veinulets  are  shown. 

9.  Here  is  a  picture  of  the  Willow  leaf  (Fig.  3).     You  can 
point  out  all  its  parts,  and  the  three  kinds  of  veins  in  it.     In 


Fig.  4.  Leaf  of  the  Red-bud  (Cercis). 


8.  What  are  the  veinulets  ?    When  is  a  leaf  said  to  be  net  Yeinod! 


VENATION   OF  THE   LEAF. 


13 


the  next  cut  (Fig.  4),  representing  the  Judas-tree  or  Red- 
bud  leaf,  you  see  a  different  venation. 

10.  At  tlie  base  of  the  blade  the  petiole  seems  to  divide 
all  at  once  into  five  large  veins,  each  rumiing  tlirougli,  one 
to  the  apex,  and  four  to  the  margin.  In  tliis  case  the  vein- 
ing  (that  is,  the  venation)  is  compared  to  the  division  of  the 
hand  (or  j[)ahn  of  the  hand)  into  fingers,  and  so  named  ^a^ 


Fig.  4  a.  Leaf  of  Sweet-gum  {Liquidamhar), 

mate  venation.  Therefore,  you  may  say  that  the  palmate 
venation  consists  of  about  five  veins  startins:  towther  at  the 
base  of  the  blade,  each  one  branching  into  veinlets  and 
veinulets.     Fig.  4  <z  is  a  lohed  leaf  of  the  Liqnidambar  tree, 


9.  Note  the  parts  of  tliis  Willow  leaf.    Point  out  its  midveiu.    Its  veinlets 
— veinulets. 

10.  Define  the  palmate  venation.    What  are  the  veins  ? 


u 


OBJECT  LESSONS  IN  BOTANY. 


j^almate  venation.     Maple  leaves  are  veiy  familiar  ex- 
les  of  the  same. 

11.  Our  next  iigiire  (5)  represents  the  leaf  of 
the  Tulip.  How  very  different  is  its  venation ! 
How  smooth,  even,  and  polished  its  surface !  The 
veins  all  run  side  by  side,  from  base  to  apex,  in 
graceful  and  regular  curves.  They  are  so  nearly 
parallel,  that  this  kind  of  venation  is  called  the 
jparallel  venation.  Look  at  the  grass  leaves,  the 
Corn  leaves,  and  the  Palm  leaves,  and  see  the 
^IIJvli      same  kind  of  venation. 


P\?\ 


Fig.  5.  Leaf  of  Tulip. 


Fig,  6.  Leaf  of  the  Climbing  Fern. 


12.  Let  us  examine  one  other  kind  of  venation,  and  the 
list  will  be  complete.      Here  is  a  cut  showing  the  leaf  of 


11.  Define  the  parallel  venation.    Mention  examples. 

12.  The  forked  venation.    Examples. 

Now  repeat  the  names  of  the  five  or  six  kinds  of  venation. 


FORMS   AND   FIGURES  OF   LEAVES. 


Climbing  Fern  (Fig.  6).  To  say  nothing  of  the  five  veins 
(which  are  pahnate,  as  in  tlic  leaves  of  Sweet-gnm,  Fig.  4  «), 
you  may  notice  the  veinlets,  how  they  fork  and  run  to  tlie 
margin,  without  uniting  again  to  form  a  net-work.  This  is 
the  forked  venation.  You  will  lind  this  sort  in  nearly  all 
the  Ferns. 


LESSON    III. 

FORMS  AND  FIGURES  OF  LEAVES. 

13.  You  have  already  noticed  that  the  form  of  the  Quince 
leaf,  and  of  most  others,  is  a  thin,  flat  expansion,  presenting 
a  large  surface  to  tlie  air.  A  few  plants  have  thick,  solid 
leaves,   as   the   leaves  of  the  Live-forevers   and  Ice-plants. 


Fig.  7.  Represents  a  branch  of  Juniper,  witli  awl-sliaped  leaves  (siibnlate). 
Fig.  8.  Leaves  of  the  Fleur-de-lis  {Irls)\  they  are  sword-shaped  (ensiform). 
Fig.  9.  Leaves  of  the  Scotch  Pine  ;  they  are  needle-shaped  (acerose). 

Other  plants  have  slender  leaves,  as  the  Pines.     See  Figs. 
Y,  8,  and  9. 


13.  What  is  the  general  form  of  leaves  ?    Wliat  plants  have  thick  and 
solid  leaves?    What  form  of  leaves  has  the  Pine?  the  Iris?  the  Juniper? 


16 


OBJECT   LESSONS   IN  BOTANY. 


14.  We  also  spoke  of  the  figure  of  the  outline  of  the 
Quince  leaf,  which  is  ovate.  But  you  must  have  observed 
that  there  is  a  very  great  variety  in  the  figure  of  leaves,  af- 
fording a  very  interesting  study.  First,  we  will  examine,  one 
by  one,  the  figures  of  the  feather-veined  leaves  (Figs.  10-21.) 


Fig.  10.  Ovate  leaf  of  the  Pear-tree. 
Fig.  11.  Lanceolate  leaf  of  the  Flowering  Almond. 
Fig.  12.  Narrow  lanceolate  leaf  of  the  Weeping  Willow. 
Fig.  13.  Deltoid  leaf  of  the  White  Birch. 

15.  The  leaf  of  the  Flowering  Almond  (Fig.  11)  is  lanceo- 
late. It  is  narrower  than  ovate,  shaped  like  a  lance,  having 
the  lower  half  wider  tlian  the  upper.  This  "Willow  leaf  (Fig. 
12)  is  narrowly  lanceolate.  The  leaf  of  the  Lombardy  Pop- 
lar, or  of  the  White  Birch  (Fig.  13),  is  so  broad  at  the  base 
as  to  form  a  three-sided  figure,  like  the  Greek  letter  (A)  delta. 
Hence  it  is  a  deltoid  leaf. 


14.  What  is  the  figure  of  the  Quince  leaf? 

15.  Describe  the  figure  of  the  leaf  of  Flowering  Almond ;  of  the  Weeping 
Willow ;  of  the  Lombardy  Poplar,  &c. 


LEAF-FORMS   AND  FIGURES. 


17 


16.  In  the  next  fonr  kinds  of  leaves  yon  will  notice  tliat 
tlie  broadest  place  is  midway  between  the  base  and  apex. 
Thus  the  orhicidar  (Fig.  14),  or  rounded,  leaf  is  about  as 
broad  as  it  is  long.  The  oval  leaf  (Fig.  15)  is  about  one-third 
longer  than  broad.  This  Plum  leaf  is  an  example.  The  el- 
liptical (Fig.  16)  is  about  twice  longer  than  broad,  and  the 
oblong  (Fig.  lY)  is  three  or  four  times  longer  than  broad. 
Here  are  examples. 


Fig.  14.  Orbicular  leaf  of  "Wiuter-greeu  {PyroU). 
Fig.  15.  Oval  leaf  of  the  Plum-tree. 
Fig.  16.  Elliptical  leaf  of  Black  Haw. 
Fig.  17.  Oblong  leaf  of  a  Willow. 

17.  We  next  have  four  varieties  of  forms  which  are  broader 
towards  the  apex  than  base.  First,  the  olovate  (Fig.  IS), 
like  this  leaf  of  the  Smoke-tree.     Its  outline  is  like  that  of 


16.  Wlaen  is  the  figure  of  a  leaf  called  orbicular  ?  Will  you  sliow  me 
specimens  ?  Describe  an  oval  leaf,  and  give  specimens.  Describe  an  cllii>- 
Ucal  leaf,  and  give  examples.     Describe  an  oblong  leaf,  and  give  examples. 

17.  When  will  the  figure  of  a  leaf  become  obovate?    Give  examples  of 


18 


OBJECT   LESSONS  IN  BOTANY. 


the  egg  inverted.  A  similar  form,  but  narrower,  is  the  db- 
Icmceolate ^  that  is,  tlie  inverted  lance-sliaped,  like  the  leaf' 
of  Papaw,  or  Fig.  19.  Next,  still  narrower,  is  the  spatulate^ 
a  figure  compared  to  the  surgeon's  spatula  (Fig.  21);  and 
lastly,  the  wedge-shaped,  or  cuneate^  tapering  from  a  broad 
apex  to  a  slender  base,  as  in  Fig.  20. 


Fig.  18.  Obovate  leaf  of  the  Smoke-tree  (Rhys  cotula). 
Fig.  19.  Oblanceolate  loaf  of  MuhJetiburg's  Willow. 
Fig.  20.  Cuneate  leaf  of  a  Sundew  (Drosera  longifolia). 
Fig.  21.  Spatulate  leaf  of  a  Sundew  (variety  of  i>.  longifolia). 

18.  Thus  we  have  arranged  these  twelve  forms  of  feather- 
veined  leaves  into  three  classes. 


Bucli  leaves.    Oblanceolate  ?    Sliow  us  examples.    Spatulate  ?    Sliow  us  ex- 
amples.   Wedge-sliaped,  or  cuneate  ?    Give  examples. 

18.  Repeat  the  names  of  the  four  leaf-forms  broadest  at  base ; — the  four 
broadest  in  the  middle ; — the  four  broadest  towards  apex. 


LEAF-FORMS  AND  FIQUKES. 


19 


LESSON    IV. 

FORMS  AND  FIGURES  OF  LEAVES. 

19.  In  many  kinds  of  leaves  we  find  the  parts  at  the  base 
more  or  less  enlarged  backwards,  as  yon  see  in  this  picture 


Fig.  22.  The  Morning-glory. 

of  the   Morning-glory  leaf   (Fig.  22).      This   is   the  lieart- 
ghaped,  or,  more  properly,  the  cordate  leaf.     It  is  truly  an 


20 


OBJECT  LESSONS   IN   BOTANY. 


elegant  figure  in  this  and  in  the  Lilac,  &c.  But  sometimes 
this  peculiar  enlargement  at  base  becomes  excessive,  and  the 
figures  more  curious  than  elegant.  Such  is  the  arrow-shaped 
figure,  called  sagittate^  having  long-pointed  base  lobes,  as 
seen  in  the  Arrow-head  (Fig.  47),  the  Scratch  Knot-grass,  &c. 
(Fig.  26.) 


Fep-.  23.  Eeniform  leaf  of  Wild  Ginger.  Fig.    28.    Fraser's    Magnolia:    obovate- 
Fig.  24,  Eeniform  leaf  of  Pennywort.  spatulate,  auriculate  at  base. 

Fig.  25.  Peltate  leaf  of  Penny  wort.  Fig.   29.    Oblong  leaf  of  the  Toothed 
Fig.  26.  Arrow-shaped   leaf  of  Scratch        Arabis. 

Knot-grass.  Fig.  SO.  Three-lobed  leaf  of  Liverwort. 
Fig.  27.  Spatulate  leaf  of  SileneVirginica. 


20.  In  the  common  Sorrel  leaf,  and  in  Fraser's  Magnolia 
leaf  (Fig.  28),  these  base  lobes  remind  one  oi  em^s,  and  such 
leaves  are  said  to  be  auriculate  (from  the  Latm  aiiriGula^  an 


19.  Desci'ibe  tlie  cordate  leaf,  and  give  examples.     The  sagittate,  and  ex- 
amples. 

20.  Describe   the  auriculate  form,  and  give  examples.    The  reniform. 
Examples. 


LEAF-FORMS  AND  FIGURES. 


21 


ear).  In  some  leaves  these  lobes  are  very  broad  and  round- 
ed, giving  to  tliem  a  kidney-shaped  form,  that  is,  reniform^ 
as  you  see  in  this  Wild  Ginger  leaf  (Fig.  23),  and  in  the 
Pennywort  (Fig.  24).  ^\\.q  jpeltate^  or  shield-shaped  leaf  (Fig. 
25 — another  Pennywort)  has  its  base  lobes  united,  and  its  pet- 
iole iixed  to  the  under  side.  See,  also,  IN^asturtion  leaves. 
21.  We  will  next  study  a  class  of  forms  with  deeply  lobed 


or   cleft  blades,  not   well   filled 


up 


between   the  veinlets. 


Fig.  31.  Bi-pinnatifid  leaf  of  Pig-weed. 

Fig.  32.  Sinnate-lobed  leaf  of  White  Oak, 

Fig.  33.  Undulate-lobed  leaf  of  Jack  Oak. 

Fig.  34.  Lyrate  leaf  of  Moss-cup  Oak. 

Fig.  35.  Lobed  \ci\f  of  Mulgedlum  (Bine  Milkweed). 

First,  look  at  this  Liverwort  leaf  (Fig.  30).  It  is  cleft  id 
two  places,  rendering  it  three-lobed.  The  Sweet-gum  leaf 
(Fig.  4  a)  is  five-lobed  Oak  leaves  are  lobed  in  many  pat« 
terns,  according  to  the  kind.     The  White  Oak  has  a  simiate- 

2L  What  is  tlie  figure  of  the  Liverwort  leaf?  AYliat  Ihe  figure  of  the 
Maple  leaf?  What  kind  of  venation  have  tliese  last  two?  Define  the  fig- 
ure of  the  Wliite  Oak  leaf.     Of  the  Mossy-cuj)  Oak. 


OBJECT   LESSONS   IN   BOTANY. 


lohed  leaf  (Fig.  32),  tlie  Mossy-cnp  Oak  has  a  lyraU  leaf, 

having  its  terminal  lobe  larger  than  any  other  (Fig.  34). 
22.  Fig.  35  is  the  leaf  of  a  kind  of  Milkweed,  called  Muh 

gedium^  with  sharp  lobes  pro- 
jecting at  right  angles  to  the 
niidvein  ;  and  Fig.  36  is  of  the 
Wild  Lettuce,  with  lobes  point- 
ing or  hooking  backwards. 
Such  leaves  are  called  riin- 
cinate.  The  Dandelion  has 
also  runcinate  leaves.  When 
a  leaf  has  only  shallow  lobes, 
as  you  see  in  Fig.  33,  it  ap- 
pears  with    a  wav}^  outline, 

(tailed  undulate.     It  is  a  leaf  of  that  beautiful  tree  called  at 

the  West,  Jack  Oak. 


Fig.  36.  Leaf  of  Lactuca  elongata^  or 
Wild  Lettuce. 


LESSON    V. 

OTHER  FORMS  AND  FIGURES. 

23.  It  is  now  time  to  learn  the  difference  between  a  sim- 
ple and  a  compound  leaf.  The  simple  leaf  has  but  one 
blade,  as  the  Quince  leaf,  and  all  the  leaves  which  we  have 
liitherto  noticed.  We  have  now  before  us  a  compound  leaf, 
one  plucked  from  a  Eose-bush  (Fig.  39),  consisting  of  several 
distinct  blades  on  one  petiole.     It  has  also  one  pair  of  stip- 

22.  What  of  the  figure  called  runcinate?    Describe  the  undulate  leaf. 
What  example  ?    What  kind  of  venation  have  the  last  four  forms  ? 
2.3   What  is  a  simi)lo  loaf?     A  compound  leaf? 


LEAF-FORMS   AND  FIGURES. 


23 


Fig.  37.  Compound  leaf  of  Red  Clover. 

Fig.  38.  Simple  leaf  of  Willow  {Salir.  lucida). 

Fig.  39.  Compound  leaf  of  Rose. 


ulcs,  like  a  simple  leaf.  This  Clover  leaf  is  also  compound 
(Fig.  37),  having  stipules  («),  as  well  as  this  simple  leaf  of 
the  Shining  Willow  (Fig.  38). 

24.  But  here  is  a  leaf,  the  Celandine  (Fig.  40),  which  is 
almost,  but  not  quite,  compound.  The  blade  is  feather- 
veined,  and  deeply  divided  into  several  parts,  called  segments. 
Such  a  leaf  is  called  innnatifid.  In  Fig.  31,  the  leaf  of  a 
garden  weed  (Ambrosia),  you  observe  that  the  segments  ni'e 
themselves  pinnatifid,  so  that  the  leaf  is  twice  or  hi-])innatifid. 


24.  Plense  define  tlie  pinnatiCd  loaf.     Tlic  bi  pinnatifid. 


24 


OBJECT   LESSONS   IN   BOTANY. 


25.  But  what  form  of 
leaf  is  this  (Fig.  41)  of 
the  Fennel-flower,  with 
such  a  multitude  of  nar- 
row segments  ?  You  may 
call  h  jp{?i-?iat-i-secty  if  the 
long  word  does  not  try 
your  short  memory  too 
much.  The  Thistle  leaf 
is  also  pinnatisect,  al- 
though quite  different  in 
form. 

26.  Fig.  42  represents 
a  pedate  leaf  of  a  Pas- 
sion-flower. Observe  its 
palmate  venation,  each  of 
its  veins  bearing  a  seg- 
ment,   and    each     lower 


Fiff.  40.  Pinnatifid  leaf  of  Celandine. 
Fi(/.  41.  Pinnatisect  leaf  of  Fennel-flower. 


segment  double,  so  resembling  a  bird's  foot.     Fedate  means 
foot-shaped. 


tig.  i'i.  Pedate  leaf  of  Passion-flower.  Fig.  ^o.  Laciniale  leaf  of  Monk's-liood. 


25.  What  do  you  call  sucli  leaves  as  those  of  the  Fennel-flower  ? 


LEAF-FOKMS  AND  FIGURES. 


25 


27.  The  singular  leaf  of  MonkVliood  ap- 
pears as  if  gashed  with  scissors,  and  may 
be  called  laciniate^  or  gashed  (Fig.  43). 

28.  The  parallel-veined  leaves  may  have 
figures  similar  to  the  net-veined,  as  lanceo- 
late (Fig.  44),  orbicular  (Fig.  45),  cordate 
(Fig.  4G),  sagittate  (Fig.  47),  &c. ;  but  the 
most  usual  form  is  the  linear^  like  the  Grass 

leaf  (Fig.  48),  which  is  long 
and  n arrow,  witli  sides  nearly 
parallel.  The  sword-sbaped 
leaf,  or  ensiform^  differs  from 
the  linear  in  having  its  edges 
vertical,  not  horizontal  as 
other  leaves.     See  tbe  Iris.  8. 


26,27.  Pedate?  Laciniale  ?  State 
the  venation  of  the  above  forms.  • 

28.  What  is  a  linear  leaf?  an  en- 
siform  ?    Define  the  word  vertical. 


Fig.  44.  Lanceolate, — Lily  of  the  Valley.        Fig.  4G.  Cordate  leaf  of  Pond- weed. 
Fig.  45.  Orbicular,— Kound-lcavcd  Orchis.     Fig.  47.  Sajjittate  leaf  of  Arrow-head. 
Fig.  48.  Linear  Laves  of  Bluo-oycd  Grass  {.Sin^rinvhium). 


86 


OBJECT  LESSONS  IN  BOTANY. 


LESSON   yi. 

MARGIN    AND    APEX. 

29.  In  describing  a  leaf  we  are  to  consider  the  patterns 
of  its  border,  or  margin,  which  are  quite  varions,  and  often 
eleirant.     Some   of  the  leaves  heretofore  noticed  have  the 


Fig.  49.  Serrate  leaf  of  Chestnut. 
Fig.  50.  Doubly  serrate  leaf  of  Elm. 
Fig.  51.  Dentate  leaf  of  Arrow-wood 

( Viburnum  dentatum). 
Fig.  52,.  Crenato  leaf  of  Catmint. 


Fig.  53.  Kepand  leaf  of  Enchanter's 
Ni-ght-shade  {Circaa  Lutetiana). 

Fig.  54.  Undulate  leaf  of  Shingle  0«k 
{Q.  imhricaria). 

Fig.  55.  LooLd  leaf  of  ChrysuKthemvm. 


margins  entire  and  even,  as  in  the  Quince  leaf,  or  tlie  Lily. 

But  most  leaves  are  notched  in  various  ways.     For  example, 

30.  This  Willow  leaf  (Fig.  3)  is  notched  in  the  margin 

29.  When  is  the  margin  said  to  be  entire  ? 


MARGIN  AND  APEX. 


27 


like  a  saw,  with  the  teeth  projecting  forward.  Such  a  mar- 
gin is  said  to  be  serrate^  or,  if  the  teeth  are  quite  small,  ser- 
rulate. When  the  teeth  point  neither  forward  nor  back- 
ward, but  outward^  we  call  the  margin  dentate^  or  toothed ; 
and  if  tlie  teeth  are  quite  small,  denticulate.  See  Figs.  49, 
50,  51,  &c. 

31.  Some  leaves  are  maro^ined  with  rounded  and  blunt 
teeth,  and  we  call  them  crenate  (Fig.  52) ;  or,  if  such  teeth 
are  very  small,  crenulate. 

32.  In  Figs.  13  and  50,  you  see  that  the  teeth  themselves 
are  again  toothed,  an  arrangement  called  douUy  dentate. 
So  we  may  find  leaves  doubly  serrate  or  doubly  crenate. 
Thus  we  liave  described  seven  modes  or  styles  of  border- 


ing- 


Several  other  modes  are  found  described  in  the  larsfer 


botanies. 


56 


APEX. 


57 


Flff.  56.  Apex  of  leaves:  or,  obcordate ;  6,  emarginate;  c,  retuso  ;  rf,  truncate  ; 
«,  obtuse  ;  f,  acute  ;  ^,  mucronate  ;  h,  cuspidate  ;  k,  acuminate. 

Fig.  57.  Bases  of  leaves:  I,  hastate;  m,  w,  sagittate;  o,  auriculate ;  p,  cordate; 
7,  rcniform. 


30.  When  is  the  margin  serrate  ?    Wlien  serrulate  ?    How  ioes  the  den 
tate  differ  from  the  serrate  ? 

31.  What  sort  of  teeth  docs  the  crenate  imply?    Crenulate? 
33.  Explain  doubly  dentate,  &c. 


28  OBJECT   LESSONS  IN  BOTANY. 


33.  It  is  also  necessary  to  be  acquainted  witli  the  vari- 
ous forms  of  the  apex  of  leaves.  This  diagram  (Fig.  56) 
will  assist  the  memory.  The  apex  may  be  acmninate^  end- 
ing in  a  long,  tapering  point;  or  cusj>idate^  suddenly  con- 
tracted to  a  sharp,  slender  point ;  mucronate^  tipped  with 
a  S2>iny  point ;  acute^  simply  ending  with  an  angle ;  obtuse^ 
blunt. 

34.  Or  the  leaf  may  end  without  a  point,  being  truncate, 
as  if  cut  square  off;  retuse,  with  a  rounded  and  slightly  de- 
pressed end  where  the  point  should  be ;  emarginate,  having 
a  small  notch  at  the  end;  obcordate,  having  a  deep  inden- 
tation at  the  end.  See  also,  and  exphiin,  the  diagram  ol 
the  bases  of  leaves  (Fig.  57). 


LESSON    VII. 

COMPOUND    LEAVES. 

35.  A  COMPOUND  leaf  consists  of  several  distinct  blades 
borne  on  one  petiole.  (See  Lesson  Y.,  first  paragraph.) 
These  separate  blades  are  called  leaflets.  You  notice  that  in 
Fig.  39  each  of  the  five  leaflets  has  its  own  foot  stalk,  called 
petiolule^  and  its  own  midvein,  &c. 

36.  The  Eose  leaf  (Fig.  58)  is  pinnately  compound,  or  Eim- 

33.  What  does  tlie  term  acuminate  imjDly  ?  What  sort  of  apex  is  i  uspi 
date  ?  miicronate  ?  acute  ?  obtuse  ? 

34.  When  may  we  call  the  apex  truncate  ?  retuse  ?  emarginate  V  ohcor 
date  ?    Please  name  these  several  forms  of  the  bases  of  leaves. 

35.  Define  a  compound  leaf.  What  is  a  leaflet  ?  What  do  you  call  the 
foot-stalk  of  the  leaflet  ? 


COMPOUND  LEAVES. 


29 


ply  pinnate^  liaving  several  leaflets 
arranged  along  both  sides  of  the  com- 
mon stalk.  This  common  stalk,  an- 
swering to  the  midvein  of  a  simple 
leaf,  is  called  the  r acids. 

37.  Among  pinnate  leaves,  there 
are,  at  least,  three  important  distinc- 
tions. Observe  the  Figs.  59,  60,  and 
61.  One  of  them  ends  with  an  odd 
leaflet,  and  is  called  odd-joinnate. 
Another  ends  with  a  pair  of  leaflets, 
and  is  equally  pinnate.  Another  still 
has  its  alternate  leaflets  smaller,  and  is  interruptedly  pinnate. 


Fig.  5S.  Lciif  ofthe  Rose. 


Fig.  50.  Odd-pinnate  \iii.\^  {Tephrosia).    Fig.  61.  Interruptedly  pinnate  (Agrimony). 
Fig.  GO,  Equally  pinnate  \Qa^  {Cassia).     Fig.  62.  Pinnately  ternate  {Desmodium). 
Fig.  63.  Paliiiately  ternate  (Clover). 


3G.  Define  tlie  pinnate  leaf.    What  is  the  rachis  ? 

37.  Give  the  distinction  between  odd-pinnate  and  equally  pinnate.    What 
leaf  is  interruptedly  pinnate  'i 


30 


OBJECT  LESSONS    IN  BOTANY. 


88.  Every  one  knows  that  the  number  of  Icallets  in  tlie 
Clover  is  three;  also  in  the  Bean,  and  in  this  figure  (62)  of 
the  Desmodium  leaf.  Such  leaves  are  called  ternate.  But 
here  the  pupil  will  notice  another  important  distinction.  In 
this  Desmodium  leaf,  the  odd  leaflet  is  stalked,  and  is  said 
to  be  ^:>?727i(2i5(?Zy  ternate  ;  in  Clover,  the 
odd  leaflet  is  nearly  sessile,  like  the 
this  \'$=  ixdmately  ternate. 


Fig.  65.  Poison  Hemlock. 


39.  Fig.  64  represents  a  li-jjmnate  (that  is,  twice  pinnate) 
leaf  of  Honey  Locust.  The  simple  leaflets  seem  to  have 
eacli  become  itself  a  pinnate  leaf.  And  still  more  compound 
is  this  Poison  Hemlock  leaf,  being  tri-jpinnate^  or  thrice  pin- 
nate (Fig.  65).  In  the  same  manner,  we  hav<3  M-ternate  and 
tri-teimate. 

38.  How  many  leaflets  in  a  ternate  leaf?  Difference  between  tliQ  pin- 
aately  and  tlie  palmately  ternate  ? 

39.  Can  you  define  a  bi-pinnate  leaf?  Tri-pinnate  ?  Wliat  is  abi-ternata 
teaf  ?    A  tri-ternate  ? 


FOllMS   AKD   FIGURES   OF  LEAVES. 


31 


40.  AH  the  above  forms  of  com- 
pound leaves,  except  the  Clover, 
are  founded  on  the  pinnate  vena- 
tion ;  but  tlie  palmate  venation 
gives  us  the  palmately  ternate 
(Clover,  already  described) ;  the 
quinate^  witli  five  leaflets ;  the  sej}- 
tinate^  with  seven  leaflets,  &c. 
See  the  leaves  of  Horse-chestnut, 
of  Hemp,  and  of  tliis  Lupine  (Fig. 


Fig.  60.  A  leaf  of  Lupine. 
72  73 


Fig.  67.  Eose-bay  {Rhododendron). 

Fig.  68.  Alder  {Alniis  glauca). 

Fig.  69.  Knot-grass  {Folygonun  sagitta- 

tian). 
Fig.  70.  Papaw  {Asiriiina  triloba). 
Fig.  71.  To\\Q\\-mQ- not  {hnpatiensfulva). 


Fig.  72.  Sugar-berry  (  Celtis  Americana). 

Fig.  73.  Enchanter's  Night-shade  {Cir- 
ca-a  lutetiana). 

Fig.  74.  Catmint  {Nepda  GUclioma). 

Fig.  75.  Goldenrod  (Solidago  Canaden- 
sis), a  triple-veined  leaf. 


The  pupils  should  be  required  to  describe  the  leaves  in 
this  cut,  as  to  venation,  figure,  margin,  apex,  and  base. 


32 


OBJECT  LESSONS  IN  BOTANY 


Ficj.  76.  Potentilla  anserina;  leaf  with  five  cut  lobes,  almost  qninate. 
Fig.  77.  Potentilla  tridentata ;  ternate,  with  palmate,  three-toothed  leaflets 
Fig.  78.  JefFersonia  diphylla ;  a  binate  leaf. 
Fig.  79.  Lemon  ;  a  simple  leaf  jointed  to  the  petiole. 


LESSON    VIII. 

SESSILE  LEAVES— FORMS  OF   STIPULES. 

41.  Y\^E  have  alreaclj  stated  (Lesson  L,  §  5)  that  many 
leaves  are  without  petioles  (foot-stalks),  or,  in  other  words,  are 
sessile.  The  figures  presented  on  page  33  exhibit  some  of  the 
modes  of  attachment  peculiar  to  sessile  leaves.  In  Fig.  80 
(an  Aster)  you  see  leaves  of  the  form  called  spatulate  (Lesson 
III.,  §  5),  having  large  base  lobes  nearly  clasping  the  stem 
at  the  point  of  attachment.  Such  leaves  are  said  to  be  arrh- 
plexicaul  (stem -clasping). 

42.  In  the  next  figure  (81,  Bellwort)  the  leaves  are  ellipti- 
cal, parallel-veined,  and  not  only  clasp  the  stem  at  base,  but 
the  lobes  there  grow  together  on  the  opposite  side,  appearing 
as  if  the  stem  passed  through  the  leaf;  that  i^.,  perfoliate. 

40.  What  kind  of  venation  have  all  these  forms  ?  On  the  palmate  vena- 
tion  what  forms  are  founded  ? 

41.  When  are  leaves  said  to  he  sessile?     Define  an  amplexicaul  lea£ 

42.  Can  you  define  a  perfoliate  leaf? 


FORMS  OF  THE  PETIOLE. 


33 


Fig.  80.  Amplexicaul  leaves  of  Aster  laevis. 

Fig.  81.  Perfoliate  leaves  of  Bellwort  {Uvulana  perfoliata). 

Fig.  82.  Connate  leaves  of  Honeysuckle  {Lonicera  sempervirens). 

43.  In  Fig.  82  (Trumpet  Honeysuckle)  the  leaves  placed 
opposite  are  joined  together  by  pairs,  base  to  base.  Such 
are  connate  leaves. 

44.  The  forms  of  the  petiole,  Avhen  the  petiole  exists,  are 
also  various.  Generally,  it  is  merely  a  rounded,  slender 
stem,  but  you  vill  often  iind  it  flattened.  Plave  you  ever 
noticed  the  structure  of  the  Aspen  (Poplar)  leaf,  which  so 
easily  flutters  in  tlie  gentlest  breeze  ?  Its  petiole  is  flattened 
vertically,  so  that  its  edges  turn  sky-ward  and  earth-ward. 
Such  a  form  of  leaf-stalk  is  called  compressed.,  and  it  must  be 
very  nicely  balanced  in  order  to  hold  the  blade  at  rest. 

43.  When  are  leaves  said  to  be  connate  ? 

44.  What  is  the  usual  form  of  the  petiole  ?    Carefully  describe  the  petiole 
of  the  Aspen. 

■    2* 


34 


OBJECT  LESSONS  IN  BOTANY. 


45.  A  winged  petiole  is  flattened  horizontally.  A  shccdh- 
ing  petiole  embraces  tlie  stem  with  its  winged  edges  like  a 
sheath.     Yon  can  And  plenty  of  examples  of  these  forms. 


S3       .^4 
Fig.  83.  Eose, — stipules  adnate.        Fig.  84.  Violet  (  V.  tricolor)^ — plashed  stipules. 

46.  Let  ns  now  study  more  particularly  the  varying  forms 
of  the  stipules.  We  have  already  defined  them.  (See  Les- 
son I.,  §  4.)  Here  is  seen  the  leaf  of  a  Rose  and  of  a  Pansy 
(Figs.  83,  84),  both  with  quite  showy  stipules.     The  former 


85      86        87        88 
Fig.  85.  Leaf  of  Coniosellnum,— tri-pinnate,  with  sheathing  petiole. 
Fig.  86.  Leaf  of  Polygonum  Pennsylvanicum,  witli  its  (s)  ochrea. 
Fig.  87.  Stem  of  Grass,  with  joint  0"),  leaf  (^),  ligule  (s). 
Fig.  88.  Leaf  of  Pear-tree,  with  slender  stipules. 

45.  What  difference  between  a  winged  and  compressed  petiole  ?    Can  you 
describe  a  sheathing  petiole  ?    Give  examples  of  these  three  forms. 


ARRANGEMENT  OF  THE  LEAVES.  35 


has  its  stipules  adnate  j  tluit  is,  growing  to  the  petiole.     The 
Pansy  lias  large  stipules  deeply  cleft  into  many  segments. 

47.  Figs.  85-88  are  very  instructive.  Fig.  88  is  a 
Pear  leaf,  with  an  ovate  blade,  a  slender,  cylindric  petiole, 
and  a  pair  of  small,  narrow  stipules  (s).  Fig.  86  is  a  Knot- 
grass leaf,  with  an  ochrea  {s) ;  that  is,  a  pair  of  stipules  so 
joined  at  the  edges  as  to  form  a  sheath  around  the  stem 
Fig.  87  is  a  Grass  leaf,  linear,  with  a  ligule  {s)  supposed  to 
be  the  top  of  a  doubled  stipule.  Fig.  85  is  a  very  compound 
leaf  of  Conioselinum,  having  a  broadly  winged,  sheathing 
petiole. 


LESSON    IX. 

ARRANGEMENT  OF  LEAVES  AND  BUDS. 

48.  If  you  carefully  notice  how  the  leaves  are  distributed 
over  any  plant, — the  Corn  plant,  for  example, — you  will  soon 
admire  their  order  and  exactness  in  this  respect.  At  first 
view,  we  might  suppose  their  positions  all  accidental ;  but  it 
is  not  so,  and  much  of  the  peculiar  aspect  of  the  j)lant  de- 
pends upon  this  circumstance. 

49.  In  the  Corn  plant,  or  in  this  figure  of  Lady's-slipper 
(89),  we  find  the  leaves  alternate, — that  is,  one  on  this  side, 
the  next  one  higher  and  on  that  side,  and  so  on.     So  it  is  in 

46.  Stipules  ;  can  you  repeat  the  definition  ?  Describe  the  stipules  of  tlie 
Rose.    Describe  the  stipules  of  the  Pansy. 

47.  Describe  the  stipules  of  the  Pear.  Stipules  of  Knot-grass — what 
called  ?    Stipules  of  Grass — what  called  ? 

48.  Are  the  positions  of  the  leaves  on  the  plant  accidental? 

49.  Can  you  describe  the  alternate  arrangement?  How  is  this  arrango- 
nient  more  accurately  described  ? 


36 


OBJECT  LESSONS  IN  BOTANY. 


the  Elm,  Clieriy,  Willow,  and  many  otlier  plants.  But  it 
would  be  more  accurate  to  say  that  the  arrangement,  in  all 
these  cases,  is  spiral.     (See  Class  Book,  §  22 i.) 


S9  90  91  92 

Fig.  89.  Lady's-slipper  {Cypripedium)^ — leaves  alternate. 

Fig.  90.  Synandra, — leaves  opposite. 

Fig.  91.  Larch  {Larix  Americana)^ — leaves  fasciculate. 

Fig.  92.  Indian  Cucumber  (J/gJ^rv^a),— leaves  whorled. 

50.  In  the  Maple,  Lilac,  Phlox,  and  in  this  figure  of  th( 
Synandra  (90),  a  wild  western  plant,  the  leaves  are  Ojpjyosite 
that  is,  two  opposite  ones  stand  at  each  joint.  The  Meadow 
Lily,  and  this  Medeola  (Fig.  92)  of  the  I^ew  England  woods^ 
hav' e  tohorled  or  'vei'ticillate  leaves ;  that  is,  several  in  a  circle 
at  each  joint.  Again,  look  at  this  Larch  (Fig.  91),  the  Pines, 
&c.,  whose  leaves,  gathered  in  little  tufts  or  bundles,  are 
fasGiculate. 

50.  Define  tlife  opposite  arrangement.    The  wliorled  j  fasciculate. 


VERNATION.— LEAF-BUD. 


37 


51.  In  early  spring,  before  the  leaves  are  expanded,  we 
find  them  folded  up  in  the  buds.  This  is  called  the  verna- 
tion of  the  leaves  (from  the  Latin  vermis,  spring).  In  this 
condition  the  yonng  leaves  are  closely  packed  in  many  curi- 
ous modes,  which  are  described  in  the  Class 
Book,  §§  209-214. 

52.  If  we  dissect  and  carefully  examine  a 
swelling  leaf-bud  in  early  spring,  we  observe 
in  the  midst  of  it  a  tender  point  of  a  growing 
pith,  bearing  and  covered  by  many  circles  of 
little  leaves  and  scales,  packed  as  close  as 
possible.  Fig.  94  shows  a  twig  with  two 
buds  as  if  split  through  the  axis,  exhibiting 
the  pith,  growing  point,  young  leaves,  and 
scales. 

53.  According  to  this  figure  and  the  next 
(94),  buds  are  either  terminal  (Q,  situated  at 
the  end  of  the  stem  or  twig,  or  lateral  (a)^ 
situated  on  the  side.  But  we  must  more  care- 
fully define  the  position  of  the  lateral  buds, 
you  that  they  are  axillary,  or  located  in  the  axil  of  a  leaf, 
3*ou  would  not  understand,  until  knowing  that  the  axil  of  a 
leaf  is  the  upper  angle  between  the  leaf-stalk  and  the  stem. 
(See  h,  Fig.  90.)  Now,  remember  this  rule,  which  you  may 
Boon  confirm  by  your  own  observation,  that  there  is  a  hud  at 
the  terminatioii  of  every  stem  or  branch,  and  in  the  axil  of 
every  lecf. 

51.  What  is  the  meaning  of  the  terra  vernation? 

52.  Give  a  careful  definition  of  a  leaf-bud. 

53.  What  is  a  terminal  bud  ?    "SVhat  an  axillary  ?    Where  are  buds  al- 
ways found  V 


Fig.  93.  A  twig, 
with  two  lateral 
and  one  terminal 
bud. 

Fig.  94.  Sanae, 
split  through  the 
two  buds. 

Should  we  tell 


38 


OBJECT  LESSONS  IN  BOTANY. 


LESSON  X. 

APPENDAGES,  ETC. 

54.  The  tendril  is  a  very  common  appendage.  You  have 
seen  it  in  the  Grape-vine,  the  Pea- vine,  the  Greenbrier,  &c 
It  is  like  a  stout,  green  thread,  reaching  out  its  curved  poin 
like  a  linger,  until  it  touches  some  object;  then  it  quickly 
entwines  itself  around  it,  and  soon  acquires  a  firm  hold.  We 
do  not  find  tendrils  on  any  plants  except  such  as,  like  vines, 
are  too  weak  to  stand  without  support. 


Fig.  95.  Leaf  of  Greenbrier,  with  tendrils  in  place  of  stipules. 
Fig.  96.  Leaf  of  Everlasting  Pea, — tendrils  at  end  of  rachis. 
Fig.  97.  Leaf  of  Gloriosa, — apex  ends  in  a  tendril. 
Fig.  98.  Air-bladder  of  Horn-pondweed. 

55.  But  tendrils  are  quite  various  in  habit.  Those  of  the 
Pea  (Fig.  96)  grow  from  the  extremity  of  the  rachis.  Tliose 
of  the  Greenbrier  (Fig.  95),  from  the  base  of  the  leaf-stalk,  in 
the  place  of  stipules  ;  those  of  the  Grape  (Fig.  000)  are  oppo- 
site the  leaves,  in  the  place  of  clusters. 

h^Q.  Many  plants  are  armed  with  sharp  thorns,  spines,  or 

54.  What  is  the  first  appendage  mentioned  ?    Please  describe  the  form 
and  use  of  the  tendril. 

55.  State  the  habit  of  the  tendril  of  the  Pea  •  Greenbrier ;  Grape-vine. 


APPENDAGES. 


39 


prickles,  as  if  in  self  defence.  See  the  Thorn-bush  (Fig.  99), 
where  tlie  long  straight  thorns  come  from  the  axils  of  the 
leaves,  and  are  woody.  The 
terrible  thorns  of  the  Honey 
Locust  (Fig.  100)  are  branched. 
Those  of  tlie  common  Locust 
are  in  the  place  of  stipules. 
Those  last  mentioned,  and  all 
others  which  originate  with 
the  leaves  (as  in  Berberis, 
Thistle,  &c.),  are  more  prop- 
erly called  spines, 

57.  As  for  the  Rose  and 
Bramble,  they  are  armed  with 
prirMes,  which  are  horny  in 
substance,  connected  with  the 
bark  only,  not  with  the  wood. 
(See  Fig.  101.) 

58.  Glands  are  little  wart-like  bodies  which  secrete  the 
peculiar  fluids  of  the  plant,  sometimes  imbedded  in  the  leaf 
or  the  rind  of  the  fruit,  as  in  the  Lemon,  where  it  is  filled 
with  a  fragrant  volatile  oil ;  sometimes  raised  on  a  hair 
(Figs.  102,  103),  as  in  Sundew,  exuding  a  clammy  liquid. 

59.  Stings  are  piercing  hairs,  having  a  bag  at  the  base 
filled  with  an  acrid  fluid.  "When  touched  the  tip  breaks  off*, 
the  hair  penetrates  the  skin,  and  the  poison  is  injected  into 
the  wound.     (See  Fig.  106.) 


Thorns.— i^/(7.  99.  Crattsgus  parvifolia 
(thorns  axillary).  Fig.  100.  Honey  Lo- 
cust (branched  thorns). 


56.  What  is  tlie  liabit  of  tlie  tliorns  of  the  Thorn-bush  ?  of  the  Honey 
Locust  ?  of  the  common  Locust  ?    What  of  the  habit  of  spines  ? 

57.  What  of  prickles? 

58.  Describe  glands,  the  two  kinds. 

59.  What  is  the  structure  and  action  of  stings  ? 


40 


OBJECT   LESSONS  IN  BOTANY 


101 

What  do  these  figures  represent  ? — Fig.  105  represents  a  branched  hair  as  it  appeara 
under  a  strong  magnifier;  Fig.  104,  an  unbranched  or  simple  hair;  Fig.  102  is  a 
hair  with  a  gland  on  it;  Fig.  103,  also,  is  a  gland  on  the  top  of  a  hair;  Fig.  101 
represents  the  hooked  prickles  of  a  Kose-bush,  not  magnified  ;  Fig.  106  represents 
n  sting  of  a  Nettle,  much  magnified. 

60.  Hairs  of  various  kinds  (Figs.  104,  105)  are  found  on 
the  leaves  and.  other  parts  of  plants.  By  this  clothing  pecu- 
liar qualities  are  given  to  the  surface,  named  and  described 
as  follows. 

61.  A  dense  coat  of  hairs  will  make  the  surface  jpiibescent 
when  the  hairs  are  short  and  soft ;  mllous,  when  rather  long 
and  weak ;  sericious,  or  silky  ;  tomentous,  when  matted  like 
felt,  &c. 

62.  But  thinly  scattered  hairs  make  the  surface  hirsute 
wdien  they  are  long ;  pilous,  when  short  and  soft ;  7iisj>id, 
when  short  and  stiff,  &c. 


60.  How  are  plants  clotlied  ? 

61.  Define  the  term  pubescent;  villous,  &c 

62.  Define  the  term  hirsute ;  hispid,  &c. 


OIJGANS  OF  THE   FLOWER. 


41 


LESSON    XI. 

ORGANS  OP  THE   FLOAVER. 

63.  To-day,  we  commence  the  study  of  the  beautiful  flower. 
We  have  before  us  the  Meadow  Lily  (Fig.  107),  whose  or- 
gans are  large  and  j^erfectly 
distinct.  Observe,  in  the  first 
place,  that  its  brighter  colors 
form  a  striking  contrast  with 
tlie  soft  green  of  the  leaves. 
The   coloring,   the   structure, 


Fig.  107.  Meadow  Lily  {Lilinm  Canadei)&is). 

Fig.  108.  Wiike-robin  {TrilUum  eredum). 

Fig.  109.  Stamens  (.f,  *)  and  pistil  {j))  of  the  Lily. 

Fig.  110.  Stamens  (.<-•,  ^•)  and  pistils  {j^)  of  the  Trilliiii 


42  OBJECT   LESSONS  IN  BOTANY. 


and  tlie  fragrance  of  the  flower  are  all  wortlij  of  its  Infinite 
Creator,  and  remind  ns  of  his  wisdom  and  goodness. 

6i.  As  to  the  structnre  of  the  flower,  it  is  ahvays  com- 
pound, being  composed  of  several  or  many  pieces  nicely 
adapted  to  each  other.  In  this  Lily,  for  example,  you  may 
count  thirteen  pieces,  or  organs,  attached  in  a  close  order  to 
the  summit  of  the  flower-stalk  (Fig.  113,  d).  You  may  call 
the  flo^ver-stalk  iha  pedimcle,  and  the  point  of  attachment  {r) 
the  torus,  or  receptacle.     The  former  is  the  better  name. 

65.  Two  circles  of  leaf-like  organs  form  the  envelopes  of 
this  flower,  and  each  circle  consists  of  three  pieces.  The 
outer  circle  is  the  calyx,  and  the  three  pieces  which  compose 
it  are  called  sepals  {s,  s,  s).  The  inner  circle  is  the  corolla, 
and  the  three  pieces  wdiich  compose  it  are  called  petals 
il'^P^P)'  Ii^  ^^^®  -Lily  ^^^  some  other  flowers  the  calyx  is 
colored  like  the  corolla.  But  it  is  not  so  generally.  In  the 
liosc,  Strawbcriy,  Pink,  and  in  this  Trillium  (Fig.  108),  the 
calyx  is  green,  while  the  corolla  is  almost  always  distin- 
guished by  some  brighter  color. 

66.  Now,  taking  both  calyx  and  corolla  together  as  a 
whole,  we  call  them  the  periaiith  (a  Greek  word,  meaning 
around  the  flower^.  This  name  is  very  convenient  when  we 
speak  of  such  flowers  as  this,  where  the  calyx  and  corolla  are 
not  much  different. 

63.  What  is  tlie  subject  of  to-day's  lesson  ?  What  do  you  notice  as  to  the 
color  of  the  flower  ? 

G4.  What  is  said  of  the  compound  nature  of  the  flower  ?  Of  how  many 
pieces  is  the  flower  of  the  Lily  composed  ?  What  is  the  peduncle  ?  What 
is  the  torus  ? 

65.  Will  you  point  out  and  define  the  calyx  ?  sepals  ?  Will  you  point 
out  and  define  the  corolla  ?  i)etals  ?    What  of  the  colors  of  these  organs  ? 

68.  What  is  the  use  of  the  word  perianth  ?  Will  you  point  out  and  define 
the  stamens?     What  of  their  number?    What  is  the  pistil?    How  many  ? 


OF  THE   CALYX  AND  COROLLA.  43 


67.  JN^ext  witliin  the  periantli  of  tlie  Lily  we  find  six  long, 
Blender  organs  of  peculiar  form  and  color,  called  stamens. 
In  tlie  Rose  you  find  a  larger  number  (perhaps  one  hundred) 
of  stamens,  while  in  the  Speedwell  you  find  but  two.  But 
the  most  common  number  is  five.  Count  them  in  the  Morn- 
ing-glory, the  Bellwort,  Primrose,  &c. 

Q%.  Lastly,  this  central,  club-shaped  body  (jp),  here  as  long 
as  the  stamens,  but  of  totally  different  structure,  is  thejnstil. 
Other  flowers  have  more  than  one  pistil,  as  the  Pink,  which 
has  two ;  the  Hose,  which  has  many. 

69.  Thus,  we  have  learned  that  the  flower — at  least  this 
flower— is  compounded  of  four  kinds  of  organs,  those  of 
each  kind  being  arranged  in  a  circle  by  themselves.  The 
outer  circle,  of  sepals,  constituting  the  calyx;  the  second 
circle,  of  petals,  constituting  the  corolla;  the  third  circle, 
the  stamens ;  the  fourth  circle,  the  pistils. 


LESSON    XII. 

MORE  ABOUT  THE  CALYX  AND  COROLLA. 

TO.  Let  us  examine  the  flower  of  the  Pink  (Fig.  112),  the 
Strawberry  (Fig.  Ill),  the  Crowfoot,  the  Single  Rose.  In 
eitber  you  observe  five  green  sepals,  and  the  same  number 
of  colored  petals,  l^otice  also  the  positions  of  those  organs, 
— how  the  petals  stand  alternating  with  the  sepals,  and  that 
they  are  all  distinct  and  separate.  This  is  the  general  rule, 
but  there  are  many  exceptions. 

G7.  Lastly,  review  the  whole  arrangement. 

70.  What  is  the  rule  as  to  the  number  of  petals  and  sepals  ?  What  ia  th« 
rule  as  to  their  relative  position,  &c.  V 


44 


OBJECT  LESSONS  IN  BOTANY. 


Fig.  111.  Flower  of  the  Strawberry.  Fig.  112.  Flower  of  the  Piuk. 

i^i(y.  11;3.  Flower  of  the  Lily. 

71.  Often  in  the  petal,  and  sometimes  in  tlie  sepal,  yon 
can  distinguish  two  parts, — namely,  the  broad,  expanded 
part  above,  called  the  lamina^  and  the  narrow  part  at  base 
by  which  it  is  attached  to  the  torns ;  this  is  the  daw  (Fig. 
116,  c).  The  petal  of  the  Pink  has  a  long  claw ;  of  the  Rose 
or  Buttercup  (Fig.  119),  a  short  one. 


72.  The  forms  of  tlie  j^etal  are  almost  infinite  in  variety, 
like  the  leaf;    as  ovate,  orbicular,  oblong,  &c.,  and  some- 

71.  Will  you  define  the  lamina ?  the  claw? 

72.  Please  mention  some  of  the  forms  of  petals. 


OF  THE   CALYX   AND   COROLLA. 


45 


times  very  singular.  See  these  figures.  Fig.  114  is  the 
form  of  tlie  bifid  petal  of  a  Cerastinm;  Fig.  115,  the  flower 
of  Mitella,  with  five  pinnatifid  petals ;  Fig.  117,  the  flower 
of  Sweet  Cicely,  with  five  petals  inflected  at  the  point;  Fig. 
116,  fringed,  long-chiw^ed  petal  of  Silene  stellaria  ;  Fig.  118, 
many-cleft  petal  of  Mignonette;  Fig.  119,  rounded,  short- 
clawed  petal  of  Crowfoot,  showing  its  honey  scale,  or  nec- 
tary, at  base. 


*122 


F/ff.  120.  Larkspur,  its  petals  and  sepals  separated:  s,  s,  8,  s,  8,  sepals;  a,  the 
upper  sepal  spurred  ;  c,  the  petals  all  united  into  one,  and  produced  backwards  into 
a  spur  which  is  sheathed  in  the  spur  of  the  calyx. 

Fit/.  121.  Touch-me-not.  Fig.  122.  Its  petals  and  sepals  displayed :  p,  p,  the  two 
double  petals ;  s,  s,  s,  y,  the  four  sepals,  y  being  in  the  form  of  a  sack,  with  a  spur. 


73.  A  nectary  is  found  also  in  the  j^etals  of  Columbine 
(Fig.  361),  Larkspur  (Fig.  120),  Touch-me-not  (Fig.  121),  &c., 
distorting  them  into  grotesque  shapes,  called  sjnirs. 

74.  Before  us  now  is  the  flower  of  Pink  (Fig.  123).  The 
calyx  (c)  appears  as  a  green  tube,  with  five  notches  or  teetli 
at  the  top.     It  is  evident  that  this  is  made  up  of  five  sepals 

73.  What  is  a  nectary ?    What  is  a  spur?    Examples. 


46 


OBJECT   LESSONS   IN   BOTANY. 


cohering  (united)  by  their  edges.  The  Convolvulus  (Figs. 
128,  144),  tlie  Phlox  (Fig.  126),  the  Pink-root  (Fig.  127), 
&c.,  show  a  similar  cohesion  (union)  of  their  petals  into  a 
tube  more  or  less  complete. 


Fig.  123.  Pink :  a,  the  five  petals ; 
6,  the  calyx,  composed  of  five  united 
sepals ,  c,  a  bract ;  (/,  several  bract- 
lets. 


Fig.  124.  Flower  of  Ttconia  radicans 
(the  Trumpet-creeper) :  c  is  the  calyx, 
composed  of  five  united  sepals ;  ^,  the 
tube ;  5,  the  segments  of  the  corolla  or 
the  petals,  forming  the  border. 


75.  The  calyx  »with  united  sepals  is  called  ononosejMloiis^ 
and  the  corolla  of  united  petals  monojpetalous  (from  the  Greek 
raonos^  one),  from  the  mistaken  idea  that  this  calyx  consisted 
of  only  one  sepal,  &c.  Gamojpetaloiis  and  gmnosejxiloiis  are 
similar  words,  used  in  the  same  sense.  Opposed  to  these 
terms  2<xq  jpolysejpaloiis  2iU(\. polypetaloiis  {Greek  jjolys,  many). 

76.  The  gamosepalous  calyx  or  gamopetalous  corolla,  al- 
though composed  of  several  pieces,  is  described  as  a  single 
organ,  and  its  lower  part,  formed  by  the  united  claws, 
whether  long  or  short,  is  tlie  tuhe  (Fig.  124,  t);  the  upper 


74.  Describe  the  calyx  of  Pink  ;  corolla  of  Phlox. 

75.  Meaning  of  the  terms  monopetalous,  &c.  ? 

70.  Define  the  limb  of  a  monopetalous  corolla  ;  the  tube  ;  the  throat. 


GAMOPETALOUS  COROLLAS. 


47 


part,  composed  of  tlie  united  laminae,  is  tlie  linib  (Fig.  128,5); 
the  opening  of  the  tube  above  is  the  throat. 


Fig.  125.  Flower  of  Saponariu  (Bouncing-Bet) ;  petals  and  claws  quite  distinct. 
Fig.  12G.  Phlox;  claws  united,  with  laminae  distinct. 
Fig.  127.  Spigelia  (Fink-root);  perais  still  further  united. 
Fig.  128.  Quamoclit  coccinea;  petals  united  throughout. 

77.  In  the  Figs.  125-128,  you  may  see  how  the  petals  in 
different  flowers  are  distinct,  or  in  various  degrees  united. 
In  the  Bouncing-Bet,  the  petals,  with  their  long  claws,  are 
entirely  distinct.  In  Phlox,  the  claws  unite  in  a  tube,  while 
the  laminae  are  distinct.  In  Pink- root,  only  the  narrow  tips 
of  the  laminae  are  distinct ;  and  in  Quamoclit,  the  laminae 
also  are  wholly  united. 

.  77.  Wliat  is  the  condition  of  the  petals  in  Pink  Soapwort  ?    What  their 
condition  in  Phlox?    What  their  degree  of  cohesion  in  Pink-root?     What 
1  Quamoclit  ? 


48 


OBJECT  LESSONS  IN  BOTANY. 


LESSON    XIII. 

ABOUT  ADHESIONS. 

YS.  We  fear  that  tlie  pupil  will  find  some  difficulties  in 
tliis  lesson.  Yet  if  he  bring  to  the  task  eyes  determined  to 
see,  and  a  iinind  determined  to  understand,  the  difficulties 
will  soon  vanish. 

79.  Cohesion^  as  tauglit  in  the  last  lesson,  implies  the  union 
of  organs  of  the  same  kind,  as  sepals  with  sepals,  petals  with 
petals ;  bnt  adhesion  implies  the  union  of  one  kind  of  organ 
with  another  kind. 


129 

Fig.  129.  Section  of  the  flower  of  the  Golden  Currant,  showing  its  parts. 

Fig.  130.  Section  of  the  flower  of  Fuchsia.  Fig.  131.  Of  Early  Saxifrage. 

80.  For  example,  split  a  flower  of  Phlox,  and  you  will  see 
the  five  stamens  adhering  to  the  inner  side  of  the  corolla 
tube,  appearing  as  if  inserted  into  it. 


79.  Can  you  state  liow  adhosion  differs  from  cohesion  ? 


CONCERNING   ADHESIONS. 


49 


81.  Now  wc  take  it  for  granted  tliat  all  the  organs  of  the 
flower  have  their  starting-point  or  origin  at  the  same  one 
point,  namely,  at  the  torus  (^,  Fig.  129),  hence  in  this  figure 
of  the  Golden  Currant,  it  is  understood  that  from  t  to  u  the 
calyx,  corolla,  stamens,  and  pistil,  adhere  together;  from  ^o 
to  Vy  the  calyx,  corolla,  and  stamens,  adhere ;  and  at  v,  all 
the  organs  are  separate,  that  is,  J^j'ce.  Observe  the  same 
structure  in  the  Ear-drop  (Fig.  130). 

82.  In  this  and  like  cases,  the  calyx  is  said  to  be  superior, 
because  it  seems  to  stand  uj)on  the  pistil  (ovary)  and  fruit, 
but  the  more  correct  term  is,  calyx  adherent. 


133. 

Fig.  132.  Section  of  the  flower  of  Yellow  Violet:  t^  the  torus.  Tlie  stamens  are 
hypogynous. 

Fig.  133.  Section  of  the  flower  of  Pear:  c,  c,  sepals  ;  j?,  ^,  petals;  s,  <;,  stamens, 
^perigynous  ;  o,  ovary, — inferior  or  adherent. 

83.  There  are  two  other  terms  used  in  similar  cases,  which, 
although  hard  to  pronounce,  you  may  as  well  become  ac- 
quainted with  now.     When  the  stamens  adhere  to  the  calyx 


81.  What  do  -^e  take  for  granted?    Please  sliow  tlie  adhesions  in  the 
Golden  Currant. 

83.  A\nien  is  the  calyx  adherent?    When  superior? 

3 


50  OBJECT  LESSONS   IN  BOTANY 


or  corolla  tliej-  are  said  to  be  perigynous  (a  Greek  word, 
meaning  "  around  the  jDistil").  Otherwise,  when  free^  thej 
are  said  to  be  hypogynoiis,  meaning  "  under  the  pistil." 

8i.  1^0 w  study  attentively  these  figures,  or  rather,  the 
flowers  themselves.  The  figures  are  sections,  i.  6.,  show  the 
flowers  as  if  split.  Fig.  132  (the  Yiolet)  shows  tlie  stamens 
hypogynous  and  the  organs  all  free.  Fig.  133  (the  Pear 
shows  the  stamens  perigynous,  adhering  to  the  calyx.  Fig. 
131  (the  Saxifrage)  shows  the  stamens  perigynous  and  the 
calyx  lialf  adherent.  Do  not  fail  to  examine  many  flowers 
until  these  troublesome  terms  become  familiar,  for  these 
distinctions  are  very  important. 


LESSON   XIV. 

FORMS    OF    PERIANTH. 

85.  "While  all  flowers  agree  in  certain  general  characteris- 
tics, so  that  you  are  never  at  a  loss  to  recognize  any  one  of 
them  as  a  flower^  yet  in  form  and  fashion  they  appear  in 
infinite  variety,  each  form  endowed  with  its  own  peculiar 
grace.  It  is  impossible  to  describe  or  name  every  form,  but 
we  will  endeavor  to  reduce  them  to  a  few  classes  of  forms. 

86.  Notice  first  that  all  forms  are  either  polypetalous  or 
gamopetalous,  as  already  described  (§  75).  Again,  they  are 
either  regular  or  irregulai'.     Compare  the  flower  of  Flax 

83.  When  are  tlie  stamens  said  to  be  perigynous  ?    When  hypogynous  ? 

84.  How  are  they  in  Saxifrage?  in  Pear?  in  the  Rose?  the  Violet? 

86.  What  is  the  first  division  of  the  corolla  forms  ?  What  is  the  second 
division  ?    When  is  a  flower  said  to  be  regular  ?  irregular  ? 


FORMS  OF  PERIANTH. 


51 


1S5. 


136. 


Polypetalous  coroWas.— Fig.  184.  Wild  Apple  (Pi/rus  corona/ia), —roi^accons. 
Fig.  135.  Wall-flower,— cruciform.  Fig.  1S6.  Scarlet  Catclifly,— caryopliyllaceous. 
Fig.  137.  Atamasco  Lily, — liliaceous. 

and  Pea.  Tlie  former  is  equally  and  similarly  developed  all 
around,  and  each  petal  is  like  all  the  other  petals.  It  is  a 
regular  flower.  The  Pea  flower  (Fig.  13S)  is  unequally 
developed,  some  of  the  petals  diflPering  in  form  and  size  from 
the  others,  as  shown  in  Fig.  139  ;  therefore  it  is  irregular. 

87.  The  figures  at  the  head  of  this  page  re];)resent  four 
difi'erent  styles  of  corollas  which  are  polyp)etalous  and  regu- 
lar. Fig.  134  (Wild  Apple)  is  a  rosaceous  corolla,  that  is, 
rose-like,  having  five  short-clawed  petals.  Fig.  135  (Wall- 
flower) is  a  cruciform  (cross-shaped)  corolla,  with  four  long 
clawed  petals. 

88.  Fig.  136  (Scarlet  Catclifly)  is  a  caryopliyllaceous  corolla, 


87.  Name  tlie  four  forms  of  polypetalous,  regular  flowers.  Can  you  de 
scribe  the  rosaceous  corolla?  What  sort  of  corolla  is  the  Wall-floAver 
Describe  it. 

88.  Please  describe  the  Cavchfly  or  Pink.  What  sort  is  it?  The  Lily- 
please  describe.     What  sort  of  corolla  is  it? 


52 


OBJECT  LESSONS   IN  BOTANY. 


pink-like;  a  form  witli  five  long-clawed  petals.  Fig.  187 
(Atamasco  Lily)  is  a  liliaceous  corolla,  having  a  six-leaved 
perianth,  made  up  of  three  sepals  and  three  petals,  all  colored 
alike. 


Fig.  13S.  Pea,— an  irregular  flower.     Fig.  189.  Its  five  petals  shown  separate,  m., 
t),  the  banner  ;  a,  a,  the  wings ;  c,  c,  the  keel-petals. 
Fig.  140.  Flax  {Linum  grandijlorum), — a  regular  flower. 

89.  Fig.  145  is  the  flower  of  Sweet  Pea,  an  irregular 
corolla,  called  jpapilionaceoiis.^  or  butterfly-shaped,  consisting 
of  five  petals,  as  displayed  in  Fig.  139,  viz.^  one  odd  petal 
above,  very  large,  called  the  lanner,  two  smaller  petals 
below  (^'),  called  the  keel\  and  two  lateral  petals  {a^  a),  called 
the  wings. 

90.  We  next  propose  to  examine  the  principal  forms  of 
gamopetalous  corollas.  Here  we  have  a  beautiful  array  of 
them.  Among  the  regular  forms  is,  first,  the  Rotate^  wheel- 
shaped  or  star-shaped,  having  a  very  short  tube,  and  a  fiat, 
spreading  border;  as  Fig.  141  (Campanula  Americana). 

91.  Campanidate^  bell-shaped,  having  a  wide  tube  and 


89.  Can  you  describe  the  papilionaceous  corolla  ? 

90.  Of  monopetalous  corollas,  describe  the  rotate. 


91.  The  eampanulata 


FORMS  OF  PERIANTH 


53 


144  143  142  141 

Gamopetalous  corollas. — Fig.  141.  Campanula  Americana, — wheel-shaped.  Fig. 
142.  Campanula  divaricata, — campanulate,  or  bell-shaped.  Fig.  143.  Andromeda, — 
urceolate.    Fig.  144.  Field  Bindweed  {Convolvulus)^ — a  funnel-form  corolla. 

narrow  border,  as  in  the  Bell-flower  (Fig.  142),  and  in  Canter- 
bury Bells. 

92.  Urceolate^  iirn-sliaped,  an  oblong  or  globular  corolla 
with  a  narrow  opening,  as  the  Whortleberry,  Heath  (Fig. 
143). 

93.  Funnel-form^  narrowly  tubular  below,  gradually  en- 
larging to  the  border,  as  Morning-glory  (Figs.  22,  144). 


148  147  146  145  149 

Fig.  145.  Petunia, — salver-form.  Fig.  147.  Dandelion, — ligulate. 

Fig.  146.  Honeysuckle,— tubular.  Fig.  148.  Synandra, — labiate. 

Fig.  149.  Toad-flax,— labiate-personate. 


92.  The  urceolatG. 


93.  Tlic  funnel-form. 


54  OBJECT   LESSONS   IN  BOTANY. 


94.  Salver-form^  the  tube  suddenly  spreading  out  in  a 
liorizontal  border,  as  in  Phlox,  Petunia  (Figs.  126,  145). 

95.  Ticbular^  when  the  corolla  is  nearly  all  a  slender  tube 
with  a  small  border  or  none  at  all,  as  in  the  Trumpet  Honey- 
suckle (Fig.  146). 

96.  Ligulate  (from  the  Latin  ligula,  tongue),  as  if  formed 
by  splitting  the  tubular  on  one  side.  The  notches  at  the  end 
plainly  indicate  the  number  of  united  petals  which  compose 
it,  as  also  do  the  parallel  seams.  See  the  flowers  of  the  Dan- 
delion (Fig.  147),  also  of  Cichory. 

97.  Labiate  (Latin  labium,  lip),  resembles  the  mouth  of  an 
animal.  It  is  a  very  irregular  corolla,  having  the  petals  of 
dissimilar  shape  and  dissimilarly  united.  See  (Fig.  148)  a 
flower  of  Synandra,  or  Catmint,  or  Catalpa.  In  Fig.  149 
(Snap-dragon),  the  mouth  is  closed  and  said  to  be  ^ersonate^ 
which  means  masked. 


LESSON    XV. 

CONCERNING  THE  STAMENS. 

98.  Safely  infolded  within  the  perianth,  we  flnd  a  number 
of  delicate,  thread-shaped  organs,  quite  unlike  the  sepals  and 
petals.  They  are  arranged  in  one  or  more  circles,  and  called 
the  essential  organs,  because  they  are  absolutely  necessary  to 
the  perfection  of  the  seed. 

94.  Describe  the  salver-form.  95.  The  tubular.  96.  Ligulate. 

97.  Labiate.  Now  repeat  tlie  regular  forms.  Repeat  tlie  names  of  the 
irregular  forms. 

98.  AVhere  do  we  find  the  essential  organs ?  How  arranged?  Why  are 
they  so  called  ? 


OF  THE   STAMENS. 


55 


Fig.  150.  Tiger  Lilj. 
Fiff.  151.  Flower  (enlarged)  of  Dodecatheon :  a,  pistil 
p,  petals. 


b,  anthers  ;  c,  filaments ; 


99.  Let  us  look  at  tins  picture  of  the  Lilj  (Fig.  150),  or  at 
some  real  flower.  The  slender  organs  marked  a,  h,  c,  are 
the  essential  organs  of  which  we  are  speaking ;  and  you  see 
at  once  that  there  are  two  kinds  of  them.  Those  which 
stand  in  the  outer  row  next  to  the  petals  are  the  stamens. 


Fig.  152.  Ehododendron  ;  only  tlie  torus  (t),  the  five  stamens  (s),  and  the  pistil  (p). 
Fig.  153.  Buckeye,  whole  flower;  7  stamens,  1  pistil,  3  petals. 
Fig.  154.  Hydrastis,  split  tlirough'ohe  centre  (u  section),  showing  the  torus,  2  se- 
pals is),  many  hypogynous  Btamens  (st),  and  several  pistils  in  the  midst. 


56 


OBJECT  LESSONS  IN  BOTANY. 


157  158        159 

A  leaf  (Fig.  155),  a  sepal  (Fig.  150),  a  petal 
(Fig.  157),  a  stamen  (Fig.  158),  and  a  pod  (pis- 
til, Fig.  159)  of  Draba  arabizans,  placed  side 
by  side  for  comparison. 


The  central  organ  (or  organs)  is  tlie  pistil.     AYe  now  propose 
to  notice  the  form  of  the  stamens. 

100.   The  stamen  may 
be  compared  to  the  leaf. 
Its    slender,    thread-like 
stalk  is  the  filament,  an- 
swering to  the  petiole  of 
the  leaf  (f^jp).     Its  head 
{a)  is  the  anther,  answer- 
ing to  the  blade.     More- 
over, the  anther  contains 
within  its  cells  many  dust- 
like  particles  called  jpol- 
len.     When  the  cells  burst  the  pollen  escapes.     Thus  it  ap- 
pears that  the  stamen  consists  of  three  members.     See  them 
illustrated  in  this  figure  (161)  of  a  stamen  of  the  Morning- 
lory. 

101.  The  filament  is  usually  of  a  thread-like  form  (as  its 
name,  from  the  Latin  filum,  a  thread,  implies),  longer  than 
the  anther,  and  more  or  less  elastic.  But  the  filament  is  no 
more  necessary  than  the  stem  of  a  leaf,  and  is  often  wanting. 

102.  The  anther  is  an  oblong  body  at  the  top  of  the  fila- 
ment, consisting  of  two  hollow  lobes  joined  to  each  other 
and  to  the  filament  by  the  connectile  (c),  which  answers  to  the 
midvein  of  the  leaf.  The  two  lobes  are  usually  marked  along 
their  outer  edge  by  a  seam,  which  at  length  opens  into  the 
cells.  This  opening,  however  it  takes  place,  is  called  the 
dehiscence.     If  there  be  no  filament,  the  anther  is  sessile. 

99.  How  many  kinds  ?     Situations  of  the  two  kinds  respectively  ? 

100.  How  does  tlie  stamen  compare  with  the  leaf?  Specify  the  three  mem 
bers  of  the  stamen. 

101.  Describe  the  filament.  103.  The  anther  :  the  dehiscence. 


OF  THE   STAMENS. 


57 


160  162 

Fig.  160.  Frankenia,  showing  tlie  five  stamens  (around  the  one  style,  which  has 
three  stigmas  at  top). 

Fig.  161.   Stamen  (adnate)  of  Morning-glory. 

Fig.  162.  Same,  enlarged,  w'ith  pollen-grains  discharged:  _/,  filament;  a,  anther, 
— two-lobed ;  c,  top  of  conuectile. 

Fig.  163.  Buttercup.    Fig.  164.  Same,  cut  across. 

Fig.  165.  Iris,  cut  across  (extrorse). 

Fig.  166.  Amaryllis, — versatile.    Figs.  167,  168.  Larkspur, — innate. 

103.  But  dehiscence  takes  j)lace  very  variously.  When  all 
regular,  it  is  a  chink  running  lengthwise  along  the  outer  edge, 
as  you  see  in  this  stamen  of  a  Buttercup  (Fig.  163).  Buf 
here,  in  this  stamen  of  Iris  (Fig.  165),  it  appears  on  the  back 
of  the  anther  (looking  towards  the  petals),  and  we  say  that 
the  anthers  are  extroTse.^  that  is,  turned  outwards.  A  term 
of  opposite  meaning  is  introrse^  denoting  that  the  lines  of 
dehiscence  turn  inwards  towards  the  pistil,  or  at  least  do  not 
turn  outwards.  For  example,  the  anthers  of  the  Yiolet 
(Fig.  173). 

101.  Moreover,  other  modes  of  dehiscence  besides  chinks 
are  occasionally  found.  The  anthers  of  Berberis,  Sassafras, 
&c.  (see  Figs.  171,  172),  open  by  lids  hinged  at  the  top.    The 


103.  When  is  tlic  antlier  said  to  be  extrorse  ?  introrse  ? 

104.  Can  you  distinguisli  tlie  opercular  and  porous  dehiscence? 

3* 


58 


OBJECT  LESSONS  IN  BOTANY. 


Peculiar  forms  of  stamens.— Fig.  169.  A  stamen  of  Pyrola  rotundifolia :  p,  two 
openings  (pores)  at  top  where  the  pollen  escapes.  Fig.  170.  Stamen  of  Bilberry 
(  Vaccininium  uliginosum) :  p,  its  pores  at  the  top  of  two  horns ;  it  has  also  two 
spurs.  Fiff.  171.  Berberis  aquifolium,  anther  closed.  Fig.  172.  Anther  open  by 
two  lids  upwards.  Fig.  173.  Anther  of  Violet  with  an  appendage  at  top.  Fig.  174. 
Oleander, — an  arrow-shaped  anther  appendaged  at  top.  Fig.  175.  Catalpa, — lobes 
of  anther  separated.  Fig.  176.  Sage,— lobes  of  anther  widely  separated  on  stipes; 
&,  barren  lobe  without  pollen.  Fig.  177.  Mallows,— anther  one-celled.  Fig.  178. 
Ephedra,— anther  four-celled. 

anthers  of  Huckleberry,  Blueberry,  Wintergreen,  and  otliei-s 
of  tlie  Heath  family,  open  through  two  little  tubes  at  the  top. 
Tlie  former  is  oj>ercular  dehiscence,  the  latter  porous.  (See 
Figs.  169,  iro.) 

105.  It  is  also  interesting  to  notice  how  the  anther  is  at- 
tached to  the  filament  in  various  ways.  Generally,  it  is 
innate,  that  is,  seeming  to  stand  erect  on  the  top  of  the  fila- 
ment. Again,  it  is  adnate,  which  means,  attached  by  its 
back  to  the  side  of  the  filament,  as  in  Buttercups.  And 
thirdly,  it  is  joined  by  a  single  point  in  its  back  to  the  slender 
tip  of  the  filament,  as  if  lightly  balanced  ujDon  it.  This  is  the 
versatile  anther,  common  in  the  Grasses  (Figs.  150,  166). 


105.  What  tliree  distinctions  in  the  attachment  of  the  anther  ?    Descrihe 
that  of  the  stamens  of  the  Pink  ;  the  stamens  of  Buttercups ;  of  the  Grasses. 


OF   THE   STAMENS. 


59 


LESSON    XVI. 

MORE  ABOUT  THE  STAJVIENS. 

106.  The  careful  student  will  find  a  great  and  interesting 
variety  in  the  number,  arrangement,  and  form  of  the  stamens. 
In  regard  to  number,  as  we  have  already  seen,  the  Lily  has 
six  stamens,  the  Pink  has  ten,  the  Speedwell  two,  the  Indian 
Shot  only  one.  Some  flowers  have  numerous  stamens,  as  the 
Rose  with  forty,  fifty,  or  one  hundred,  and  the  Cactus  with 


179  ISO 

Fig.  179.  Stamens  and  pistils  of  Mallow ;  the  filaments  (/)  are  united  into  a  tube 
sheathing  the  styles. 

Fig.  ISO.  Floret  of  Dandelion,— anthers  (a)  united  into  a  tube. 

Fig.  181.  Corolla  of  Lophospcrmum, split  open  to  show  the  four  stamens  (didyn'i'.- 
mous)  and  the  one  style. 

Fig.  182.  Cardamine, — stamens  six,  tetradyn'amous. 

106.  What  number  of  stamens  in  Pink?  Speedwell?  Indian  Shot? 
What  in  the  Rose ?  Cactus ?  Apple ?  or  in  these  flowers?  Define  "stamens 
definite  ;"  "  stamens  indnBuite." 


60 


OBJECT   LESSONS   IN   BOTiVNY, 


two  liuiidred.  Let  us  learn  liow  to  distinguisli  between 
flowers  with  definite  and  with  indefinite  stamens.  Definite, 
when  thev  are  not  more  tlian  ten,  indefinite,  when  more  than 
ten,  or  not  readily  counted. 

107.  The  stamens  are  usually  separate  and  distinct,  as  in 
the  Lily,  Ehododendron,  &c.  (Figs.  150,  152),  while  in  the 
Mallow  (Fig.  179),  Pea,  and  other  flowers,  they  grow  together, 
forming  a  tube  around  the  pistil ;  in  other  words,  they  are 
monadeljpJwus  (Greek,  monos,  one,  adelphos,  brotherhood). 
The  Pea,  or  Dielytra,  is  diadel^Jioiis, — the  stamens  in  two 
sets ;  and  the  St.  Johnswort,j^9oZy6^(^6/^:)/^^z^5, — in  three  or  more 
sets.  Another  mode  of  cohesion  is  seen  in  the  floret  of  Dan-, 
delion  (Fig.  180),  wdiere  the  anthers  cohere  while  the  fila- 
ments are  distinct,  i.  e.^  syngenecious. 

108.  In  two  cases  we  may  definitely  mark  the  relative 
length  of  the  stamens.  Didyn' anions  stamens  (as  seen  in  the 
Mint  tribe,  and  in  the  Figworts,  Fig.  181)  are  four  in  num- 


Fig.  183.  Pistillate  flower  of  Balm  of  Gilead. 

Fig.  184.  Staminate  flower  of  the  same. 

Fig.  185.  Begonia:  a,  staminate  flower;  &,  pistillate  flower. 


107.  Define  "stamens  monadelphous."  Give  examples.  Diadelphous. 
Give  examples.  Polyadelplious.  Example.  Define  "  stamens  syngenecious.'' 
Mention  examples. 


IMPERFECT  FLOWERS. 


61 


ber,  two  long  and  two  short.  Tetrad yn' amoiis  stamens  are 
six  in  nnmber,  four  long  and  two  short  (as  in  the  Mustard 
tribe,  Fig.  182).  Again,  hypogynous  stamens  may  be  seen 
in  the  Crowfoot  tribe  and  in  Fig.  132 ;  and  perigynoics  sta- 
mens in  the  Rose  tribe  and  Fig.  133.  "What  is  the  differ- 
ence? You  need  not  be  told  the  meaning  of  these  w^ords 
(§§  83,  84). 

109.  Some  plants  have  their  essential  organs  separated,  so 
that  the  stamens  aixi  all  found  in  one  sort  of  flowers,  the 
sterile^  and  the  pistils  are  all  in  another  sort,  iha  fertile.     So 


1S9  1S8  187  1S6 

Fig.  186.  Flower  of  Lizard-tail  {Sauriirus) ;  it  is  perfect,  but  nahd,  i.  <;.,  with  no 
floral  envelopes ;  stamens  seven,  pistils  three. 
Fig.  187.  Flower  of  Ash  {Fraxinus), — Baked,  with  two  stamens  and  one  pistil. 
Fig.  188.  Staminate  flower  of  Willow, — made  up  of  two  stamens  and  a  bract. 
Fig.  189.  Pistillate  flower  of  the  same, — merely  one  pistil  and  a  bract. 

it  is  in  the  Begonias  (Fig.  185),  and  in  the  Willows  (Figs.  188, 
189).  All  such  flowers  are  called  imjperfect,  and  only  the  fer- 
tile bear  fruit. 

110.  A  perfect  flower  is  one  that  has  both  stamens  and 


108.  In  what  two  cases  do  we  mark  tlie  length  of  stamens  ?  Define  "  sta- 
mens didynamous  ;"  "  stamens  tetradynamous  ;"  "  stamens  hypogynous  ;" 
"  stamens  perigynous." 

109.  What  do  you  understand  by  "  sterile  flowers  ?"  by  "  fertile  flowers  ?" 

110.  What  is  a  perfect  flower?  complete?  imperfect? 


62 


OBJECT   LESSONS  IN   BOTANY. 


pistils.     A  complete  flower  has  all  the  organs,  vlz.^  sepals, 

petals,  stamens,  pistils.     A  naked  flower  lacks  both  the  calyx 

and  corolla. 

1 1 1 .  A  symmetrical  flow- 
er has  each  of  these  several 
organs  in  an  equal  number 
or,  at  least,  the  same  num 
ber  of  j)ieces  in  each  circle 
of  organs.  For  example, 
the  Flax  flower  is  symmet- 
rical, having  sepals  Ave, 
petals  five,  stamens  five, 
and  pistils  five.  The  Lily 
is  also  symmetrical,  having 
three  sepals,  three  petals, 

six  stamens  (in  two  equal  circles),  and  three  pistils  (which 

are  combined  in  one). 


190  191 

Fig.  190.  A  symmetrical,  regular  flower  of 

Iceland  Mosd  (.S'fc'f^Mm  acre)\  it  has  five  sepals, 

five  petals,  twice  five  (ten)  stamens,  and  five 

pistils, — all  separate  and  distinct. 
Fig.  191.  House-leek  {Sedum  sempefvlvum), 

— twel  ve-parted. 


LESSON    XVII. 

THE  PLAN  OF  THE  FLOWER. 

112.  It  is  very  instructive  and  delightful  to  study  the 
symmetry  of  flowers  in  the  way  mentioned  in  the  last  lesson. 
We  are  thus  led  to  the  discovery  of  a  truth  in  the  science  of 
botany  at  once  beautiful  and  sublime, — worthy  of  the  wis- 
dom of  the  Inflnite  Creator.  That  truth  or  principle  is,  that 
all  flowers^  though  infinitely  various  in  form  and  fashion^ 


111.  What  a  symmetrical  flower?    How  is  the  Lily  symmetrical? 

112.  Please  state  the  principle  learned  from  studying  the  symmetry  of  the 
flower. 


PLAN   OF   THE   FLOWER. 


63 


are  huilt  iij?on  one  only  jplan^  and  tJiat  jf^an  founded  in  the 
science  of  numbers. 


Fig.  192.  Flower  of  Ilippuris, — one-parted. 

Fig.\^Z.  Circtea  Lutetiana;  flower  two- parted. 

Fig.  194.  Yellow-eyed  Grass  {Xjji'is) ;  flower  three-parled. 

113.  Let  US,  then,  examine  the  FLix.  Here  all  the  organs 
are  in  lives.  The  Circe  has  them  all  in  twos;  the  Iris,  in 
threes.  And  every  plant  is  distingnished  in  this  way  by 
some  number  which  we  call  the  radical  number.,  according 
to  which  its  organs  are  parted.  ]^ow  in  the  Mock  Orange, 
o»  Philadelphus,  although  the  stamens  seem  to  be  indefinite, 
still  the  radical  number  is  four.  The  stamens  occur  in  many 
circles,  with  four  in  each  circle,  so  that  these  are  also  in  fours. 
As  for  the  pistils,  they  are  evidently  four,  but  so  united  as 
to  form  apparently  but  one.  Examine  also  the  Bloodroot. 
Its  stamens  will  be  found  in  fours,  the  radical  number,  and 
the  stamens  of  the  Apple  will  be  found  in  fives.  So  the 
petals  of  Bloodroot  are  twice  four  (8),  and  of  the  Magnolia 
twice  three  (6),  or  three  times  three  (9). 

114.  It  is  therefore  a  general  law,  that  when  any  organ  is 


113.  Can  you  define  the  radical  number  of  the  flower?    What  is  it  in 
Circe?    Iris?    Flax?    How  is  it  in  Philadelphus ?    How  in  Bloodroot? 

114.  State  the  law  of  multiplied  organs. 


64 


OBJECT   LESSONS   IN   BOTANY. 


multiplied,  its  new  number  is  only  a  repetition  of  the  radical 
number. 

115.  Also,  wlien  any  organ  is  diminished  in  number,  we 
find  generally  that  the  deficiency  is  only  apparent,  and  does 
not  interfere  Avitli  the  law  of  the  radical  number.  Thus  in 
Philadelphus,  the  one  pistil  proves  to  be  four  growing  to- 
gether. In  the  Lady's-slip)per,  the  radical  number  is  three, 
and  the  sepals  are  three,  although  the  two  lower  ones  are 
united  almost  to  the  tip  into  what  seems  but  one.  Thus  the 
true  number  is  often  curiously  disguised  ly  cohesions. 


195  s  196  197 

Fig.  195.  Flower  of  Aeonitum  Napellus  displayed  ;  s,  s,  s,  «,  «,  the  five  sepals,  the 

upper  one  hooded ;  p,  p^  p,  the  five  petals,  of  which  the  two  upper  are  nectaries 

covered  by  the  hood,  and  the  three  lower  very  minute. 
Fig.  106.  Flower  of  Catalpa,— two-lipped,  five-lobed. 
Fig.  197.  Corolla  laid  open,  showing  the  perfect  stamens  and  rudimentary. 

116.  Again,  the  five  petals  of  Monk's-hood  (Fig.  195)  are 
apparently  but  two,  while  three  of  them  are  so  very  small  as 
to  be  overlooked.     In  the  Mint  tribe,  as  Peppermint,  Cat- 

115.  How  does  coliesion  interfere  witli  the  radical  number  in  Pliiladelplius 
How  in  the  sepals  of  the  Moccasin  flower  ? 

116.  How  does  suppression  interfere  in  Monk's-hood  ?    In  the  Mint  tribe 
Catalpa  ?    Mustard  ?    What  tendency  do  you  see  in  all  these  cases  ? 


PLAN   OF  THE   FLOWER. 


65 


mint,  while  iive-parted,  tlie  flowers  have  generally  but  four 
stamens;  but  on  close  observation  we  often  find  a  small 
rudiment  of  the  fifth  stamen  in  its  proper  place,  as  if  its 
grovjth  had  heen  early  stopped.  And  in  Monarda  and  Catal- 
pa,  only  two  stamens  grow  up  to  maturity,  while  three  are 
mere  rudiments  (Fig.  202).  l!s"evertlieless,  such  flowers  are 
said  to  be  unsymmetrical.  So  the  flowers  of  the  Mustard 
tribe.  The  stamens  are  in  two  rows  of  four  in  each  ;  but  ot 
the  outer  row  (or  circle)  two  were  checked  in  growth  (or 
suppressed^  as  the  botanists  say)  at  the  outset.  (See  Fig.  97.) 
The  tendency  to  symmetry  is  manifest  in  all  these  cases. 

IIT.   We  must  carefull}^  distinguish  between   the  terms 
unsymmetrical  and  irregidar.     The  former  refers  to  number 

only,  the  latter  to  form  and  size 
(Less.  XIY.).  The  Mustard 
flower  is  unsymmetrical,  but 
not  irregular.  The  Orchis  is 
irregular,  but  not  unsymmet- 
rical. Snap-dragon  is  both 
irreo^ular  and  unsymmetrical. 


k  h     g   /     e 
Fig.  198.  Nymphsoa  odorata. 
Fig.  199.  Petals  gradually  passing  into  stamens. 

118.    Here   is   a   figure   of  the  Water  Lily  (19S),  and   a 
separate  view  of  its  sepals,  petals,  and  stamens.     Observe 

117.  What  difference  between  unsymmetrical  and  irregular?    Examples. 


66 


OBJECT   LESSONS   IN   BOTANY. 


liow  the  form  of  the  slender  stamen  gradually  changes  to 
the  broad  petal,  the  anther  becoming  smaller  and  smaller. 
One  can  scarcely  say  where  it  ceases  to  be  a  stamen  and 
begins  to  be  a  j^etal.  So,  also,  the  petals  gradually  pass  into 
sepals,  and  in  other  plants.  Peony  for  instance,  the  sepals 
just  as  gradually  pass 
into  leaves.  (See  Class 
Book  of  Botany,  §  113.) 

119.  This  transforma- 
tion of  one  sort  of  organ 
into  another  (always 
from  stamen  hack  to- 
wards the  leaf)  is  quite 
common  among  culti- 
vated plants.  It  is  in 
this  manner  that  the 
Rose,  Carnation,  Peony, 
&c.,  become  doichle,  vi^., 
by  the  stamens,  and  oft- 
en the  pistils  too,  becom- 
ing petals :  for  in  the 
wild  state  these  flowers 
have  but  five  petals. 

120.  From  these  ex- 
amples and  others  like 
them^we  conclude  that  the  different  organs  of  the  flower,  and 
the  leaf  also,  although  commonly  very  different,  have  all  one 
coininon  naUire  and  ovicjin',  or,  in  other  words,  the  organs  of 
the  flower  may  all  be  considered  as  transformed  leaves. 

118.  Show  tlie  graduation  of  organs  in  Water  Lily. 

119.  How  do  the  Rose,  Peony,  &c.,  become  double? 

120.  What  great  principle  is  derived  from  these  facts  ? 


Fig.  200.  Flower  of  Crowfoot. 
Fig.  201.  Double  flower  of  the  same ;  the  sta- 
mens and  pistils  have  become  petals. 


OF  THE  PISTILS. 


67 


LESSON    XVIII. 

OF  THE  PISTILS. 


Fig.  202.  Section  of  flower  of  Strawberry, — ovaries  many,  on  a  raised  torus. 
Fig.  203.  Section  of  a  Kose, — ovaries  sunk  into  a  hollow  torus. 

121.  The  pistils  occupy  the  centre  of  the  flower,  at  the  end 
or  centre  of  the  torus.  Their  number  varies  in  different 
plants  from  one  to  one  hundred,  or  more.  When  they  are 
several  they  stand  arranged  in  a  circle  like  the  other  organs. 
When  they  are  many  they  are  commonly  heaped  together  in 
a  spiral  manner,  and  raised  on  the  conical  torus,  as  in  Butter- 
cup, Strawberry,  or  sunk  into  the  cavity  of  a  hollow  one,  as 
in  Rose.     (See  Figs.  202,  203.) 

122.  The  pistil  consists,  plainly,  of  three  parts,  as  may  be 
Been  in  Fig.  201:.  At  the  top  is  the  stigma  {s\  at  base  is  the 
ovary  (p),  and  between  them  is  the  style  {sty).    The  style 

121.  In  wliat  part  of  tlie  flower  are  the  pistils  situated  ?  Wliat  is  their 
number?  their  arrangement  ?    How  situated  in  the  Rose? 

122.  Please  describe  the  pistil  and  each  of  its  parts.  In  what  case  is  the 
Btigma  sessile  ? 


68 


OBJECT   LESSONS  IN   BOTANY. 


T 


being  a  mere  stalk,  like  the  filament  of  a  stamen  or 
the  petiole  of  a  leaf,  may,  like  them  also,  be  wanting, 
without  loss  to  the  pistil.  In  this  case" the  stigma  is 
sessile  (sitting)  npon  the  ovary,  as  in  the  ]3istils  of 
Anemone  (Fig.  207),  and  of  Trillium  (Fig.  206). 


205 


207 


Fig,  204.  Pistil  of  Tobacco. 

Fig.  205.  Pistil,  stamens,  and  calyx  of  Azalea. 

Fig.  206.  Trillium,— stigmas  {d)  and  anthers  (5)  nearly  sessile. 

Fig.  207.  Pistils  of  Eue  Anemone  {A.  t7i,alict)'oides),— stigmas  sessile. 

123.  The  ovary  is  a  kind  of  sac  or  case,  enclosing  the 
ovules  (see  Fig.  215,  where  there  is  but  one,  or  in  Fig.  209, 
where  there  are  five,  and  Fig.  202,  where  there  are  many 
ovaries.)  AVhen  full  grown,  the  ovary  becomes  the  fruit,  and 
the  ovules  the  seeds. 

124.  It  is  very  important  to  distinguish  between  the  simple 
and  the  compoimd  pistil,  for  when  there  are  several  in  the 
same  flower  they  often  grow  together,  forming  a  single  body 
with  members  more  or  less  distinct.     As  the  petals   grow 


123.  Describe  the  ovary  and  the  ovules. 

124.  Name  an  important  distinction  in  ovaries.    When  is  the  ovary  or 
pistil  compound  ? 


OF  THE  PISTILS. 


69 


Fig. 
Fig. 
united 
Fig. 
Fig. 
Fig. 


211  212  213 

208.  Simple  pistil  of  Larkspur. 

209.  The  five  simple  pistils  of  Columbine,  all  distinct. 

210.  The  three  pistils  of  a  St.  Johnswort, — ovaries  united  but  styles  distinct. 

211.  Compound  pistil  ©f  another  St.  Johnswort,  the  three  pistils  entirely 

212.  Flax, — the  five  ovaries  united  but  the  styles  distinct. 

213.  Pink, — the  two  ovaries  united,  styles  distinct. 

214.  Saxifrage, — the  two  pistils  slightly  united. 


together,  forming  a  monopetaloiis  corolla,  so  the  pistils  may 
combine  into  a  compound  jpistll.  The  parts  of  such  a  pistil 
are  conveniently  called  carpels. 

125.  As  to  the  extent  of  this  union  of  the  pistils,  it  is  found 
in  all  possible  degrees,  always  beginning  at  base  and  pro- 
ceeding upwards.  For  example,  in  Columbine  (Fig.  209), 
the  iiv^e  carpels  (pistils)  are  entirely  distinct;  in  Early  Saxi- 
frage (Fig.  21-i),  the  two  carpels  are  united  at  the  base;  in 
Pink  (Fig.  213),  the  two  unite  to  the  top  of  the  ovary,  leav- 
ing the  styles  distinct ;  so  also  in  Flax  (Fig.  212) ;  in  Even- 
ing Primrose,  the  four  pistils  cohere  to  the  top  of  the  style, 
leaving  the  stigmas  distinct  ;  and  finally,  in  the  Lily,  the 
three  carpels  are  united  throughout.     (See  Figs.  209-21-1.) 

12G.  AVe  may  know^  the  number  of  carpels  in  a  compound 


125.  As  to  the  cohesion  or  union  of  pistils, — how  is  it  in  Columbine?  iu 
Pink?  in  Early  Saxifrage  f  Evening  Primrose?  Lily? 


'0 


OBJECT  LESSONS  IN  BOTANY. 


pistil  by  tlie  number  of  separate  styles,  or  by  the  separate 
stigmas,  or  by  the  lobes  of  the  stigma  or  ovary,  or  by  the 
iinraber  of  cells  in  the  ovary,  or  (when  only  one  cell)  by  the 
number  of  seed-rows.  Thns  the  three-lobecl  stigma  or  ovary 
of  tlie  Lily  indicates  a  triple  j)istil,  also  the  three  stigmas  of 
the  Spring  Beanty,  and  the  three  seed-rows  in  the  Violet. 
(See  Fig.  229.) 


215  216 

Fig.  215.  Section  of  the  flower  of  AlchemLla,  showing  the  stamens  perigynous, 
the  style  single,  simple,  and  lateral. 

Fig.  216.  Section  of  flower  of  Jefl'ersonia, — stamens  hypogynous,  pistil  single, 
tjimple,  with  one  seed-row. 

127.  But  wlien  the  pistils  remain  separate  and  distinct  we 
call  each  one  a  siuiple  pistil.  Thus  in  Columbine  (Fig.  209) 
there  are  five  simple  pistils ;  in  Anemone  (Fig.  20Y),  and  in 
Buttercups,  many  ;  while  in  Cherry,  Peach,  Bean,  Alchemilla, 
and  JefFersonia,  there  is  just  one  simple  pistil  in  each  flower. 
Such  a  pistil  is  usually  of  an  irregular  form,  with  its  style 
lateral  (on  one  side),  and  only  one  seed  or  seed-row.  (See  Figs. 
215,  216.) 


126.  Please  tell  us  liowyou  detect  tlie  numher  of  carpels  in  tlie  compound 
ovary  of  Spring  Beauty ;  of  Lily  ;  of  Violet. 

127.  What  peculiarity  in  the  form  of  a  simjole  pistil  ? 


TWO  KINDS  OF  BUDS. 


LESSON    XIX. 

HOW  THE  LEAVES  ARE  FOLDED  IN  THE  BUD 

221  218 


iEstivation.— i^i^.  217.  Valvute  calyx,  as  of  Mallow.  F'>g.  218.  Sepals  of  Holly- 
hock,— valvate-reduplicate.  Fig.  21  f.  Sepals  of  Clematis,— vaivate-induplicttte. 
Fig.  220.  Petals  of  Flax,— contorted.  Fig.  221.  Petals  of  Wild  Kose,— quincuntial. 
Fig.  222.  Petals  and  sepals  of  Lily  or  Tulip.  Fig.  223.  Petals  of  Wall-flower,— 
convolute.     Fig.^2i.  Petals  of  Pea, — vexillary. 

128.  There  is  the  leaf-hud^  consisting  of  many  scales  and 
young  leaves,  folded  up  in  such  a  manner  as  to  occupy  as 
little  space  as  possible ;  and  the  flower-lmd.,  consisting  of  the 
organs  of  the  flower  in  their  early  state,  also  closely  packed. 
Xow  if  you  stndy  the  arrangement  of  the  pieces  composing 
the  bud  of  either  sort,  you  will  be  surprised  and  delighted 
with  its  variety  and  elegance.  As  each  species  of  plant  has 
the  same  invariable  mode  of  folding  in  all  its  buds,  this  study 
well  becomes  a  matter  of  science. 


Less.  XIX — What  is  the  subject  of  this  Lesson  ? 
128.  Two  kinds  of  buds  ;  please  describe  each. 


72  OBJECT   LESSONS   IN  BOTANY. 


129.  AYitli  a  sharp  knife  let  lis  make  a  cross-section  (that 
is,  a  cut  square  across)  of  a  flower-bud  just  ready  to  open  ; 
we  may  thus  obtain  some  such  views  as  are  here  drawn. 
For  example,  in  Fig.  217,  Ave  have  the  vallate  arrangement. 
Here  the  pieces  composing  the  circle  barely  touch  each  other 
by  the  edges,  as  in  the  sepals  of  Mallows,  petals  of  Lilac, 
valves  of  a  seed-vessel.     (See,  also.  Figs.  218,  219.) 

130.  In  the  Phlox,  Flax,  Oleander,  we  find  a  tvv^isted  or 
contorted  arrangement  of  the  petals  (Fig.  220),  wdicre  each 
piece  overlaps  the  next,  all  in  one  direction. 

131.  The  bud  is  said  to  be  hiibricatcd^  wdien  some  of  the 
pieces  are  wholly  outside,  covering  by  the  two  edges  others 
which  are  wholly  inside.  But  this  may  take  place  in  various 
ways.  See  how  it  is  in  the  petals  of  the  Eglantine,  or  Apple 
(Fig.  221).  Here  two  petals  are  outside,  two  inside,  and  one 
partly  both.  In  the  Tulip,  one  sepal  is  outside,  one  inside, 
and  one  partly  both.  And  just  so  with  its  three  petals 
(Fig.  222). 

132.  The  bud  is  convolute  when  each  leaf  wholly  involves 
all  that  are  within  it,  as  do  the  petals  of  Magnolia  and  Wall- 
flower (Fig.  223) ;  and  it  is  vexillary  in  the  Pea  tribe,  where 
only  the  outside  petal,  larger  than  the  rest,  infolds  them  all 
(Fig.  224). 

133.  The  plicate  arrangement  is  found  in  monopetalous 
flowers,  as  in  Thornapple,  Potato,  where  the  corolla  is  folded 
in  a  manner  somewhat  like  a  fan. 

129.  How  do  we  prepare  a  bud  for  examination  ?  What  do  you  under- 
stand by  a  cross-section  ?    Define  tlie  valvate  arrangement,  with  examples. 

130.  What  aestivation  do  we  find  in  Flax,  Phlox,  &c.  ? 

131.  What  is  the  imbricated  aestivation?  Describe  it  in  the  petr.ls  of 
Tulip  ;  Apple  ;  Eglantine. 

132.  How  are  the  petals  arranged  in  the  bud  of  Wall-flower  ? 

133.  How  in  the  flower  of  Thornapple  ?  or  Potato  ? 


VERNATION. 


73 


13J:.  The  pupil  sliould  make  himself  well  acquainted  with 
these  seven  modes  of  cestivatlon  (so  the  botanists  call  it). 
Other  modes  are  described  in  larger  works.  (Class  Book  of 
Botany,  p.  79.) 

135.  Also  in  the  leaf-bud  we  find  similar  modes  of  leaf- 
folding  (here  called  vernation,  from  the  Latin  ver?ius,  spring, 
as  cestivatlon  is  from  cestivus,  summer).  The  figures  follow- 
ing represent  cross-sections  of  various  sorts  of  leaf-buds.  In 
the  bud  of  Sycamore  the  infolding  scales  are  imbricate,  but 
the  young  leaves  within  are  somewhat  plicate. 

136.  In  the  leaf-bud  of  Cherry  (Fig.  230)  we  find  the  con- 
volute vernation,  similar  to  the  mstivation  of  Wall-flower. 
The  leaf-bud  of  Lilac  (Fig.  231)  gives  us  another  form  of 
imbricate. 


225  226  227  223  229 

Vernation.— ^/^.  225.    Unfolding  leaf-bud  of  Tulip-tree,— reclinate.    Fig.  22G. 

Fern  leaf-bud,— circinate.     Fig.  227.  Sedge,— equitant.     Fig.  228.  Sage,— obvoiiite. 
FJfj.  220.  Iris,— eqnitaut. 

137.  Fig.  229  represents  the  vernation  of  Iris,  and  Fig.  227 
vf  a  Sedge-grass.     Both  are  equitant  (which  means,  in  Latin, 

134.  Wliat  is  the  meaning  of  the  word  cestivatlon? 

lo5.  What  is  the  nicauing  of  the  word  vernation  f    Please  describe  the 
"vernation  in  Sycamore  leaf-bud. 
130.  In  the  leaf-bud  of  Cherry  ;  Lilac. 
137.  What  of  the  equitant  vernation? 


OBJECT   LESSONS   IN   BOTANY 


riding  horseback).     Each  leaf,  first  on  this  corner,  then  on 
that,  infolds  or  overlays  all  that  is  within  it. 

138.  Ohvolute  vernation  appears  in  the  leaf-bud  of  Sage 
(Fig.  228),  where  each  leaf  infolds  only  half  of  the  blade  of 
its  opposite  leaf. 


Vernalion. — Fig.  230.  Clierry  Icuf-bnd, — convolute.  Fig.  231.  Lilac,— iiubncate. 
Fig.  232.  Birch  leaf,— plicate.  Fig.  233.  Dock,— rcvolute.  Fig.  234.  Balm-of-Gil- 
ead, — involute. 


189.  In  the  bnd  of  Dock  (Fig.  233)  we  find  the  young 
leaves  revoliUe^  or  rolled  backwards  from  both  edges ;  but  in 
the  bud  of  Balm-of-Gilead  (Fig.  234)  they  are  involute.^  or 
rolled  inwards  from  both  edges.  This  is  best  seen  under  a 
microscope  of  one  lens,  i.  e.^  a  single  microscope. 

140.  In  the  bnd  of  Tulip-tree  (Fig.  225)  each  leaf  is  recU- 
nate^  being  bent  over  forward  and  infolding  all  within  it; 
and  in  the  Fern  (Fig.  226)  it  is  circinate^  or  coiled  from  the 
top  downwards,  like  a  watch-spring. 

138.  The  obvolute  ? 

139.  ^Vliat  the  vernation  of  Dock  ?  of  Balm-of-Gilcad  ? 

140.  Please  describe  the  reclinate ;  the  circinate. 


INFLORESCENCE. 


75 


LESSON    XX. 

now  THE  FLOWEES  ARE  ARRANGED  ON  THE  PLANT. 

x41.  Wk  may  now  devote  one  or  two  lessons  to  tlie  arrange 
ment  and  position  of  tlie  flowers  npon  the  plant,  a  subject  to 
which  botanists  give  the  name  of  inflorescence. 


Fig.  235.  Stapliylea  trifolla;  a  peruhilous,  paniculate  cyme. 
Fig.  236.  Catalpa;  a  panide. 


142.  Every  one  has  observed  such  facts  as  the  follow- 
ing, namely,  that  flowers  are  sometimes  alone,  and  often  in 
clusters ;  that  tliey  are  sometimes  raised  on  stalks,  and  some 

141.  What  is  the  meaning  of  the  word  inflorescence? 

142.  What  common  facts  in  inflonpconcc  docs  everybody  notice? 


76  OBJECT   LESSONS   IN   BOTANY. 


times  sessile  (or  without  stalks) ;  and  tliat  tliey  may  arise 
■  from  terminal  buds,  or  from  axillary.  With  the  meaning  of 
the  words  terminal  and  axillary  you  were  made  acquainted 
in  Lesson  IX. 

143.  The  stalk  which  supports  the  flower,  or  the  cluster  of 
flowers,  we  cslW  pedu7icle.  ISTow  the  peduncle  may  be  either 
simple,  bearing  a  single  flower,  or  divided  into  branches  and 
bearing  a  cluster  of  flowers.  In  the  latter  case,  the  branches 
or  branchlets  are  csilled  pedicels. 

144.  When  the  peduncle  arises  from  terminal  buds  it 
seems  like  a  continuation  of  the  main  stem,  as  in  Foxglove, 
Horse-chestnut ;  and  when  from  axillary  buds,  it  comes  out 
from  the  side  of  the  stem  just  above  a  leaf,  as  in  the  Cur- 
rant. Sometimes  it  arises  from  the  root  or  some  under- 
ground part  of  the  stem,  and  then  we  generally  call  it  a 
scape.  Thus  the  flower-stalk  of  Tulip  is  a  scape ;  also  of  the 
Dodecatheon. 

145.  The  flower  is  said  to  be  solitary^  not  only  when  alono 
on  the  plant,  but  also  when  alone  in  the  axil  of  a  leaf,  as  in 
Fuchsia,  Morning-glory,  Petunia. 

146.  Among  clustered  flowers,  you  will  often  meet  with 
the  following  twelve  varieties  of  inflorescence,  which  we 
must  now  try  to  represent  and  describe.  AYe  begin  wdth  tlic 
spike^  such  a  cluster  as  we  see  in  the  Plantain,  Mullen,  &c. 
We  may  define  it  thus :  A  long  peduncle  (called  o'achis)^ 
having  sessile  flowers  arranged  along  its  sides.  But  before 
we  go  further  with  inflorescence,  we  must  examine  the  Iracts 
which  accompany  it. 

143.  Please  define  jpecZMWc?^/  2I&0  pedicel. 

144.  When  are  the  flowers  terminal  ?  axillary  1    Define  scape. 

145.  Why  is  the  flower  called  solitary  in  Fuchsia,  Petunia,  &c.  ? 

146.  Define  a  spike.     Explain  to  us  the  rnchin. 


INFLORESCENCE. 


77 


237. 


Bracts  (J,  5,  b).  Fig.  237.  Cornus  Canadensis,  with  an  involucre  of  four  colored 
biacts.  Fiff.  23S.  Ilepatica  triloba,  with  an  involucre  of  three  green  bracts.  Fiff. 
289.  Calla  palustris,  with  a  colored  spathe  of  one  bract,  inclosing  the  spadix. 


147.  Brads  are  evidently  of  the  same  nature  as  leaves, 
difiering  only  in  tlieir  diminished  size,  and  in  their  position 
on  the  flower-stalks,  or  near  the  flowers.  They  are  some- 
times colored  as  brightly  as  flowers,  as  in  Painted-cup,  or  in 
Balm.  AVhen  several  bracts  are  arranged  in  a  whorl  at  the 
base  of  the  cluster  of  flowers,  an  involucre  is  formed,  such  as 
we  find  in  Carrot,  and  most  of  the  Umbelworts  (Fig.  2J:-i). 
In  the  Flowering  Dogwood  the  large  involucre  is  colored 
wliite. 

148.  Kext  in  resemblance  to  the  spike  is  the  sjpadix^  an 
inflorescence  seen  in  the  Calla  (Fig.  237),  Golden-club  (Fig. 
241),  and  Cat-tail.  It  may  be  defined  as  a  thickened,  club- 
shaped  spike,  often  with  a  large  bract  (called  sjjathe)  at  base, 
as  in  Jack-in-the-pulpit,  or  without  a  spathe,  as  in  Fig.  241. 

147.  What  sort  of  leaves  grow  on  the  peduncles,  if  any  ?  Define  bracts 
What  is  an  involucre?    IIow  is  it  in  Cornus? 


78 


OBJECT   LESSONS   IN  BOTANY. 


Fig.  240.  Lady's-tresses  (Spii-anthes), — flowers  in  a  twisted  spike. 

Fig.  241.  Golden-club  (Orontium), — flowers  in  a  spadix  with  no  spathe. 

Fig.  242.  Birch  {Betula), — flowers  in  aments. 

149.  An  ament^  called  also  catMn^  is  a  more  slender  and 
delicate  spike,  filled  with  colored  scales  and  flowers,  and  all 
falling  together  without  separating,  such  as  adorn  the  Birclies 
(Fig.  242),  Willows,  and  Poplars  in  early  spring.  The  Hop 
also  bears  aments. 


LESSON    XXI. 

THE  INFLORESCENCE,   CONTINUED. 

150.  The  flowers  of  the  Black  Cherry,  Currant,  Foxglove, 
Locust,  and  Moth-mullen  are  in  racemes.  The  raceme,  then, 
is  a  rachis  bearing  its  flowers  on  distinct,  simple  pedicels 

148,  149.  Can  you  define  the  spike  ?  anient  ?  spadix  ?  and  spathe  ? 
150.  Please  name  and  describe  the  inflorescence  of  Black  Cherry. 


1^'FL0RESCE^'CE. 


'9 


(nut  sessile,  as  in  the  spike).     It  is  often  pendulous,  often 
erect. 


242rt  243 

Fig.  242.  Secund  (one-sided)  raceme  of  Andromeda  racemosa. 
Fig,  243.  Pendulous  raceme  of  Currant. 

151.  The  corymh  differs  from  the  raceme  in  having  the 
lower  pedicels  lengthened  so  as  to  elevate  all  the  flowers  to 
about  the  same  level,  as  in  the  Yarrow  or  Wild  Thorn. 

152.  The  umhel  appears  in  Milkweed,  Onion,  Ginseng,  tfec. 
It  consists  of  several  pedicels  of  similar  length,  all  arising 
from  the  same  point  at  top  of  the  peduncle.  But  in  Car- 
away, Carrot,  and  most  of  the  Umbelworts  (Fig.  24:-i),  the 
umlels  are  comj^ound^  as  if  each  of  the  pedicels  had  become 


151.  How  does  a  corymb  differ  from  a  raceme? 

153.  Please  name  and  describe  the  inflorescence  of  the  Milkweed.     How 


80 


OBJECT  LESSONS   IN  BOTANY. 


itself  an  umbel.  These  secondary 
umbels  we  call  umlellets.  At  the 
base  of  the  umbel  there  is  usually  a 
whorl  of  bracts  forming  an  involucre 
(a),  and  often  also  at  the  base  of 
each  umbellet  (J),  Avhen  we  call  it  an 
hivolucel. 

153.  The  fine  flowers  of  the  Ca- 
talpa  are  in  panicles  (Fig.  235),  also 
t]ie  flowers  of  Oats.  We  may  describe 
a  panicle  as  if  a  raceme  should  have 
its  pedicels  irregularly  branched. 

154.  A  cluster  resembling  a  pani- 
cle, but  more  compact,  such  as  you 
see  in  Lilac,  is  called  a  thyrse. 

155.  A  head  of  flowers,  such  as  we 
see  in  Clover  or  the  Button-bush, 
hardly  needs  description.  We  might  say  that  the  head  is  a 
reduced  umbel,  having  its  flowers  all  sessile  at  the  top  of  the 
peduncle. 

156.  The  great  family  of  the  Asterworts  has  all  its  flowers 
in  heads,  so  dense  and  so  nicely  arranged  as  to  be  easily  mis- 
taken for  a  single  flower.  But  if  you  carefully  examine  such 
a  head,  say  of  an  Aster,  or  especially  of  a  Sunflower,  you 
will  see  that  it  is  composed  of  many  little  flowers  or  florets. 
The  florets  of  the  outer  row  are  enlarged  and  open,  so  as  to 


Fig.  244.  Compound  iimbel 
of  Sweet  Cicely  {OsrnorMza). 


does  tliat  of  Carrot  differ?  Wliat  is  an  umbellet?  Wliat  tlie  ^ylLorl  of 
bracts  at  tlie  base  of  tlie  umbellets  ? 

153.  Please  describe  the  panicle.     154.  Tlie  thyrse.     155.  The  head. 

156.  What  the  inflorescence  of  the  AsterT^'orts  ?  How  is  the  head  of  Aster 
made  to  resemble  a  single  flower  ?  What  the  florets  of  the  ray  ?  What  the 
florets  of  the  disk  ? 


INFLORESCENCE. 


81 


resemble  the  petals  of  one 
corolla,  and  the  involncre, 
formed  of  many  imbricated 
scales,  resembles  a  calyx.  This 
head  is  often  called  a  com- 
2?ound  flower.  The  outer  flo- 
rets are  the  florets  of  the  ray^ 
the  interior  are  the  florets  of 
the  dish.  See  all  this  illus- 
trated in  Figs.  2i5-250. 

157.  The  forms  of  inflo- 
rescence heretofore  described 
result  Irom  axillary  buds ; 
but  the  three  followino^  come 
from  terminal  buds.  Cyme  is 
the  general  name  given  to  all 
the  forms  of  terminal  inflores- 
cence. You  may  recognize 
them  by  the  order  in  which 
the  flowers   open.     Thus,  in 


Fig.  245.  Head  of  Blue  Milkweed 
{Mulgedlitm) ;  all  its  florets  are  ligulate. 
Fig.  246.  A  view  of  one  of  them  remain- 
ing on  the  receptacle.  Fig.  247.  A  fruit 
crowned  with  its  pappus. 

Fig.  248.  Heads  of  Ironweed  {Verno- 
nia) ;  all  its  florets  are  tubular.  Fig.  249. 
One  of  them  remaining  on  the  receptacle. 
Fig.  250.  Fruit. 


the  cyme,  the  terminal  and  central  flowers  open  first,  but  in 
the  forms  before  mentioned,  the  lower  and  outer  flowers  first. 

158.  AVhen  the  cyme  is  spreading  and  level-topped,  we  call 
it  a  cymous  corymb^  as  in  the  common  Elder ;  and  when  not 
level- topped,  it  may  become  a  cijmovs panicle^  as  in  Chick- 
weed  (Fig.  251),  Spergula,  and  Stafi'-treo  (Fig.  234). 

159.  The  scorjooid  cyme  is  a  very  remarkable  form  of  in- 

157.  Are  the  forms  liitlicrto  described  terminal  or  axillary  ?  Please  define 
llie  cyme. 

158.  Cymoso  corymb  ;  Cj-mose  panicle. 

159.  What  is  a  scorpoid  cyme  ?  Name  and  describe  the  inflorescence  of 
Bunch  Pink  ;  the  inflorescence  of  Catmint. 

4* 


82 


OBJECT  LESSONS  IN  BOTANY. 


Fig.  251.  Cyme  of  Cliiekweed  {Stellaria  media).  First,  the  terminal  flower  {a) 
opened ;  secondly,  from  the  axils  of  its  highest  leaves  arose  two  branches,  and  ter- 
minated in  the  flowers  h,  b ;  thirdly,  from  their  highest  axils  arose  the  flowers  c,  c, 
c,  c,  from  whose  axils  a  fourth  set  is  seen  to  start,  and  so  on. 

Fig.  252.  Scorpoid  cyme  of  Forget-me-not  {Mijosotis  palustris). 

florescence,  as  shown  in  Pink- root  and  Forget-me-not  (Fig. 
252).  Before  flowering  it  is  coiled  from  the  tip  down- 
wards, and  it  uncoils  as  it  blossoms.  In  its  nature  it  is  a 
half-cyme.     The  fascicle  is  a  densely  packed  cyme,  as  seen 


IMagrams  of  the  forms  of  axillary  inflorescence,  showing  how  they  gradually  pass 
.iito  each  other.  Fig.  253.  Spike.  Fig.  254.  Eaceme.  Fig.  255.  Corymb.  Fig.  25^. 
Jmbel.  Fig.  257.  Panicle.  Fig.  258.  Compound  corymb.  Fig.  260.  Head.  Fig. 
250.  Compound  umbel. 


OF  THE  FRUIT. 


83 


in  Bunch  Pink  or  Pjcnantliemum.  The  glomenile  is  a  small, 
dense  cj'me  a\>pearing  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves,  as  in  Cat- 
mint and  the  Mint  tribe  ger.  erallj. 

160.  The  p-eceding  diagrams  may  be  carefnlly  studied. 
They  will  convey  a  general  idea  of  all  these  forms  of  inflo-' 
rescence,  and  how  they  are  related  to  each  other. 


LESSON  XXII. 

CONCERNING    THE    FRUIT. 

161.  The  flower  is  of  short  duration.     After  a  few  hom-s 
or  a  few  days  of  blooming  beautj^,  it  fades  and  disappears. 


Fig.  2G1.  Fruit  of  Currant, — a  berry, 


Fig.  262.  Fruit  of  Maple, — samara. 


160.  Please  explain  th*  diagrams  253-200. 


84 


OBJECT  LESSONS  IN  BOTANY. 


The  stamens  and  petals  Lave  accomplisliecl  tlieir  work,  and 
are  dead.  The  sepals  also,  \Yhen  colored  like  petals,  are 
dead.  But  the  pistil,  especially  the  ovary,  yet  remains  in  its 
place,  living  and  growing  nntil  the  seeds  wliich  it  contains 
are  perfect. 

162.  Thus  the  fruit  is  the  ovary  or  pistils  bronght  to  per- 
fection. 

163.  During  the  growth  and  ripening  of  the  pistil,  great 
and  manifold  changes  occur,  so  that  at  last  the  fruit  is  very 
different  in  form,  size,  substance,  and  color.  The  little  pistil 
in  the  flower  of  the  Cherry  must  undergo  a  great  alteration 
in  becoming  a  plump  Ox-heart ! 


263  ■  \      265 

Fig.  263.  An  umbel  of  Cherry  blossoms, — namely,  a  bud,  an  entire  flower,  and  a 

section  showing  the  one  pistil  and  the  perigynous  stamens. 

Fig.  2C4.  The  drupe,  cut  through  to  show  the  stone  and  one  seed. 

7'?^.  265.  A  corymb  of  Strawberry, — flower  and  fruit.    The  achenia  are  seen  on  the 

surface  of  the  fruit,  which  is  only  the  overgrown  torus, 

161.  Can  you  tell  us  what  parts  of  tlie  flower  perisli  ?   What  parts  remain 
in  place  and  still  grow  ? 

162.  How  do  you  define  the  fruit  ? 

163.  Mention  some  of  the  changes  occurring  from  ovary  to  fruit. 


OF  THE  FRUIT. 


85 


266  207 

Prnpe, — a  ripe 


104.  In  the  fruit  we  see  the  end  and 
aim  of  plant-life  accomplished,  accord- 
in  o;  to  the  wise  and  good  design  of  the 
great  Creator.  While  it  serves  to  re- 
produce and  keep  alive  the  plants  upon 
the  earth,  it  also  serves  as  food  for  ani- 
mals and  for  man. 

165.  It  is  curious  to  observe  how  dif-     ^-    266 
ferent  are  the  parts  of  the  fruit  which  Cherry. 
in  different  plants  become  food.     In  the     ^'^-  ^-^''-  Tryma -acora 
Apple,  we   eat   the    calyx  winch  here 

adheres  to  the  ovary,  and  in  ripening  was  thickened  and  en- 
larged by  the  nutritions  snbstance.  In  the  Strawberry,  we 
eat  the  enlarged,  pnlpy 
torus,  which  bears,  all 
over  its  surface,  the  little 
dry,  seed-like  fruit.  In 
Peach,  the  luscious  mor- 
sel is  the  outer  coats  of 
the  ovary  itself;  and  in 
the  Orange,  it  is  the  in- 
ner coat.  In  the  ISTiit, 
Pea,  Wheat,  and  most 
plants,  the  nourishing 
matter  is  laid  np  in  the  seeds,  while  the  carpels  ripen  into 
a  dry  fruit. 

166.  The  fruit  consists  of  the  seeds  and  the  seed-vessels. 
The  word  pericarp  means  the  same  as  see<l-vessel.     When 

164.  Mention  some  of  tlie  uses  of  tlio  fruit. 

1G5.  Can  you  tell  us  -vvliat  part  of  the  Apple  is  eaten  ?  What  part  of  the 
Strawberry  is  the  eatable  part ?  What  part  of  tlie  Peach  ?  the  Orange  ?  In 
what  part  is  the  nutritious  matter  deposited  in  the  Pea?  Wheat?  Almond? 


Fig.  2GS.  Etrerio,— a  Blackbeiry. 
Fiff.  269.  Capsule  of  Violet,  open. 


86 


OBJECT   LESSONS   IN  BOTANY. 


the  pericarp  is  ripe,  it  may  open  in  some  special  manner  of 
itself  and  discharge  the  seeds ;  or  it  may  have  no  prevision 
for  opening,   and  remain  closed  until   it   grows  or  decays 


Fig.  270.  Aclienia  of  Eue  Anemone,  in  a  head. 

Fig.  271.  Fruit  of  Caraway,  consisting  of  two  aclienia. 

Fig.  272.  Kernel  of  Wheat, — a  sort  of  achenium  called  cariopsis. 

Fig.  273.  Fruit  of  Thistle,— another  sort  of  achenium,  crowned  with  a  par"- us 
which  serves  as  wings. 

Fig.  274.  Fruit  of  Elm, — a  samara,  or  winged  achenium. 

lig.  275.  Fruit  of  Beech, — two  nuts,  inclosed  in  the  burr. 

Fig.  276.  The  Peach  (a  drupe),— cut  open,  showing  the  seed  inclosed  in  its  stone, 
and  the  stone  in  the  thick  pulp. 

Fig.  277.  Fruit  of  Pigweed,— a  one-seeded  pericarp  called  utricle. 

Fig.  278.  Fruit  of  India  Strawberry,— a  fleshy  torus  bearing  the  achenia  outside. 

Fruits  that  open  we  will  call  dehiscent  fruits,  and  those 
which  do  not  open,  indehiscent.  A\^e  will  first  study  some  of 
the  forms  of  indehiscent  fruits,  arranged  as  follows  : 

167.  First  Division  :  Fruits  indehiscent,  one-seeded,  dry ; 
namely,  Achenium,  Samara,  Glans. 

166.  Of  wliat  two  parts  does  the  friiit  consist  ?  What  is  a  dehiscent  fruit  T 
indehiscent  ? 


OF  THE  FRUIT. 


87 


Second  Division:  Fruits  indehiscentj  one-seeded,  fleshy; 
namely,  Dkupk,  Tkyma,  Et^rio. 

Third  Division  :  Fruits  indehiscent,  several-seeded  ;  name- 
ly, Bkrky,  Pepo,  Pome. 

108.  The  achenium  is  such  a  fruit  as  we  find  in  Butter- 
cups, Anemone,  Sage.  Usually  there  are  several  produced 
together  from  one  flower.  We  must  not  mistake  them  for 
seeds.  They  are  pericarps,  each  inclosing  one  seed,  as  you 
see  in  the  figures.  The  grain  of  Wheat  or  Corn  (called  cariop- 
sis)  is  much  the  same,  but  the  one  seed  cannot  be  separated 
from  the  pericarp. 

169.  The  samara  is  mere-  n:  2so 
ly  an  achenium  with  a  wing,               ^ 
as  in  Ash,  Elm,  Maple.    The 
latter  fruit  is  a  double  sa- 
mara. 

170.  A  Cjlans  (or  nut)  is 
such  a  fruit  as  Acorn,  Chest- 
nut, Hazelnut,  much  like 
achenium,  but  larger,  and 
seated  in  a  cup  or  invo- 
lucre. 

171.  A  drupe  is  such  a 
fleshy  fruit  as  the  Cherry 
or  Peach.  It  is  well  called 
a  stone-fruit.  Tlie  stone  in- 
closes the  one  seed,  and  is  i''^rged  view,  show 

itself    inclosed     in     a    juicy    '''^-^"^^gg.    Fruit    of   Henbane 
pulp.  with  its  lid  open. 


Fig.  279.  Maple,— a  double  samara. 
Fig.^%^.  Pear,— a  pepo. 
Fig.  281.  Gooseberry,  cut  across;  an  en- 
ing  the  seeds  lying  in 

-a    pyxis 


167.  Please  define  our  first  division  of  fruits.     What  special  fruits  belong 
to  it  ?    the  second,  &c. ;  the  tliird,  &c. 


88  OBJECT   LESSONS   IN   BOTANY. 


172.  Tnjma  is  tlie  name  for  such  fruits  as  Walnut,  Cocoa- 
nut.  Like  the  drupe,  it  has  a  stony  seed- shell,  but  its  outer 
coat  is  rather  woody  than  pulpy. 

173.  Such  fruit  as  the  Raspberry  or  Blackberry  we  call 
etcerio.  It  consists  of  many  little  flesliy_druj)es  growing  fast 
together  or  to  the  torus.  In  the  Blackberry  they  grow  to 
the  torus  (Fig.  268). 

174.  The  terry  is  a  thin-skinned,  pulj)y  fruit,  holding  its 
several  seeds  loose  in  the  pulp,  as  Currant,  Grape  (Fig.  261). 
The  Orange,  &c.,  is  much  like  a  berry,  but  on  account  of  its 
thick  rind  has  been  called  by  another  name  (hesperidium). 

175.  Pe^o  is  sucli  a  fruit  as  Squash,  many-seeded,  with  a 
hard,  crusty  rind. 

176.  Pome^  the  Apple,  Pear,  Haw,  a  fleshy  fruit  with  sev- 
eral distinct  cells.  Here  the  fleshy  calyx  grows  fast  to  the 
ovaries ;  while  in  the  Hip^  or  Hose-fruit,  the  fleshy  calyx 
merely  incloses  the  ovaries,  as  seen  in  Fig.  203. 


LESSON    XXIII. 

FRUITS,   CONTINUED. 

177.  The  dehiscent  pericarp, — that  is,  those  whicb  open  to 
discharge  the  seeds, — are  generally  dry  fruits,  known  as  pods. 
The  various  forms  have  the  following  names :  Pyxis,  Folli- 
cle, Legtoie,  Siltqtje,  Capsule. 

168-176.  The  student  wiU  now  please  define  and  name  the  fruit  of  Butter- 
cups, Corn,  Ash,  Maple,  Oak,  Hazel,  Plum,  Walnut,  Raspberry,  Grape, 
Orange,  Squash,  Pear,  Haw,  and  Rose. 

177.  Please  give  the  names  of  the  dehiscent  pericarps. 


FORMS  OF  FRUITS. 


89 


ITS.  The pi/^:id  is  the  most  curious  and  singular  of  all  pods. 

It  opens  crosswise  by  a  lid,  like  a  sniifi'-box.     Fig.  28-1  is  tlie 

likeness  of  the  pyxis  of  Rheumatism-root,  common  in  Ohio. 

It  is  formed  of  o?ie  carpel  only.     Fig.  282  is  the  pyxis  of 

Henbane,  formed  of  two  carpels.     So  the  pyxis 

\  of  Poor-man's-wcather-glass   (Anagallis,   Fig. 

34:4:)  is  foi-med  of  several  carpels. 


Fiff.  2S3.  A  follicle  of  Milkweed  {Asclepias). 

Fig.  284.  A  pyxis, — fruit  of  Jeffersonia,  the  Eheumatism-root. 

Fig.  285.  A  pair  of  follicles, — the  fruit  of  the  Do-^bane  {Apocymtm). 

Fig.  286.  A  legume,  open, — fruit  o'f  the  Pea-plant. 

Fig.  287.  A  jointed  legume,  or  loraeut, — fruit  of  Desmodium. 

Fig.  288.  A  silicle, — fruit  of  Shepherd' s-purse. 

170.  Follicle  is  the  name  of  such  pods  as  those  of  Colum- 
bine (Fig.  208),  Milkweed  (Fig.  283),  and  of  Dogbane  (Fig. 
285).  They  are  formed  of  a  single  carpel,  and  oj^en  length- 
wise, on  one  side  only.  It  is  easy  to  see  the  resemblance 
between  the  follicle  and  a  leaf,  the  leaf  being  folded  so  as  to 
bring  its  two  margins  together.     (See  Fig.  207.) 

180.  Legume  is  the  proper  name  of  the  Pea  pod.  Bean  pod, 
c^c,  of  one  carpel,  one  cell,  one  row  of  seeds,  and  commonly 

178.  Give  tlie  cliaracter  of  the  pyxis.  How  docs  tlie  pyxis  of  Henbane 
diflfor  from  that  of  Jeffersonia  ? 

179.  Can  you  describe  and  name  the  fniit  of  Cohimbine  ?  How  is  its  leafy 
character  seen  ? 

180.  Describe  and  name  the  Pea  pod     What  is  a  loment  ? 


90 


OBJECT   LESSONS   IN   BOTANY. 


opening  by  two  valves  (Fig.  28G).  Such  a  pod  is  sometimes 
divided  crosswise  by  joints  (as  in  Fig.  287,  Desmodium);  we 
then  call  it  a  loment. 

181.  Silique  is  a  two-carpeled  pod,  such 
as  w^e  find  in  Mustard.  It  has  two  cells, 
separated  by  a  thin  partition,  and  two 
rows  of  seeds  (Fig.  291).  A  short  silique,  or 
one  not  much  longer  than  wide,  such  as 
we  find  in  Pepper-grass  or  Shepherd's-purse 
(Fig.  288),  is  called  a  silicle.    (See  Fig.  290). 

182.  Cajpside  (the  word  means  casket). 

This  name  is  applied  to  all 
other  forms  of  dry,  compound 

r      ',       J?  J      i?  1         'i.        Fig.  291.  A  silique, — 

fruits,  formed  of  several  unit-  f^.i/.f  Mustard. 
ed  carpels.     In  opening,  they 
commonly  sj)lit  into  several  valves,  as  in  Iris; 
or  divide  into  several  parts  (carpels)  like  so 
many  follicles,  as  in   St.  Johnswort;    or  they 
open  by  small  pores,  as  in  Poppy. 

295  ^_ — _  .    oQ-»  Fig.  292.  A  capsule, — fruit  of 

Scrophularia ;  it  is  two-celled, 
two-carpeled,  or  two-valved. 

Fig.  293.  A  three-celled  cap- 
sule of  Colchicum ;  it  opens  he- 
tween  the  carpels. 

Fig.  294.  Capsule  of  Iris,  open- 
ing into  the  carpels. 

Fig.  295.  Cross-section  of  the 
same,  showing  how  it  opens. 

Fig.  296.  Fruit  of  Geranium; 
its  five  carpels  separate,  and  are 
carried  up  on  the  curving  styles 
(called  a  regma). 


Fig.  290,  Silicle 
of  Draba  (en- 
larged). 


181.  Mustard  pod  ;  describe  its  structure  and  name.     What  is  a  silicle? 

182.  What  is  a  capsule?    What  three  modes  of  opening  are  mentioned? 


COMPOUND  FRUITS. 


91 


183.  We  sliould  not  omit  altogether  to  notice  the  aggre 
gated  fruits,  such  as  the  Pine-cone  (Fig.  300),  Pine-apple, 
&Q.  These  fruits  are  composed  not  merely  of  the  pistil,  but 
of  the  entire  flower,  or  even  of  the  whole  inflorescence,  bracts 
and  all,  grown  thick,  and  consolidated  into  one  fleshy  mass. 
This  is  evidently  the  nature  of  the  Pine- apple  and  of  the 
Mulberry. 


^? 


Fig.  297.  Black  Mulberry, — an  aggregated  fruit. 
Fig.  298.  Fig,  cut  open,  showing  the  little  flowers  within. 
Fig.  299.  Hip  of  a  Eose,  cut  open,  showing  the  achenia  within. 
Fig.  300.  Pine-cone,  composed  of  thick  scales. 

184.  As  for  the  Fig,  it  is  a  great  hollow  torus,  having  its 
innumerable  flowers  within  the  cavity,  growing  from  the 
walls,  and  all  together  become  a  sweet,  pulpy  mass. 


183,  184.  Mention  some  examples  of  aggregated  fruits.     Can  you  describe 
Pine-apple  ?  a  Fig  ? 


92  OBJECT   LESSONS  IN  BOTANY. 


185.  But  there  are  some  kinds  of  fruit  almost  or  quite  des- 
titute of  a  pericarp,  consisting  of  naked  seeds.  On  the  pre- 
ceding page  is  a  figure  (301)  of  the  Canada  Yew,  a  trailing 
shrub  of  New  Ed  gland  and  Canada.  The  fruit  is  a  single 
naked  black  seed,  seated  in  a  fleshj,  coralline-red  cup.  The 
cone  (of  Pine,  Fir,  &c.)  is  made  up  of  thick  woody  bracts,  each 
covering  in  their  axils  two  or  more  winged  seeds  (Fig.  300). 


LESSON   XXIV. 

CONCERNING    THE    SEEDS. 

186.  Last  and  most  imj)ortant  is  the  seed,  the  perfected 
ovule,  containing  the  germ  of  a  new  plant  like  its  parent 
plant.  The  seed  consists  of  a  kernel  and  its  shell.  Place  a 
bean  in  water,  and  soon  its  softened  shell  or  skin  is  easily 
separated  from  the  kernel, 

187.  The  shell  of  a  seed  may  be  of  any  color,  as  white, 
black,  3^ellow,  red,  &c. ;  may  be  polished  and  shining,  or  dull 
and  rough;  may  be  of  any  shape,  as  round,  or  oval,  or  egg- 
shaped  ;  may  be  winged,  as  in  Catalpa,  or  may  be  clothed 
with  long  hairs,  called  coma.  The  silk  of  Silk-grass  (Ascle- 
pias)  is  the  coma  of  the  seed,  and  cotton  is  the  coma  of 
Cotton  seed.  The  seed  of  Poplar  (cotton-wood)  or  Willow 
is  also  furnished  with  coma. 

185.  What  plants  have  no  pericarps?  Please  describe  a  cone  of  Pine; 
fruit  of  Yew. 

186.  What  is  the  seed,  and  what  does  it  contain  ?  Of  what  two  parts 
does  it  consist  ? 

187.  What  do  you  remember  concerning  the  color  and  shape  ?  Describe 
the  coma  of  a  seed. 


CONCERNING  THE  PAPPUS. 


9:^. 


302        303 


Fig.  302.  A  seed  of  the  Cotton-plant,  with  its  tuft  of  coma,  or  cotton. 

Fig.  303.  A  seed  of  the  Cotton-tree  {Populus),  with  its  silky  coma. 

Fig.  804.  A  winged  seed  of  the  Catalpa. 

Fig.  305.  Aehenium  of  Eclipta;  it  has  no  pappus. 

Fig.  306.  Aehenium  of  Horseweed ;  scarcely  any  pappus. 

Fig.  307.' Aehenium  of  Sunflower;  has  two  awns  for  pappus. 

Fig.  308.  Aehenium  of  Ageratum  ;  has  five  sepals  for  pappus. 

Fig.  309.  Aehenium  of  Blue  Milkweed;  has  abundant  pappus. 

Fig.  310.  Aehenium  of  "Wild  Lettuoc  ;  witli  i->appus  raised  on  a  beak 


188.  The  learner  must  distinguisli  between  tlie  coma  of  a 
seed  and  the  pappus  of  a  fruit.  Tlie  down  of  Thistle  or  Dan- 
delion is  pappus,  for  the  little  fruit  on  which  it  grows  is  not 
merely  a  seed,  but  a  pericarp  (aehenium),  also  containing  one 
seed.  In  a  word,  the  seed  may  be  fledged  with  a  coma,  bnt 
\\\e  fruit  is  fledged  with  a  pappus,  both  intended  as  wings 
.0  bear  away  the  seed  to  distajit  places.  (See  Class  Book  of 
Dotany,  §  485.) 


188.  Wliat  is  the  distinction  bct'.veen  coma  iind  paijnis? 


91 


OBJECT   LESSONS   IN   BOTANY. 


189.  As  to  the  seed-kernel, 
it  may  consist  of  two  parts, 
namely,  the  germ  and  albu- 
meii,  or  it  may  be  all  germ. 

190.  In  the  Bean  (Fig.  311) 
it  is  all  germ.  A  better  name 
for  the  germ  is  emhrijo,  Kow 
in  all  seeds,  the  embryo  is,  in 
fact,  a  miniature  plant,  consist- 
ing of  three  parts,  viz.,  radi- 

/>7zj     rrn,^,n^^n ^      ,^v.  1  J  T         ■^^9-   ^H-    Seed  of  Beau,   without  its 

cLe,   plumule,^    cotyledons.      In  ,1,^11 :  c,  c  are  the  two  cotyledons ;  .,  the 

this  Bean,  r  is  the  radicle,  j)  radicle;  p,  the  plumule. 

is    the   plumule,    C,   C,    are    the      ^'^•■■'^^-  Seed  of  wheat,  cut  open  :  a  is 
-IT  the  albumen;    c,  the  one  cotvledon ;   j>, 

cotyledons.  ph.mule;  r,  radicle. 


Fig.  313.  Seed  of  Four- o'clock  ;  embryo  two-cotyledoned,  coiled;  a,  albumen. 

Fig.  314.  Seed  of  Heather.  Fig.  815.  A  section  of  the  same,  showing  the  curved 
embryo,  with  two  cotyledons,  lying  in  albumen. 

Fig.  316.  Seed  of  Onion.  Fig.  317.  Section  of  the  same,  showing  the  coiled  em- 
bryo, one  cotyledon,  in  albumen. 

191.  The  radicle  is  the  part  destined  to  grow  downwards 


189.  Of  what  two  parts  may  the  seed-kernel  consist  ? 

190.  Describe  the  parts  of  the  seed  of  bean. 


OF  GERMINATION.  95 


and  become  root.  The  plunuile  is  the  yoinig  bud  destiued 
to  expand  upwards  and  become  stem  and  leaves.  The  cotyle- 
dons are  two  young  leaves,  thick  and  bulky,  full  of  starchy 
matter  to  feed  the  embryo  when  it  shall  awake  and  begin  to 
grow. 

192.  In  the  Wheat-seed  (Fig.  312)  we  find,  besides  the 
embryo,  a  white,  mealy  mass  ((2),  well  known  when  ground 
into  flour.  This  mass  is  evidently  intended  to  answer  the 
same  purpose  as  the  starchy  cotyledons  of  the  Bean — to 
nourish  the  embryo.  The  radicle  (r),  the  plumule  (^),  the 
cotyledon  (c),  and  the  albumen  (a),  are  clearly  shown.  Fig. 
313  (seed  of  Four-o'clock)  also  shows  albumen  ;  here  the  em- 
bryo is  coiled  into  a  ring  around  the  albumen.  Thus  we  see 
that  the  food  of  the  young  plantlet  is  laid  up  somewhere  in 
every  seed,  either  in  the  bulky  cotyledons  of  the  embryo 
itself,  or  in  the  albumen  outside  the  embryo. 

193.  We  have,  then,  seeds  albuminous,  and  seeds  exalbu- 
minous ;  seeds  two-cotyledoned,  and  seeds  one-cotyledoned. 


LESSON    XXV. 

THE   SEED  BECOMING   A  PLANT. 

191".  Wh  have  seen  that  the  ripened  seed  is  a  miniature 
plant,  living,  but  sleeping;  packed  and  sealed  up  for  trans- 
portation.    It  may  continue  to  sleep,  perhaps,  for  years,  if 

191.  Describe  the  nature  and  destiny  of  the  radicle;  of  the  plumule;  of 
the  cotyledons.  i 

192.  Of  what  does  the  Wheat-seed  consist  ?  AVhat  is  the  intention  of  the 
albumen?  the  position  of  it  in  Wheat?  in  Four-o'clock  ? 

193.  What  seeds  are  albuminous?  exalbuminous ?  What  seeds  are  two- 
cotyledoned  ?  one-cotyledoned  ? 


90 


OBJECT   LESSONS   IN   BOTANY. 


kept  diy ;  but  if  exposed  to  moisture,  it  soon 
awakes  and  commences  its  wonderful  course  of 
development. 

195.  In  the  Spring  of  the  year  the  melting  snows 
or  the  warm  rains  supply  the  proper  moisture  to 
the  seeds  which  have  fallen  to  the  ground,  and 
they  may  be  seen  everywhere  swelling,  bursting, 
and  growing.  The  young  botanist  must  not  fail  to 
watch  their  development. 

196.  Beneath  some  Oak,  for  example 
buried  in  the  old  leaves,  we  find  acorns 
in  all  stages  of  growth,  showing  at  one 
view  all  the  steps  in  the  process  of  ger- 
mination.    Here  is  an  acorn  with 
its  shell  softened  and  its  kernel  a 
little  swollen.    We  divide  it  leno;th- 
wise  with  a  sharp  knife,  and  the 
section  (Fig.   318)   shows  the  two 
thick  cotyledons  (c  c)  and  the 
radicle  (r). 

197.  In  another  acorn  (Fig. 
319)  the  cotyledons  have  ab- 
sorbed yet  more  water,  and  en- 
larged so  much  as  to  burst 
the  shell,  and  the  radicle 
growing,  has  come  forth, 
a  little  root,  directing  its 
course  downwards. 


pro^rre< 


Fig.  318.  Acorn,  seed  of  tlie 

Oak,  cut  open, — showing  c,  f, 

the  cotyledons ;  r,  the  radicle. 

Figs  819,  320,  321.   Show  tlie 

of  germination:  r,  radicle  ;  _p,  plumule. 


194.  Please  tell  us  again  Avliat  a  seed  is. 


,^-_  .,,  -  In  what  condition  is  a  seed? 

Wnen  wiU  it  awake  ? 

195.  Condition  of  the  seeds  generally  in  Spring  ? 


OF  GERMINATION. 


97 


^/<^^^m^ 


198.  In  the  next  stage  of  growth 
(Fig.  320)  the  two  stalks  of  the  cotyle- 
dons (.9,  petioles,  Less.  I.),  make  their 
appearance,  and  from  between  them,  at 
the  top  of  the  rootlet,  the  plumule 
shoots  forth,  a  little  stem  with  a  bud 
at  the  top,  directing  its  course  up- 
wards. The  rootlet,  meanwhile,  has 
grown  longer,  entered  the  soil,  and 
divided  itself  into  branches  and  fibres 
all  covered  over  with«fine  white  hairs. 
These  hairs,  called  fibrils,  may  be 
seen  under  a  microscope,  as  in  Fig. 
322,  which  represents   the   end  of  a 

^^  i?  nr      1  •l.^      V      xiT,    •!  1     of  a  rootlet  of  Maple,  greatly 

fibre  of  Maple  with   its  fibrils  much  „,,^„5fi,,i  under  a  lens,  show- 
magnified,  ing  the  fibrils. 

199.  Up  to  this  stage,  the  growing  rootlet  and  bud  have 
drawn  all  their  nourishment  from  the  store  of  food  laid  up 
beforehand  in  the  thick  cotyledons  for  this  very  purpose  ;  but 
novr  the  rootlet  has  reached  the  soil,  and  by  means  of  its 
numerous  fibrils,  which  are  so  many  little  mouths,  it  is  begin- 
ning to  draw  its  nourishment  from  the  earth. 

200.  Another  acorn,  or  the  same  one  a  few  days  later 
(Fig.  321),  shows  root  and  stem  well  organized,  and  the  young 
Oak  fairh^  started  on  its  grand  journey  of  growth  and  life. 
The  root  has  descended  deeper  and  spread  its  branches  wider 


Fig.  322.  The  extreme  end 


196.  Wliat  is  the  meaning  of  the  word  gerininntion  ?    Describe  the  section 
of  an  acorn  in  Fi<r.  318. 

197.  Describo  that  stage  of  growth  soon  in  Fig.  319. 

198.  Describe  the  third  stage,  as  represented  in  Fig.  320. 

199.  The  first  source  of  food  for  the  embryo?  the  second  ? 

200.  TTow  does  the  plnnf  appear  in  Fig.  321  ? 


98 


OBJECT  LESSONS  IN  BOTANY. 


in  the  soil,  wliile  the  bud  has  mounted  higher,  unfolding 
itself  into  stem  and  leaves,  and  spreading  itself  in  the  air  and 
light. 

201.  The  young  plant  has  now  become  independent  of  the 
seed,  which  will  soon  wither  and  perish.  The  cotyledons,  in 
this  case,  are  never  able  to  throw  off  the  shell,  but  perish 


326  825  824 

Progress  of  germiiiution  in  Maple.— i^«>.  323.  A  seed  (samara).  Fig.  324.  The 
same,  just  beginning  to  grow  ;  the  rootlet  descends,  the  cotyledons  have  burst  the 
shell.  Fig.  325.  The  leaf-like  cotyledons  (c)  nearly  open,  the  stem  («)  and  root  {r) 
lengthening.  Fig.  326.  The  terminal  bud  appears.  Fig.  327.  The  first  pair  of  true 
leaves  expanded.     Fig.  328.  The  second  pair  appear,  &c. 

together  with  it.     In  other  plants,  however,   as   in   Maple 
(Fig.  325),  the  two  cotyledons  escape  from  the  shell,  change 
color,  and  become  leaves, — the  first  pair  on  the  plant  {c). 
202.  The  bud,  which  we  called  plumule,  is  still  seen  at  the 


201.  When  does  the  seed  perish?    Cotyledons  of  Oak  and  Maple — how 
differ  In  development  ? 


DEVELOP^IENT  OF  BUDS. 


90 


top,  arising  higher  and  higher,  as  it  unfolds  its  axis  into  the 
joints  (called  nodes  and  internodes)  of  the  stem,  its  outer 
scales  into  leaves,  and  is  itself  continually  renewed  from 
within.  Thus  the  ascending  stem,  or  axis^  is  always  termi- 
nated by  a  bud. 


329 


Fig.  329.  Bud  of  Currant  unfolding, — the  scales  (s)  gradually  becoming  leaves. 
Fig.  330.  Bud  uf  Tulip-ti-ee,— the  scales  unfolding  into  stipules  (s). 

203.  Soon  other  buds  appear.  There  is  one  in  the  axil  of 
each  leaf.  So  long  as  the  terminal  bud  only  is  developed, 
the  plant  grows  up  a  simple  stem.  But  by  the  growth  of 
these  axillary  buds,  if  they  grow  at  all,  branches  are  pro- 
duced ;  and  these  branches,  from  their  axillary  buds,  produce 
branchlets,  and  so  on. 


202.  What  do  you  understaud  by  the  nodes  and  internodes?    How  is  the 
axis  always  terminated? 

20u.  In  what  case  will  the  stem  be  simple?    How  are  branches  produced 


100  OBJECT  LESSONS  IN  BOTANY. 


LESSON    XXVI. 

LIFE  OF  THE  PLANT,  OR  ITS  BIOGRAPHY. 

204.  The  water  which  the  plant  imbibes  by  its  roots  be- 
comes sap  in  the  stem,  and  circulates  in  every  part  as  the 
blood  circulates  in  the  animal  frame.  The  leaves,  by  their 
broad,  thin  forms,  serve  as  lungs,  to  bring  all  the  sap  which 
passes  through  them  into  contact  with  the  air  and  light. 

205.  By  this  means  the  sap  is  changed  into  a  nourishing 
food,  fitted  to  sustain  the  growth  of  the  plant  in  every  part. 
Thus  the  leaves  are  designed,  not  only  as  an  ornamental  robe, 
but  as  organs  of  breathing  and  digestion. 

206.  In  the  second  stage  of  growth,  when  the  plant  depends 
no  longer  upon  the  seed  for  nourishment,  it  goes  on  increas- 
ing in  stature  and  multiplying  its  leaves  and  branches.  It 
now  consists  of  three  parts,  namely,  root,  stem,  and  leaves. 
These  are  called  the  organs  of  vegetation. 

207.  The  third  stage  of  plant-life  is  the  period  of  flowering. 
Before  this  period,  all  its  activity  was  devoted  to  its  own 
nourishment  and  growth.  Now  it  begins  to  live  and  act  for 
the  continuance  of  its  own  kind  after  it  upon  the  earth, 
according  to  the  Divine  decree  in  Genesis,  i.,  11.  Some  of 
its  buds  undergo  a  striking  change,  and  oj)en  each  a  flower 
instead  of  a  leafy  branch. 

208.  A  flower  is  therefore  a  leafy  branch  transformed  (as 

204,  Wliat  becomes  of  tlie  water  wliicli  the  roots  imbibe  ?    What  part  do 
the  leaves  act  ? 

\^,  What  change  takes  place  in  the  sap  ? 
/i06.  What  is  the  second  stage  of  plant-life  ? 
r-07.  The  third  stage?     Wlience  come  the  flowers? 


BIOGRAPHY  OF  THE  PLANT.  101 


sliown  in  the  Class  Book,  p.  23),  having  its  axis  undeveloped, 
its  leaves  in  crowded  circles,  moulded  into  more  delicate 
forms  and  tinged  with  brighter  colors,  not  only  to  adorn  the 
face  of  nature,  but  to  prepare  the  way  for  fruit. 

209.  The  fourth  stage  of  plant-life  is  the  period  of  its  fruit 
bearing.  The  flowers  have  gradually  faded  and  disappeared^ 
but  the  pistil,  having  received  the  quickening  pollen  (see  Class 
Book  of  Botany,  p.  148),  remains  in  its  place,  holds  fast  all 
the  nourishino^  matter  which  continues  to  flow  into  it  through 
the  flower-stem,  grows,  and  finally  ripens  into  the  perfected 
fruit  and  seed. 

210.  The  fifth  and  last  stage  in  the  biography  of  the  plant 
is  its  hibernation  (w^inter's  sleep),  or  its  death.  If  the  event 
of  flowering  and  fruit-bearing  occur  within  the  first  or  second 
year  of  the  life  of  the  plant,  it  is  generally  followed  by  its 
speedy  death.  In  all  other  cases  it  is  followed  by  a  state  of 
needful  repose,  wherein  it  is  commonly  stripped  of  its  leaves, 
and  gives  few,  if  any,  indications  of  life,  until  awaked,  with 
renewed  vigor,  in  the  following  Spring. 

211.  According  to  their  difi*erent  terms  of  life,  we  distin- 
guish plants  as  annuals,  biennials,  and  perennials.  An  an- 
nxLol  herl)  completes  its  whole  history  in  one  year.  In  the 
Spring  it  germinates  ;  in  Summer  it  grows,  blooms,  bears 
fruit;  and  in  Autumn  its  work  and  life  are  ended.  The 
Mustard,  Maize,  and  Morning-glory  are  such. 

212.  A  biennial  herb  lives  two  years.     During  the  first  it 

208.  Please  state  the  nature  of  the  flower. 

209.  Please  describe  the  fourth  stage  of  plant-life. 

210.  The  fifth  stage. 

211.  In  regard  to  their  term  of  life,  how  are  plantg  divided  ?    Describe  aj 
annual  herb. 

212.  A  biennial  herb. 


102  OBJECT  LESSONS  IN  BOTANY. 


germinates,  grows,  and  bears  leaves  only  ;  and  in  its  second 
year  it  blossoms,  bears  frnit,  and  dies.  Sucli  are  tlie  Beet 
and  Radisb. 

213.  A  perennial  plant  survives  several  or  many  years. 
There  are  herbaceous  perennials  and  woody  perennials.  The 
herbaceous  perennials,  or  perennial  herbs^  are  such  as  survive 
the  winter  only  by  their  roots  or  their  parts  which  grow 
underground.  These  in  Spring  send  up  leaves,  flowers,  and 
and  often  stems,  all  of  which  perish  in  Autumn,  leaving  only 
the  parts  underground  alive  as  before.  Such  are  the  Hop, 
Asters,  Yiolets. 

214.  Woody jperennials  survive  the  winter  by  their  stems 
as  well  as  roots,  and  usually  grow  several  years  before  flow- 
ering, and  thence  flower  annually  during  their  existence. 
According  to  their  size,  such  plants  are  trees,  shrubs,  under- 
shrubs.  A  tree  is  the  largest  among  plants,  having  a  perma- 
nent, woody  stem,  usually  unbranched  lelow,  and  dividing 
into  branches  above.  The  Oaks,  Elms,  and  Pines  are  famil- 
iar examples. 

215.  A  bhrub  is  smaller  than  a  tree,  usually  growing  in 
clusters  from  one  underground  mass  of  roots.  The  Lilacs, 
Roses,  Alders,  are  shricbs.  Small  shrubs,  about  of  our  own 
stature,  as  the  Currants,  Brambles,  we  call  lushes.  Yery 
low  shrubs,  as  the  Blueberries,  Box,  &c.,  are  under  shrubs. 

213.  Describe  a  perennial  plant.  Of  what  two  sorts  ?  Describe  a  peren- 
nial herb. 

215.  A  tree,  a  slirub,  bush,  undershrub, — bow  distinguished?  To  which 
of  the  above-mentioned  sorts  does  the  Cabbage  belong  ?  To  which  the  Hol- 
lyhock? the  Balsamine ?  Four-o'clock?  To  which  the  Tulip?  Golden-rod? 
Lily?  Pink?  Quince?  &c. 


CONCEKNING   THE   ROOT. 


loa 


LESSON    XXVII. 

CONCERNING  THE  AXIS  OF  THE  PLANT. 


216.  The  term  axis  ex- 
presses the  central  column 
or  body  of  the  plant  around 
which  the  branches  and 
other  organs  are  arranged. 
As  we  have  already  no- 
ticed, the  axis  grows  and 
extends  in  two  directions, 
— upwards  and  downwards. 
The  ascending  part  is  the 
stem,  the  descending  part 
is  the  root.  The  former 
loves  and  seeks  the  air  and 
light,  the  latter  the  dark, 
damp  bosom  of  the  earth. 

217.  The  E.00T  serves  the 
twofold  purpose  of  fixing 
the  plant  firmly  in  its  place, 
and  of  imbibing  the  neces- 
sary food  from  the  soil. 
The  food  when  thus  im- 
bibed is  never  in  a  solid 

Fig.  831.  An  entire  plant  (Sliep- 
lierd's-ptirse),  sliowing  the  axis  (a 
to  r).  Tlie  part  from  c  to  r  is  the 
desccndiDfj  axis,  or  root ;  from  c  to  a 
the  ascending  axis,  or  stem;  A,  by 
branches,  bearing  racemes  of  flowers 
and  fruit. 


831 


104 


OBJECT  LESSONS  IN  BOTANY 


state,  but  dissolved  in  water,  and  con- 
sists of  certain  earths,  alkalies,  and 
gases.  (See  Part  II.,  Chap.  7,  Class 
Book  of  Botany.) 

218.  It  is  the  nature  of  the  root  to 
divide  itself  into  branches,  and  the  only 
organs  wliich  properly  belong  to  it  are 
branches,  fibres,  and  fibrils.  It  puts 
forth  no  buds  nor  leaves  unless  the 
plant  be  in  some  unnatural  state. 

219.  The  roots  of  woody  plants,  es- 
pecially, are  hranching  roots.  Year 
after  year  they  multiply  and  extend  in 
branches   and   branchlets  beneath  the 


m^^ 


F^g.  832    Brandling  root 
of  u  voung  tree. 


lij.  333.  A  tuberous  root  (Erigenia).        Fig.  334.  Fibrous  roots  (Buttercups!. 
Fig.  a35.  Branching  root  (White  Clover),  with  tubercles. 


FORMS  OF  ROOTS. 


105 


ground,  in  proportion  to  the  growth  of  the  branches  and 
twigs  of  the  stem  above.  The  axis  itself  may  not  descend 
to  any  great  depth,  and  after  a  few  years  may  be  found  far 
exceeded  in  growth  by  its  own  branches  which  extend  hori- 
zontally in  a  better  soil.  The  greater  the  growth  of  the  root? 
the  more  firm  will  be  its  hold  upon  the  ground,  and  the  great- 
er its  capacity  for  drinking  in  liquid  nourishment  for  the  tree. 

220.  The  roots  of  herbaceous 
plants  take  a  great  variety  of 
forms.  Some  are  tuberous,  some 
fibrous.  The  tuberous  are  such  as 
consist  of  a  large  axis  or  body,  with 
small  branches ;  as  in  the  Beet, 
Ground-nut,  Spring  Beauty,  and 
many  other  biennial  plants. 

221.  Ti\Q  fibrous  are  such  as  con- 
sist mostly  of  fibres,  with  scarcely 
any  axis  ;  as  in  Buttercups,  Grass- 
es. In  such  cases  the  axis  ceased 
to  grow  immediately  after  ger- 
mination,   and    long    thread-like     ^.    „„„   ^  ,  a  ^   -^ 

'  ,  ^  Fig.  836.   Tuberous  and  fusiform 

branches  supplied  its  place.  root  of  Beet. 

222.  The     fihrO-tulerOUS     roots      ^'^-  ^S^-  Tuberous  and  napifonn 
^  1  />   ,1     .     root  of  Turnip. 

are  such   as   have   some  of  their 

fibres  thickened   and  fleshy,  as  seen  in  the  Peony,  Dahlia, 

216.  Please  explain  the  meaning  of  the  term  axis.    In  what  two  directions 
does  it  grow  ? 

217.  What  is  the  twofold  purpose  of  the  root?    What  docs  it  imbibe ? 
In  what  state  is  this  food  when  imbibed  ? 

218.  What  is  said  of  the  nature  of  the  root?    Wliat  are  its  only  proper 
organs  ?    What  is  said  of  leaves  or  buds  ? 

219.  Describe  the  roots  of  woody  plants,  and  their  growth. 

220-222.  Describe  tuberous  roots ;  fibrous ;  fibro-tuberous  ;  tubercular. 

5* 


106 


OBJECT   LESSONS  IN  BOTANY. 


Spirsea.     If  little  tubers  here  and  there  are  attached  to  the 
fibres,  the  root  is  tubercular^  as  in  Squirrel-corn. 


Fig.  838.  Fibro-tuberous  root  of  Peony. 

Fig.  339.  Fibro-tuberous  root  of  Spiraea  filipundula. 

Fig.  340.  Fibro-tuberous  root  ef  Mourning  Geranium. 

223.  All  these  fleshy  forms,  whether  tuberous  or  fibro-tu- 
berous, are  filled  with  starchy  deposited  there  in  store,  for  use 
in  the  future  growth  of  the  plant.  Many  other  forms  of  roots 
are  described  in  larger  works. 


LESSON   XXVIII. 

OF  THE  STEM  OR  ASCENDING  AXIS. 

224.  TiiK  stem  tending  upward  in  its  growth  is  often  called 
the  ascending:  axis.     It  does  not  in  all  cases  continue  to  arise 


223.  Wliat  purpose  do  fleshy  roots  serve  ? 

Less.  XXVIII.  What  is  the  subject  of  this  lesson? 


THE   ASCENDING   AXIS 


107 


Fig.  341.  Spotted  Prince's  Pine,  entire  plant;  the  stem  is  a  "leaf-stem." 
Fig.  342.  Diclytra  (Z>,  cucullana),  whole  plant;  it  has  a  "scale-stem." 

Ill  growing,  but  often  becomes  oblique  or  horizontal.  There- 
fore we  have,  besides  erect  sterns^  stems  pj'ostrate, procumbe7it, 
trailing^  when  running  along  flat  on  the  ground,  or  over 
bushes,  as  the  Partridge-beny,  "White  Wintergreen  (Fig.  S-iS) ; 
and,  also,  stems  decumbent^  first  arising  and  afterwards  re- 
clining on  the  ground,  as  the  Poor-man's-weather-glass  (Fig. 
344). 

225.  There    are,  also,  siibterranean   stems,   never   arising 

224.  What  of  the  direction  of  the  growth  of  stems  ?    How  does  the  stem 
of  White  Wintergreen  grow  ?    How  the  stem  of  Anagallis  ? 


108 


OBJECT  LESSONS  IN  BOTANY. 


Fig.  343.  Tne  "White  Wintergreen  {Chiogenes)\  it  has  a  procumbent  stem 

above  the  ground  at  all,  but  only  sending  up  leaves  and 
flowers  with  their  stalks,  as  the  Tulip. 

226.  It  is  the  nature  of  the  stem  to  produce  buds,  as  it  is  of 
the  root  to  produce  none.  At  first  the  stem  is  itself  a  bud, 
and  as  it  grows  it  bears  this  bud  always  at  the  summit  and 
produces  a  new  bud  in  the  axil  of  every  new  leaf. 


Fig.  344.  Poor-man's-weather-glass  {A?iagalus) ;  it  has  a  decumbent  stem. 

227.  The  stem  has  nodes  and  intemodes.  The  joints  where 
the  leaves  severally  come  out  are  the  nodes^  and  the  portion 
of  stem  between,  the  intemodes.  In  the  bud  the  internodes 
are  quite  undeveloped,  and  the  nodes  close  together ;  but  as 
it  develops  into  a  regular  leaf-stem,  the  internodes  grow,  and 
the  nodes  with  their  respective  leaves  are  se]3arated. 

228.  But  in  some  plants,  the  nodes  only  are  developed,  and 
the  axis  never  extends  itself  above  ground,  and  covers  itself 


325.  What  of  the  stem  of  Tulip  ? 

226.  What  the  nature  of  the  stem  Avith  respect  to  buds ' 

227.  Please  tell  us  what  are  nodes  and  internodes. 


FORMS  OF  STEMS. 


100 


Flg.Uh.  Conns  of  Putty-root  (.4/9Zfci/7m):  «,  of  last  year ;  6,  of  the  present  year. 

Fig.  346.  Scale  bulb  of  White  Lily. 

Fig.  347.  Scale  bulb  of  Violet  Sorrel  {Oxalis  vlolacca). 

with  scales  instead  of  leaves.  Tims  we  liave  two  classes  of 
stems ;  namelj,  leaf -stems  and  scale-stems.  These  figures, 
one  of  the  delicate  Diclytra  and  the  other  (Fig.  341)  of  the 


Fig.  348.  Ehizome  of  Solomon's  Seal:  a,  fragment  of  the  first  year's  growth  ;  J, 
the  pocond  year's  growth;  c,  the  third  year's  growth,  bearing  d,  the  stem  oftho 
present  year,  which  will  leave  a  scar  (the  seal),  like  that  of  the  others. 

Fig.  349.  Premorse  rhizome  of  Trillium. 

228.  What  two  classes  of  stems  liave  we  to  consider?  "SVliat  is  the  diflfer- 
ence  between  them  ?    To  which  class  does  Dicly tra  belong  ?    Prince's  Pine  ? 


110 


OBJECT  LESSONS   IN  BOTANY. 


Prince's  Pine,  make   a  fine  contrast  of  the   two  kinds   of 
stems. 

229.  Several  varieties  of  scale-stems  must  be  distinguished  ; 
as,  bulb,  corm,  rhizome,  creeper,  tuber,  &c. 

230.  The  Tulip,  Hyacinth,  Onion,  Lily,  have  lulls ;  you 
Bee  (Figs.  31:6,  347),  they  consist  of  roundish  masses  of  thick 
scales  with  a  small  axis — in  fact,  an  overgrown  bud.     Th 
eorm  is  like  it  in  shape,  but  has  a  thick  axis  with  thin  scales 
or  none.     (Fig.  31:5.) 

231.  The  rhizome^  or  root-stock,  is  a  fleshy,  underground 
stem,  often  scaly  and  marked  with  scars,  as  you  see  in  the 
Bloodroot,  Solomon's  Seal  (Figs.  348,  349). 


Fig.  350.  Creeper  of  "Nimble  Will,"  or  Witch-grass:  a,  bud;  i,  i,  bases  of  the 
Btems  which  rise  above-ground. 

232.  Tlie  creeper  is  more  slender,  much  branched,  many- 
jointed  and  many-scaled,  as  seen  in  this  figure  of  the  Witch- 
grass.  It  sends  out  rootlets  from  its  joints,  and  is  \qvj  tena- 
cious of  life,  binding  the  soil  into  turf  wherever  it  abounds. 

233.  The  tuler^  such  as  grows  on  the  underground  stems 
of  the  Potato-plant,  is  evidently  a  stem  (not  a  root),  for  it  al- 
ways produces  buds. 

229.  Name  five  sorts  of  scale-stems. 

230.  Describe  the  bulb  ;  the  corm.    231.  Tlie  rMzome. 
232.  The  creeper.    233.  The  tuber. 


FORMS  OF  STEMS. 


Ill 


234.  Of  the  leaf-stem  class  we  must  describe  three  kinds, 
the  trunk,  caulis,  and  vine.  Trunk  is  the  name  given  to  the 
stems  of  woody,  erect  plants,  especially  of  trees.  They  are 
tlie  rej^resentatives  of  loftiness  and  strength,  in  poetic  phrase, 
lifting  their  summits  to  the  skies  and  doing  battle  with  the 
storm.  There  are,  indeed,  few  objects  in  nature  possessed  of 
a  truer  grandeur  than  the  White  Pine's  trunks  of  the  North- 
ern forests. 

235.  Caulis^  is  the  general  name  given  by  botanists  to  the 


Vines.  Fig.  351.  Passion-flower  {Passijiora  lutea),  climbing  by  tendrils.  Fig 
S52.  Morning-glory,  twining  from  left  to  right.  Fig.  353.  Hop,  twining  from  right 
to  left. 


234.  Name,  next,  three  kinds  of  leaf-stems.     Describe  the  trunk. 

235.  The  caulis.    Meaning  and  use  of  caulescent?  acaulescent?    Give  ex- 
amples of  each. 


112  OBJECT  LESSONS  IN  BOTANY. 


stems  of  herbs.  From  this  word  come  two  adjectives  much 
used,  and  quite  convenient,  viz.,  caulescent  and  acaidescent ; 
the  former  denoting  the  presence  of  stems  above-ground,  the 
Latter  of  only  underground  stems.  Thus  the  Buttercup  is 
caulescent,  while  the  Pitcher-plant  is  acaulescent ;  the  Garden 
Yiolet  or  Pansy  is  caulescent,  while  the  wild  Blue  Yiolet  is 
acaulescent. 

236.  Yine,  as  every  one  knows,  denotes  a  slender  stem,  too 
weak  to  stand  alone,  and  supporting  itself  by  the  aid  of  other 
plants  or  objects.  Some  vines  are  woody,  some  herbaceous. 
The  Hop  twines  itself  around  its  supporter,  turning  from 
right  to  left,  as  in  Fig.  353,  The  Morning-glory,  also,  but 
it  turns  from  left  to  right  (Fig.  352).  Thirdly,  the  Grape 
and  Passion-flower  (Fig.  351)  climb  by  special  organs,  the 
tendrils^  of  wonderful  adaptation,  showing  their  Maker's  de- 
sign more  truly  than  if  by  an  audible  voice. 

236.  Describe  tlie  vine.  What  their  three  varieties  ?  What  is  the  read- 
mirable  in  the  tendril  ? 


CLABSIFICATION. 


113 


LESSON  XXIX. 

PLANTS   TO  BE  ARRANGED  IN  CLASSES. 

PLAXT  may  be  studied  by 
itself,  as  an  individual,  separate 
from  other  plants  or  oljjects; 
or  it  may  be  considered  in  its  re- 
lations to  other  plants,  as  consti- 
tuting a  part  of  a  system.  In 
this  latter  view  we  discover  one 
vast  design  embracing  the  innu- 
merable millions  of  plants  as  one 
kin2:doni,  leadinoj  ns  to  adore  the 
wisdom  and  goodness  of  him 
who  planned  and  created  the 
world.  For  we  see  that  he  has 
not  only  made  each  plant  with 
so  much  loveliness  and  perfec- 
tion in  itself,  but  has  assigned 
to  each  its  proper  rank  in  the 
system,  and  endowed  it  with  just 

that  nature,  habit,  and  style  of  beauty,  which  adapts  it  to 

that  rank. 

238.  To  study  plants  as  constituting  a  system,  as  we  now 

propose  to  do,  is  useful  in  two  ways  :    first,  it  gives  us   a 

larger  and  truer  conception  of  the  Yegetable  Kingdom  ;  and 

237.  Wliat  two  modes  of  studying  tlie  plant  are  mentioned  ?    In  tlic  sec- 
ond mode  what  discovery  is  made  ? 

238.  In  the  systematic  study  of  plants  what  two  other  advantages? 


114  OBJECT   LESSONS   IN   BOTANY. 


secondly,  it  teaches  us  how  to  recognize  by  name  the  plants 
with  which  we  meet,  so  as  to  avail  ourselves  of  all  that  has 
been  recorded  concerning  the  same  by  botanists  before  us. 

239.  Suppose  the  pupil,  in  his  study,  has  dropped  a  single 
Flax-seed  on  a  lock  of  cotton  floating  in  water  in  a  bulb- 
glass.  It  grows,  filling  the  clear  water  with  its  silvery  radi- 
cles, while  its  stem  shoots  upwards  covered  with  leaves  and 
finally  blooming  with  flowers.  This  is  an  individual  plant. 
He  studies  its  organs,  colors,  portrait,  and  carefully  writes  its 
history. 

240.  Meanwhile,  other  Flax-seeds,  by  thousands,  have  been 
sown  in  the  fields,  and  fix)m  each,  also,  a  plant  has  arisen. 
The  student  finds  them  in  flower,  tinging  all  the  plain  in 
ocean  blue.  I^ow,  shall  he,  as  a  botanist,  repeat  his  study 
over  each  of  all  these  millions  ?  Certainly  not.  He  finds 
himself  already  acquainted  with  them,  for  each  bears  an  ex- 
act resemblance  to  that  which  he  has  already  described.  His 
knowledge  of  one  individual  Flax-plant,  therefore,  avails  him 
for  each  and  all  the  myriads  of  Flax-plants  growing  every- 
where. 

241.  In  this  manner  we  obtain  the  idea  of  a  Species.  Thus, 
a  species  of  plants  consists  of  many  individuals  of  the  same 
Mnd^  having  descended  from  a  common  stock,  and  resem- 
bling each  other  and  their  common  parent  in  every  feature. 

242.  The  common  Blue  Flax,  of  which  linen  is  made,  is  a 
sj^ecies f  the  wild  Yellow  Flax  is  another;  and  the  Purple 
Flax  of  the  gardens  is  another.     The  White  Clover  is  a  spe- 

239.  Can  you  give  us  an  idea  of  an  individual  plant  ? 

240.  Having  studied  one  individual  Flax-plant,  why  do  we  not  need  to 
udy  the  others  ? 

241.  Please  state  your  idea  of  a  species. 
i42.  Please  illustrate  your  idea  of  a  species. 


THE  NATURAL  SYSTEM.  115 


cles  with  its  progeny  of  millions  of  plants  ;  the  Red  Clover  is 
another ;  the  Yellow  Clover  another ;  the  Buffalo  Clover 
another.  In  like  manner  all  the  plants  of  the  globe  are 
grouped  into  species,  and  this  is  the  first  step  in  classification. 

243.  The  second  step  carries  us  to  the  genus,  which  we 
may  thus  define  :  A  Genus  is  an  assemblage  of  species  which 
are  much  alike ;  especially  in  their  flowers  and  fruit.  Thus, 
Flax  is  a  genus  made  up  of  the  several  species  mentioned 
above,  and  other  similar  species.  Clover  is  a  genus  com- 
posed of  150  species,  some  of  which  we  have  just  mentioned. 
Every  one  notices  the  resemblance  between  White  Clover, 
Hed  Clover,  &c.  Pine  is  a  genus,  embracing  as  sj^ecies 
White  Pine,  Yellow  Pine,  Pitch  Pine,  Long  leaved  Pine,  and 
many  others. 

244.  Individuals  of  the  same  species  may  differ  somewhat 
among  themselves,  and  these  differences  constitute  varieties. 
Thus  Apple-trees  differ  in  their  fruit,  and  there  are  hundreds 
of  varieties  although  only  one  species.  Poses  differ  in  their 
form,  color,  and  fragrance  of  their  flowers,  forming  many  va- 
rieties under  each  species.  Probably  no  tw^o  plants  of  any 
species  were  ever  exactly  alike.  Sameness,  or  monotony,  is 
not  a  characteristic  of  Kature. 


LESSON   XXX. 

THE    NATURAL   SYSTEM. 

245.  In  attempting  to  classify  and  arrange  the  genera  of 
plants,  according  to   their  natural  resemblances  and  differ- 

243.  Can  you  now  define  a  genus  ?    Please  illustrate  your  idea  of  a  genus. 

244.  What  is  a  variety  ?    Illustrate  your  meaning. 


116  OBJECT  LESSONS  IN  BOTANY. 


ences,  botanists  liave  formed  a  system  called  the  Xatm-al  Sys- 
tem.    Let  us  now  briefly  notice  this  system  of  classification. 

246.  We  have  already  stated  that  the  plants  of  the  globe 
are  all  created  in  species,  and  that  this  is  the  first  step  in 
classification.  Then,  in  the  second  place,  the  species  are 
grouped  into  genera.  Now  the  number  of  species  of  plants 
already  known  is  about  100,000,  and  the  genera  20,000. 

247.  The  thh'd  step  in  our  system  carries  us  forward  to  the 
Natural  Ordeks.  These  are  made  up  of  genera.  As  we  as- 
sociate similar  species  to  form  a  genus,  so  we  associate 
similar  genera  to  form  the  natural  orders.  The  number  of 
orders  described  in  the  Natural  System  is  about  three  hun- 
dred. For  example,  the  natural  order  Crucifirge,  or  the 
Crucifers,  embraces  such  genera  as  Mustard,  Cress,  Cabbage, 
Turnip,  Kadish,  Wall-flower,  which  every  one  sees  to  bear 
resemblance  to  each  other  in  many  respects. 

248.  How  then  shall  we  define  a  natural  order  ?  It  is  a 
group  of  similar  genera ;  or,  a  group  of  genera  closely  re- 
lated to  each  other.  Therefore,  individuals  form  species; 
species  form  genera ;  genera  form  orders.  But  how  shall  we 
classify  these  three  hundred  orders  ? 

249.  Suppose  we  take  an  excursion  into  the  mountains. 
We  walk  beneath  the  forest  trees,  and  among  the  shrubs. 
We  tread  upon  the  lesser  herbs,  the  matted  grasses,  and  the 
mosses  and  lichens  which  cover  the  rocks.  Everywhere  we 
lee  plants,  and  behold  the  domain  of  the  vegetable  kingdom. 

245.  What  is  the  subject  of  this  Lesson  XXX.  ? 

246, 247.  What  is  the  first  step  in  classification  ?  the  second  ?  the  third  ? 
What  number  of  species  known  in  all  the  vegetable  world  ?    What  number 
of  genera  ?  of  orders  ?    (Ans.  303.) 

248.  Define  a  natural  order.    Please  review  these  three  steps. 

249.  Show  how  we  may  divide  the  vegetable  kingdom. 


THE   NATURAL   SYSTEM. 


117 


Now  viewing  this  as  one  grand  whole,  we  want  to  divide  it 
into  two  subkingdoms.     How  shall  we  do  it  ? 

250.  Every  attentive  observer  has  noticed  that  some  of 
these  plants  produce  no  flowers ;  as,  e,  g.^  the  Ferns  and 
Mosses.  Let  us  then  take  all  such  plants  and  consider  them 
as  forming  one  sub-kingdom,  viz.,  the  Flowkrless  Plants 
All  other  plants  will  of  course  constitute  the  other  sub-king 
dom,  viz.<,  the  Flowering  Plants.  Botanists  call  the  latter 
the  Phaenogamia,  and  the  former,  the  Cryptogamia  (Greek 
words  of  the  same  import). 

251.  Now  these  two  sub-kingdoms  have  other 
distinctions  hii^i^o,^  flowering  and  notfloicering. 
See  the  fruit-dots  growing  on  the  back  of  Fern 
leaves.  The  microscope  shows  them  to  be  clusters 
of  hollow  cases,  and  each  case  lilled  with  a  fine 
yellow  dust.  But  this  dust  is  not  seeds,  with 
v-^'-  S  embryo,  radicle,  &c.  (Less.  21),  but  little  sacs, 
^  ^jr^^l^  containing  a  fluid,  similar  to  the  pollen  grains 
^^^^'j?^^  (Less.  15).  AVe  call  them  Spores.  See,  also,  the 
'^^/t=sfel.      Mushrooms  having  no  leaves,  and  the  Lichens 


355  35C  357  853 

Some  of  the  Cryptogams. — Fig.  35").  A  Fern,  showing  the  fruit  dots.    Fi'js.  356,  "57 
85S,  are  Lichens,  some  appearing  to  have  stems,  and  some  with  no  appearance  of  any 


250.  Please  distinguish  the'  two  subkingdoms.     The  meaning  of  Crypto- 


gamia  ?     Pha'uoga 


:2.')1.  Wliat  about  the  Spores  of  Ferns,  kcA 


118 


OBJECT   LESSONS   IN   BOTANY. 


often,  also,  witliout  stems.  Hence  we  may  say  of  the  Cryp- 
togams til  at  they  are  not  only  flowerless^  but  seedless^  and 
often  leafless  and  stemless. 

252.  We  will  now  dismiss  the  Cryptogams  for  the  pi-esent, 
and  consider  the  Flowering  Plants  (Ph sen  ogams),  as  one  sub- 
kingdom; — how  shall  this  be  divided?  Every  one  notices  a 
striking  difference  between  plants  with  parallel-veined  leaves 
and  those  with  net-veined  leaves.  The  former  have  their 
flowers  three-parted,  while  the  latter  have  their  flowers  two, 
four,  or  five-parted,  &c., — the  former  have  seeds  one-lobed 
(monocotyledoned.  Less.  15),  the  latter,  two-lobed  (dicotyle- 
doned,  Less.  15).  Let  us,  then,  divide  the  Phsenogamia  into 
two  provinces  ;  as  Natui-e  has  already  done. 


Fig.  359.  Cross-section  of  an  exogenous  stem  (Elm),  of  two  years  growth  :  1,  the 
pith;  2,  3,  two  layers  of  wood;  4,  the  bark.  Fig.  360.  Cross-section  of  an  endoge- 
nous stem  (Corn),  sliowing  no  distinction  of  layers. 

253.  We  may  call  these  two  provinces  severally,  the  Exo- 
GENS  and  the  Endogens: — two  Greek  words  denoting:  outside 
growers,  inside-growers,  referring  to  their  modes  of  growth. 

254.  l^ow,  taking  such  an  Exogen  as  the  Apple-tree,  and 
such  an  Endogen  as  the  Indian  Corn,  w^e  may  distinguish 
them  thus  :  The  Exogen  has  its  wood,  if  any,  arranged  in  con- 
centric rings,  or  layers,  as  seen  in  Eig.  360  ; — the  outer  ring 


252.  Show  how  the  Flowering  Plants  are  divided.    253.  Please  give  the 
character  of  an  Exogen  ;  an  Endogen.     Meaning  of  these  two  words  ? 


THE  NATURAL  SYSTEM.  119 


being  the  youngest;  the  leaves  net-veinecl ;  tlie  flowers  sel- 
dom (or  never  completely)  tliree-parted  ;  and  the  seeds  two- 
lobed.     On  the  contrar}^ : 

255.  The  Endogen  has  its  wood,  if  any,  confused,  the  mner 
portions  being  tlie  newest ; — its  leaves  parallel-veined ; — its 
flowers  three-parted  ;  and  its  seeds  oi:e-lobed. 


LESSON    XXXT. 

MORE  ABOUT  THE  NATURAL   SYSTEM. 

256.  Thus  Exogens  and  Endogens  are  so  clearly  defined 
that  yon  may  know  them  as  far  off"  as  you  can  see  them. 
The  next  step  in  the  analysis  is,  to  subdivide  each  of  these 
provinces.  First,  as  to  the  Exogens :  We  know  that  they 
generally  have  pistils  in  their  flowers,  with  the  young  seeds 
(ovules)  inclosed  in  their  ovaries.  But  there  are  exceptions 
to  this  rule.  The  Pines,  Yews,  &c.,  have  no  pistils  at  all,  or, 
at  least,  no  stigmas,  and  produce  naked  seeds,  not  inclosed  in 
seed-vessels.  Hence,  we  have  two  classes  of  Exogens  :  the 
naked-seeded  and  the  vessel-seeded.  The  botanists  call  the  lat- 
ter the  Angiosperms  (Greek,  angios,  a  vessel;  sperma,  S(3ed) ; 
and  the  former,  the  Gymnospkrms  (Greek,  gymnos,  naked). 

257.  Secondly,  the  Endogens :  here  consider  the  peculiar 
forms  and  flowers  of  the  Grasses.  Their  flowers  are  all  en- 
veloped in  green,  alternate  scales,  called  ghinies^  instead  of 

254.  Is  the  Lily  an  Exogen  or  Endogen  ?    The  Buttercup  ?    The  Maple,  &c.  ? 

25G.  What  is  the  next  step  in  the  analysis  ?  State  the  manner  of  subdi- 
viding th3  Exogens.  What  is  the  meaning  and  etymology  of  the  word 
"  Angiospenns  T    What  of  Gyranospemis  ?    Give  an  example  of  each. 

257.  Show  the  subdivision  of  the  Endogens.  What  of  the  Petaliferaet 
What  of  the  Glumiferoe  ? 


120  OBJECT  LESSONS  IN  BOTANY. 


tlie  circles  of  petals  common  in  other  flowers.  Hence  we 
have  a  class  of  Glume-plants  and  of  Glumeless-plants,  or,  as 
the  botanists  saj,  Glumifer^  and  Petaliferje.  Thus  we 
divide  all  the  Flowering  Plants  into  four  Classes,  viz. : 

1.  AngiosjKrms  I  Exogens  bearing  stigmas  and  seed-vessels. 

2.  Gymnosperms  ;  Exogens  with  no  stigmas,  and  with  naked 
seeds,  as  the  Pines,  Firs,  Larches,  Cedars,  Cypresses, Yews,  &c. 

3.  Petaliferce  j  Endogens  with  no  glumes  and  ordinary 
flowers. 

4.  GlumifercB ;  Endogens  with  glumes  instead  of  petals,  as 
the  Grasses,  Sedges,  Grains. 

258.  Again,  each  of  these  Classes  are  to  be  subdivided  into 
Cohorts,  as  follows :  the  Angiosperms  are  divided  (not  very 
naturally)  into  three  cohorts,  viz. : 

1.  The  Dialypetalce,  or  Polypetalous  Exogens,  having  flow- 
ers with  the  petals  distinct  and  separate,  as  in  the  Buttercup, 
Pose,  Mustard. 

2.  The  Gamopetalce^  having  flowers  with  the  petals  united 
into  one  piece,  as  in  the  Phlox,  Morning-glory,  Foxglove. 

3.  The  Ajpetalm^  having  flowers  without  j^etals,  eitlier 
naked,  or -with  only  one  circle  of  floral  envelopes  (which  must 
then  be  considered  as  sepals,  whatever  be  the  color) ;  as  Gin- 
ger-root {Asarwn\  Poke  {Phytolacca\  and  Pig- weed  {Ckeno- 
podium). 

4.  E'ext,  the  Gymnosperms  are  regarded  as  forming  one 
cohort,  called  the  Conoids^  having  the  fruit  usually  in  cones. 
(Less.  XXIIL) 

258.  After  tlie  classes,  wLat  is  tlie  next  step  in  analysis?  How  are  the 
Angiosperms  subdivided  ?  Please  define  tlie  Polypetalous  Exogens ;  the 
Gamopetalous  ;  the  Apetalous.  What  cohort  do  the  Gymnosperms  form  ? 
Why  ?  What  two  cohorts  do  the  Petaliferous  Endogens  form  ?  Define  the 
fifth  cohort.  Define  the  sixth  cohort.  What  cohort  do  the  Glumiferous 
Endoffens  constitute  ? 


THE  NATURAL   SYSTEM.  121 


The  Endogenous  Petalifera3  are  divided  into  two  cohorts,  vis. : 

5.  Tiie  SjMdlcifiorcB,  having  the  flowers  on  a  sj)adixj  as  in 
the  Egyptian  CalLa  and  Jack-in-the-pulpit. 

6.  The  Floridice^  having  the  flowers  separate,  not  on  a 
spadix,  as  in  Tulip,  Gladiolus. 

7.  The  Class  Glumiferee  constitutes  the  seventh  cohort, 
under  the  name  Graminoids^  i.  e.,  the  Grass-like  plants. 

Six  other  cohorts  are  formed  from  the  flowerless  plants, 
but  we  cannot  notice  them  in  this  work. 

259.  Lastly,  the  cohorts  are  themselves  divided  into,  or 
composed  of,  the  Natural  Orders,  w^hich  we  defined  in  Les- 
son XXX. 


260,   Table  I.   Tabular  View  of  the  Natural  System. 

Kingdom.      Suh-kinqdoms     Pi'ovtnce^.  Classes.  Cohorts. 

'Dialypetalous. 

^  Gamopetalous, 
t  Anijiospcrms. .   (  Apctalous. 
r  Exogcns.  .  1  Gymno?penns.=Conoids. 

\  Spadicifloroj, 

1  retalifenx! (  FloridccT. 

Phainogamia.  LEiidogens.  (  (Jlumiferaa  . . .  .=Graminoids. 
Vegetables.  |  Cryptogami.'u     (Its  divisions  liero  omitted.) 

2G1     Table  II.    Yiew  or  the  Natural  System. 

1.  Flowering  Plants.     (Next  pass  to  No.  2. ^  PH^NOGAMIA. 

1.  Flowerless  Plants.     (Pass  to  No.  9.)  CRYPTOGAMIA 

2.  Leaves  net-veined.    Flowers  never  quite  3-partod 3.  EXOGEXS. 

2.  Leaves  parallel-veined.    Flowers  3-parted 4.  ENDOGENS. 

8.  Stigmas  present.     Seeds  in  seed-vessels..  ..5.  Angiosperms. 

3.  Stigmas  none,  seeds  naked.    Pines.  Spruces,  &c..    .6.     Gymnosperms. 

4.  Flowers  without  glumes,  naving  petals,  *fcc 7.  Petaliferae 

4.  Flowers  witn  grccn,  alternate  glumes,  no  DCtals.  ..S       GlumiferaB 

259.  Finally,  into  what  are  the  cohorts  themselves  divided?    Give  us  ex- 
amples of  each  of  all  these  cohorts. 

260    Explain  the  use  of  Table  I      2G1    Of  Table  II. 

* 


OBJECT   LESSONS   IN   BOTA^^Y. 


5.  Petals  distinct  and  separate.  PoLYPETAL^f: 

5.  Petals  united  more  or  less.  Gaiiopetal.e. 

5.  Petals  none.  Apetal^. 

6.  The  cone-bearing  plants.     Cedars,  Larches.  Conoids 

7.  Liflorescence  a  spadix.  Spadiciflor^. 

7.  Inflorescence  not  a  spadix.  Floride^. 

8.  Grass-like  plants.  GpvAminoids. 

9.  Siicn  as  Ferns,  Mosses,  Lichens,  Sea-weeds,  Muslirooms  all  omitted  :n 

this  book.     (See  Class-Book,  Chapter  XIV. .. 

262.    Table  III.   Another  View  of  the  Natural  System 

VEGETABLE  KINGDOM,  divided  into  two  sub-kingdoms,  viz.: 

Suh-lc'mgdom  First,  PH^NOGAMIA,  the  Flowering  Plants,  mchiding 
Piovince  /.,  the  EXOGENS^  or  Dicotyledons,  including  two  classes 
Class  1,  the  Angiosperms,  having  three  Cohorts,  viz.  *. 

Cohort  A,  PoLYPETALous  Exogens  Cas  Rose  worts,  &c.) : 
Cohort  Jj,  Gamopetalocs  Exogens  (Phloxworts,  &c.'i;  and 
Cohort  (7,  Apetalous  Exogens  (Pokeworts,  &c.). 
Class  2,  the  Gymnosperms,  witli  one  Cohort,  viz. : 

Cohort  i>,  CoxoiDs,  or  cone-bearing  plants  (Pineworts,  &c.). 
Province  11.,  the  ENDOGEXS,  or  Monocotyledons,  two  Classes,  viz. 
Class  3,  the  Petaliferous  Endogens,  having  two  Cohorts ; 
Cohort  E,  Spadiciflor^  (the  Aroids,  &c.)  ; 
Cohort  F,  Floride^ (Lily worts,  &c.}. 
Class  4,  the  Glumiferous  Endogens,  one  Cohort,  viz. : 
Cohort  G,  Graminoids  (Grasses,  Sedges,  &e.). 
Suh-Hngdom  Second,  CKYPTOGAMIA  the  Flowerless  Plants 
Province  111.    Szc  ,  &c. 


LESSON    XXXII. 

OF  THE  ANALYSIS  OF  PLANTS. 

263.  To  study  any  subject  by  the  separate  examination  of 
thd parts  of  which  it  is  composed,  is  a  process  called  analysis. 
For  example,  in  Grammar,  we  analyze  a  sentence  when  we 
point   out  and   separately  consider   the   subject,  predicate, 

262.  Of  Table  III.    2G3.  Wliat  is  the  general  meaning  of  analysis  ?    IllustratB. 


BOTANICAL  ANALYSIS.  123 


object,  &c.  In  Clicmistiy,  we  analyze  water  when  we  sep- 
arate its  two  elements,  oxygen  and  hydrogen,  and  examine 
each  by  itself. 

264.  In  Botany,  however,  we  use  the  word  analysis  in  a 
wider  sense.  It  implies  not  only  the  separate  study  of  each 
particular  organ  composing  the  plant,  but  doing  all  this  in 
connection  with  certain  tables,  in  order  to  determine  its  name 
and  history. 

265  This  kind  of  analysis  is  the  constant  and  delightful  pur- 
suit of  the  active  botanist.  Without  it,  the  study  of  books  loses 
lialf  its  pleasure  and  usefidness.  The  student  can  acquire  a 
better  knowledge  of  a  species  by  the  study  of  a  living  specimen, 
than  by  memorizing  the  longest  description  found  in  books. 

266.  During  the  flowering  months,  he  will  often  meet  with 
species  in  blossom  which  are  yet  unknown  to  him.  If  he  is 
duly  interested  in  his  study,  he  will  not  fail  to  seize  and 
analyze  each  new  specimen,  and  even  extend  his  walk  in 
search  of  more.  In  this  manner,  he  may  in  a  few  seasons 
become  acquainted  with  every  species  in  his  locality. 

267.  But  we  do  not  expect  that  all  this  will  be  accomplished 
by  our  young  friends  while  using  as  their  only  text-book  this 
little  work.  "We  only  aim  now  to  furnish  them  with  the 
means  of  making  a  fair  beginning,  so  that  they  may  be  able, 
in  future  seasons,  to  advance  rapidly  with  the  "  Class  Book," 
or  other  works  of  that  rank. 

268.  In  the  following  pages  we  present  the  pupil  with 
numerous  tables,  designed  to  conduct  our  inquiries  in  every 
process  of  botanical  analysis ;  also  accompanied  by  a  plain, 
miniature  Flora,  or  a  partial  description  of  all  the  flowering 
plants  in  the  United  States. 

2G4.  What  is  its  signification  in  botnny? 


124  OBJECT   LESSONS   IN   BOTANY 


269.  Specimens  gathered  for  analysis  slionld  have  flowers 
in  full  bloom,  full-grown  leaves,  and  also,  if  possible,  the 
mature  fruit.  If  it  be  an  herb,  it  is  w^ell  to  have  the  whole 
of  it,  as  the  root  and  lower  leaves  often  aiford  characters  by 
which  the  species  is  known.  Suppose  yon  now  have  good 
specimens  of  some  one  unknown  plant,  gathered  for  analysis, 
— how  will  you  proceed  with  them  ? 

270.  We  first  examine  the  several  parts  of  the  plant,  begin- 
ning with  the  root  and  ending  with  the  pistil  or  ovary,  deter- 
mining the  character,  of  each  according  to  the  definitions 
given  in  the  former  lessons.  After  this,  we  refer  to  the  table 
commencing  on  page  121,  entitled,  "  Review  of  the  Natural 
System,"  and  read,  compare,  and  decide  according  to  the 
directions  contained  in  Lesson  XXXIII.,  in  order  to  determine 
the  Natural  Order  to  which  the  specimen  belongs.  Having 
determined  the  Order,  we  next  turn  to  that  Order,  and  deter- 
mine the  Genus  and  Species  by  means  of  other  similar  tables. 

271.  In  examining  the  specimen,  previous  to  the  use  of  the 
tables,  the  first  inquiries  may  be  somewhat  as  follows : 

As  to  the  plant — whether  it  be  an  herb,  shrub,  or  tree. 

As  to  the  root — whether  tuberous,  fibrous,  or  fibro- tuberous. 

As  to  the  stem — whether  a  scale-stem  or  leaf-stem ;  bul- 
bons,  rhizome,  or  erect,  &c. 

As  to  the  leaves — whether  alternate  or  opposite;  parallel- 
veined  or  net-veined ;  Avhether  the  figure  be  ovate,  lanceo- 
late, oblong,  &c. 

269.  Wliat  kinds  of  specimens  are  to  be  preferred  for  analysis  ? 

270.  Please  state  the  first  thing  to  he  done  with  them.  After  you  have 
found  the  Order,  what  then  ? 

271.  What  special  care  should  be  taken?  As  to  character,  what  do  we 
inquire  concerning  plants?  What  concerning  the  root?  the  stem?  the 
leaves  ?  the  stipules  ?  What  concerning  the  flowers  ?  the  calyx  ?  the  corol 
la?  stamens?    What  concerning  the  pistil  or  fruit? 


USE  OF  THE  ANALYTICAL  TABLES.        125 


As  to  stipules — wlietlier  present  or  absent. 

As  to  tlie  flowers — whether  symmetrical  or  nnsymmetrical ; 
regular  or  irregular;  whether  the  calyx  be  free  or  adherent; 
the  petals,  whether  distinct  or  united;  tlie  stamens,  whether 
hypogynous  or  perigynous,  whether  opposite  to  the  petals  or 
alternate  with  them. 

As  to  the  pistil  and  fruit, — wdiether  the  carpels  be  more 
than  one,  and  whether  distinct  or  united.  (See  Lesson 
XYIIL) 


LESSON    XXXIII. 

HOW  TO  ANALYZE  A  PLANT  BY  THE   TABLES. 

272.  Our  readers  are  already  informed  that  the  Flora 
which  accompanies  these  instructions  is  not  intended  to 
make  them  acquainted  with  the  plants  of  the  country,  but 
simply  to  teach  the  pupil  how  to  analyze.  Hence  they  will 
not  expect  to  find  in  it  any  thing  like  a  full  account  of  all 
our  flora,  but  a  few  plain  exercises  by  which  they  may  trace 
every  flowering  plant  in  the  country  to  its  Natural  Order, 
about  one  in  every  two  to  its  Genus,  and  about  one  in  every 
five  to  its  Species.  In  conducting  an  exercise  in  this  Flora 
with  a  class  of  pupils  who  have  well  studied  the  former  part 
of  the  work,  some  method  like  the  following  would  be  inter- 
esting and  profitable. 

273.  Suppose  the  class  present,  and  each  furnished  with  a  spe- 
cimen of  some  one  unknown  species,  both  in  flower  and  fruit. 

Teaclier.  Are  you  all  ready?  Turn  to  the  Flora  and  let  us  find  out  to- 
gether the  family  relations  and  the  names  of  this  fine  plant.  Wo  will 
commence  at  the  "Analysis  of  the  Natural  Orders"  (page  132),  and  read 
the  first  pair  of  lines,  which  \vc  will  call  a  couplet. 


126  OBJECT   LESSONS   IN  BOTANY 


John  {reads).  "Plants  bearing  flowers  (Plitenogamia). 

"  Plants  not  bearing  flowers  (Cryptogaraia)." 

Teacher.  To  w^hich  of  these  sub-kingdoms  does  your  specimen  belong? 

John.  To  the  flowering  plants,  for  it  has  both  flowers  and  fruit. 

Teacher.  Now  tell  us  to  which  couplet  we  shall  next  pass. 

Joh^n.  To  the  second. 

Teacher.  Very  well.  Edward,  you  may  read  and  determine  the  second 
couplet  in  the  same  manner. 

Edward.  "  Leaves  net-veined.     Flowers  never  completely  three-parted. 

"Leaves  parallel-veined  (rarely  net- veined).  Flowers  three-parted." 
This  specimen  seems  to  answer  to  the  first  line,  having  net-veined  leaves 
and  five-parted  flowers.     It  is,  then,  an  Exogen.     Pass  to  No.  3. 

Teacher.  Now  let  it  pass  along,  and  if  a  wrong  decision  is  made,  let  the 
observer  signify  it  by  raising  his  hand. 

Sarah.  "  Stigmas  present.     Seeds  inclosed  in  seed-vessels. 

"  Stigmas  none.  Seeds  naked."  These  flowers  have  pistils  and  stig- 
mas.    I  think  it  is  an  Angiosperm.     Pass  to  No.  5. 

Eliza.  "  Corolla  with  distinct  petals. 

"  Corolla  with  united  petals. 

"  Corolla  none ;  sepals  sometimes  none."  My  specimen  has  five  distinct 
petals,  and  five  sepals.     It  is  therefore  Folypetalous.     Pass  over  to  A. 

Jane.  "Herbs. 

"Shrubs,  trees,  or  undershrubs."  This  plant  is  an  herb.  Pass  on  to 
No.  2. 

Mary.  "Leaves  alternate  or  all  radical. 

"Leaves  opposite,  on  the  stem."  The  leaves  of  the  stem  are  alternate, 
but  many  are  radical.     Pass  to  No.  15. 

Louisa.  "Flowers  regular  or  nearly  so.     Fruit  never  a  legume. 

"Flowers  irregular,"  &c.  I  do  not  remember  the  legume.  (Several 
hands  are  raised.) 

Teacher.  Edward  will  define  a  legume. 

Edward.  A  legume,  sir,  is  a  fruit  like  a  pea-pod. 

Teacher.  Can  Mary  improve  this  definition  ? 

Mary.  The  legume  is  a  simple,  or  one-carpeled  fruit,  with  two  valves 
and  one  cell. 

Louisa.  But  this  plant  has  regular  flowers,  in  any  case.     See  No.  17. 

Nancy.  "  Stamens  numerous."  &c.  I  count  more  than  twenty  stamens 
liere.     Turn  to  No.  21. 


HOW    TO  ANALYZE.  127 


Lucy.  "Stamens  on  the  torus,"  &c.  I  tliiiik  they  are  on  the  torus,  and 
not  on  the  calyx.     Next  to  No.  22. 

Emily.  "Pistils  few  or  many,  distinct  (at  least  as  to  the  styles). 

"Pistils  (styles,  also,  if  any),  completely  united."  I  see  many  little 
green  pistils,  quite  distinct,  in  the  centre  of  the  flower.     Go  to  No.  23. 

Caroline.  "Petals  five  or  more,  deciduous.  Leaves  not  peltate,"  &c. 
This  flower  has  five  petals,  hut  I  do  not  know  whether  they  are  deciduous 
or  not. 

Teacher.  Will  some  of  you  relieve  Caroline's  douhts? 

Emily.  I  think  they  are  deciduous,  for  they  have  already  fallen  oflf  from 
several  of  my  flowers. 

Teacher.  True.     Then  what  is  Caroline's  decision? 

Caroline.  I  suppose,  then,  that  the  plant  helongs  to  the  "Order  of  the 
Crowfoots,"  which  is  the  first  natural  order. 

Teacher.  Well  done.  This  brings  us  to  the  order  of  which  our  plant 
seems  to  be  a  member.  Let  us  now  turn  to  that  order  and  learn  the 
genus  of  the  plant.  But  before  we  look  into  the  "  Analysis  of  the  Gen- 
era," we  should  carefully  compare  our  plant  with  the  characters  of  the 
order,  so  that  we  may  be  sure  that  we  have  not  erred  in  our  conclusion. 
John  will  read  aloud  these  characters,  and  the  class  will  consider  whether 
their  specimens  answer  to  each. 

John  {reads).  "Herbs,  rarely  shrubs,  with  a  colorless,  acrid  juice"  (&c., 
to  the  end). 

Teacher.  Since  we  are  now  confident  that  we  have  a  plant  belonging 
to  the  order  of  the  Crowfoots,  let  us  commence  the  "Analysis  of  the 
Genera."     Edward,  the  first  couplet. 

Edward.  "Sepals  four,  valvate  in  the  bud.     Achenia  tailed. 

"Sepals  imbricate  in  the  bud."     The  sepals  are  imbricate.     No.  2. 

Sarah.  "  Ovaries  one-seeded,  achenia  in  fruit. 

"  Ovaries  with  two  or  more  seeds."  I  find  one  seed  in  each  ovary, — 
indeed,  the  ovary  is  itself  like  a  little  seed.     Pass  to  No.  3. 

Eliza  {after  reading  the  couplet).  The  greenish  sepals  are  quite  diflfor- 
ent  from  the  yellow  petals.     Go  to  the  triplet  marked  d. 

Jane  {after  reading  the  three  lines).  As  this  plant  has  leaves  on  tho 
stem,  and  a  little  scale  with  honey  at  the  base  of  each  petal,  I  must  pro- 
nounce it  a  Crowfoot,  genus  No.  4. 

Teacher.  Wc  now  turn  to  that  genus  (page  147),  and  read  its  character 
for  the  sake  of  confirmation  and  a  better  knowledge. 


128  OBJEr-T    LESSONS   IN   BOTANY 


Mary  (rends  the  character  of  tlie  genns  Raimnculus  aloud). 

Teacher.  Wc  are  now  ready  for  the  analysis  of  the  species.    Mary  is  next. 

Mary.  "  Petals  yellow.  Seeds  (carpels)  rough  with  prickles.  Flowers 
small.     South 

"  Petals  yellow,  seeds  smooth  and  even 

"Petals  white  (claws  yellow).  Seeds  wrinkled  crosswise."  This  spe 
cimen  has  smooth  seeds  and  yellow  petals.     Pass  to  a. 

Louisa.  "  Leaves  more  or  less  divided,"  &c.  This  second  line  of  the 
triplet  describes  the  plant.     Pass  on  to  h. 

Nancy.  "  Root  leaves  neither  divided  nor  cleft,  merely  crenate. 

"Lower  leaves  three-cleft,  but  not  divided  to  the  base. 

"Leaves  all  ternately  divided  and  much  cleft."     Pas^  to  c. 

Lucy.   "  Sepals  reflexed  in  flower.     Plants  erect. 

"  Sepals  si)reading  in  flower,  shorter  than  the  petals."  The  sepals  are 
reflexed.     Ptcad  Nos.  14,  15. 

Emily.,  after  reading  both  descriptions,  finally  concludes  that  she  holds 
in  her  hand  a  specimen  of  the  Bulbous  Crowfoot,  or  llanunculus  bulbosus, 
in  which  conclusion  all  concur. 


LESSON    XXX  LV 

VARIOUS   SUGGESTIONS   AND   CAUTIONS. 

274.  The  work  of  analysis  is  often  attended  with  difficul 
ties  which  severely  try  the  skill  and  perseverance  of  the 
young  botanist.  So  it  often  is  in  the  stndy  of  Algebra,  or  of 
Logic ;  indeed,  in  nearly  every  valuable  branch  of  learning 
His  decisions  may  be  wrong  through  a  w^ant  of  a  thorough 
acquaintance  with  botanical  terms,  or  through  his  ignorance 
of  the  real  characters  of  his  specimens.  Of  course  his  success 
will  always  be  in  proportion  to  the  accuracy  of  his  knowl 
edge, — here,  as  well  as  in  all  other  pursuits. 

274.  Mention  two  sources  of  error  in  the  analysis  of  plants 


DIFFICULTIES  IN  ANALYSIS.  129 


275.  But  tlie  minuteness  of  tlie  organs  or  parts  to  be 
studied  is  often  discouraging  even  to  the  accurate  student, 
much  more  to  the  careless  one.  To  overcome  this,  skill  in 
dissection  and  a  dauntless  courage  in  observation  are  indis- 
pensable. Moreover,  there  is  often  much  ambiguity  in  the 
nature  of  the  subject.  For  example,  whether  the  Geraniums 
are  herbs  or  shrubs ;  whether  the  flowers  of  Petunia  are  reg- 
ular or  irregular;  whether  the  Pear  leaf  is  ovate  or  oval, 
&c.     Experience  will  at  length  diminish  this  difficulty. 

276.  The  exact  limits  between  the  classes,  the  cohorts,  &c., 
are  not  always  easily  defined.  For  example,  is  Trillium  an 
Exogen  or  an  Endogen  ?  Its  netted  leaves  indicate  the  for- 
mer, but  its  flowers  being  three-parted  throughout,  and  its 
seeds  with  one  cotyledon,  prove  it  to  be  an  Endogen.  Again, 
is  Spring  Beauty  an  Exogen  or  an  Endogen?  Its  leaves 
seem,  at  flrst,  parallel-veined,  but  as  its  flowers  are  five-parted 
it  is  an  Exogen. 

277.  Angiosperms  will  be  readily  distinguished  from  Gym- 
nosperms,  if  we  remember  that  almost  all  the  latter  are  ever- 
green trees,  like  the  Pines,  Cedars,  Larches,  &q. 

278.  The  industrions  student  will  very  soon  find  himself 
so  well  acquainted  with  the  difi*erent  characters  of  the  cohorts 
that  he  will  in  analysis  refer  his  plant  at  once  to  its  right 
cohort,  without  consulting  the  previous  parts  of  the  table. 
This  is  desirable;   and  a  thorough  acquaintance  with   the 


275.  What  of  tlie  minuteness  of  the  organs  of  some  plants  ?  What  of  tlie 
ambiguity  of  the  plants  themselves  ?  What  ^viIl  soon  diminish  this  diffi- 
culty  ?    Mention  examples  of  this  ambiguity. 

276.  Arc  tlie  limits  of  the  classes,  cohorts,  genera,  &c.,  always  clear? 
IIow  do  we  know  that  the  Trillium  is  an  Endogen  ?  that  Spring  Beauty  is 
an  Exogen  ? 

277.  How  may  the  Gymnosperms  be  quickly  distinguished  ? 

6* 


130  OBJECT  LESSONS  IN  BOTANY 


characters  of   the  five  great   orders  following  will  prove  a 
great  saving  of  time  and  trouble. 

279.  The  Ckucifeks  are  herbs  with  alternate  leaves,  cruci- 
form flowers  (§  87),  two  stamens  shorter  than  the  other  four, 
and  two-celled  pods.     Example,  Mustard. 

280.  The  Peaworts  are  plants  with  one-celled  pods,  mostly 
papilionaceous  flowers  and  compound  leaves.  Examples, 
Pea,  Bean. 

281.  The  Umbellifeks  have  alternate  leaves,  small,  regular, 
five  parted  flowers,  in  umbels,  and  two-seeded  fruit.  Cara- 
way 

282.  The  Asterworts  are  herbs  with  compound  flow^ers, 
that  is,  with  heads  composed  of  many  little  fi.ve-parted  flow- 
ers appearing  together  Uke  a  single  flower.  Asters,  Sun- 
flower. 

283.  The  Labiates  are  herbs  with  square  stems,  opposite 
'eaves,  labiate  flowers,  and  fruit  deeply  cleft  into  four  parts. 
Peppermint. 

Among  Endogens  we  select  two  or  three  orders. 

284.  The  Orchids.  Herbs  with  very  irregular  and  gro- 
tesque flowers,  and  stamens  united  to  the  style.     Orchis. 

285.  The  Sedges.  Herbs  with  solid  stems ;  linear,  grass- 
like  leaves  (if  any),  on  entire  sheaths ;  and  wdth  green  glumes 
and  flowers. 

286.  The  Grasses.  Herbs  with  hollow  stems,  linear  leaves 
on  split  sheaths,  and  with  green  glumes  and  flowers. 

279.  Define  the  Crucifers  280.  Tlie  Peaworts 

281.  Tlie  Umbellifers.  282.  The  Asterworts. 

283.  The  Labiates.  284.  Define  also  the  Orchids. 

285.  The  Sedges.  286   The  Grasses. , 


ABBREVIATIONS    AND    SIGNS, 
Often  used  in  Descriptive  Botany. 


ach.^  aoheii'.a, 
(RAf.,  {estivation. 
alter. ^  alternate. 
anth.,  anther. 
axilL,  axillary. 
c,  conniion. 
cal.,  calyx. 
oa/7.«.,  capsule. 
cor.,  corolla. 
decld.,  deciduous. 
dicnn.,  diameter. 
etmu-y.,  cmarginate. 
f.  or/L,  feet. 


Jil.,  filament. 

Jl.,  flower;  ^*\,  flowers. 

./>.,  fruit. 

'/id.,  head;  hds.,  heads. 

h//p.,  hypojrynous. 

itnbr.,  imbricate. 

inf.,  inferior. 

ihVoL,  involucre. 

irreg.,  irregular. 

leg.,  legume. 

If.,  leaf;  Ivs.,  leaves. 

Ifts.,  leaflets. 

oi-a.,  ovary. 


pet.,  petals. 
r.,  rare,  uncommon. 
recp.,  receptacle. 
reg.,  regular. 
rliiz.,  rhizome 
rb.,  root. 
sds.,  seeds. 
seg.,  segments. 
Sep.,  sepals. 
St.,  stem. 
sta.,  stamens. 
stig.,  stigmas. 
sty.^  styles. 


Apr.,  April.  Aug.,  August.  Dec,  December.  Ftb.,  February.  Jan.,  January. 
JL,  July.  Jn.,  June.  J/ar.,  March.  Nov..,  November.  Oct..,  October.  Sept.^ 
September. 

N.,  Northern,  that  is,  the  northern  portions  of  the  United  States. 

N.-E.,  New  England,  or  the  Northeastern  States. 

N.-  W.,  the  Nonhwestern  States. 

E.,  the  Eastern,  or  the  Atlantic  States. 

W.,  the  Western,  or  the  States  bordering  on  the  Mississippi  and  Ohio  rivers. 

M.,  tlie  Middle  States  or  portions  of  the  United  States. 

S.,  the  Southern  States. 

S.-E.,  the  Southeastern  States,  and  S.-  JT.,  the  Southwestern  States. 

N.  Y.,  New  York.    Mass.,  Massachusetts.    Fa.,  Pennsylvania,  &c. 

f.  (with  or  without  the  period),  a  foot. 

'  (a  single  accent)  denotes  an  inch  (a  twelfth  of  1  foot). 

'''  (a  double  accent)  a  second,  a  line  (a  twelfth  of  an  inch). 


0  An  annual  plant. 


§  (placed  after),  a  naturalized  plant, 
t  (placed  after),  cultivated  for  ornament. 
X  (placed  after),  cultivated  for  use. 
00  Indefinite  or  numerous. 
5    A  staminate  flower  or  plant. 


0  A  biennial  plant. 

If   A  perennial  plant. 

^   A  plant  with  a  woody  stem. 

$    A  pistillate  flower  or  plant. 

5    A  perfect  flower,  or  a  plant  beanng  perfect  flowers. 

§    Monoecious,  or  a  plant  beanng  staminate  and  pistillate  flowers. 

$  ,5    Dioecious;  pistillate  and  staminate  flowers  on  separate  plants. 

$  5  ^    Polygamous;  the  same  species,  with  pistillate,  perfect,  and  staminate  fls, 

0  (a  cipher)  signifies  wanting  or  none,  as,  "  Petals  0." 


132 


LESSONS  IN   BOTANY 


ANALYSIS  OF  THE  NATURAL  ORDERS, 

Being  a  Key  for  the  ready  determination  of  any  plant,  native  or  cultivated, 
growing  icithin  any  State  cast  of  the  Mississippi  river,  or  bordering  on,  its 
western  shore. 

Note.— A  star  (*)  prefixed  to  the  name  of  the  Order,  denotes  that  tl\at  Order,  -with  its 
genera  and  species,  is  described  in  its  place  in  tlie  Flora.  The  Orders  net  tliu-s  marked  are 
not  noticed  in  tlic  Flora  beyond  this  Table,  Tlie  Orders  are  here  nunibored  lo  correspond  with 
the  "  Class  Book  of  Botany." 

CI. ASSES  AND  COHORTS 

]    Floweriug  rimits  ...  2.  Sub-Tctngdovi,  I'll  J^:N0GAMIA. 

1    Flowerless  Plants..  ..Fevus,  Mosses,  Lichens,  Mushrooms, 

Sea- weeds,  tfcc.  (not  further  noticed  here).  Sub-kijigdom,  C.liYrTOGAMIA. 
2.  Leaves  net-veined.     Flowers  never  completely  3-parted  ...3.  EXOGENS. 

2.  Leaves  parallel-veined  (rarely  net  veined).  Flowers  3-parted 4.  ENDOGENS. 

3.  Stigmas  present.     Seeds  inclosed  in  a  seed-vessel 5.  Angiosperms. 

3.  Stigmas  none.     Seeds  naked  (Fines,  Spruces,  &c.). .    .0.         GTmnosperms. 

4.    Flowers  without  glumes,  colored  or  green 7.  Petaliferee 

4.   Flowers  with  green,  alternate  glumes,  no  perianth 8.  Glumiferae 

5.  Corolla  with  distinct  petals A.  Cohort  1.      Polypetalous. 

5.  Corolla  with  imited  petals B.  Cohort  2.     Gamopetalous. 

5.  Corolla  none.    Sepals  sometimes  none.     .C.         Cohorts.  Apetalous. 

6.  The  cone-fruited  plants  (same  asGymuospenus).  .!>.   Cohort  4.  Conoids. 

7.  Fls.  on  a  spadix,  apetalous  or  incomplete E.   Cohort  5.      Spadicifloe^. 

7.  Fls.  complete,  perianth  double.    No  spadix..  P.    Cohorts.  FLouiDEiB. 

8.  The  grass-like  plants  (same  as  Glumiferre).     .G.         Cohort  1.  Graminoid» 


A    Orders  of  the  Polypetalous  Exogens 

1.  Herbs 2. 

L  Shrubs,  trees,  or  undershrubs.     .3. 

2.  Leaves  alternate  or  all  radical lo. 

2.  Leaves  opposite  on  the  stem 11. 

3.  Flowers  regular  or  nearly  so. . .  .4. 

3.  Flowers  irregular  (or  fruit  a  legume,  §  ISO)  .  .57 
4.  Stamens  3  times  as  many  as  the  petals,  or  more. . .  5. 
4.  Stamens  1  or  2  times  as  many  as  the  petals,  or  fewer. .     7. 

5.  Leaves  opposite 60. 

6.  Loaves  alternate.  .  C. 


ANALYSIS  OF  THE  OUDERS  133 


6.  St.iincn.s  on  tlic  torus  or  on  tlie  liypogyiiotifl  (§  83)  petals...   63. 

6.  Stamens  and  petals  on  the  calyx  tube  (perigynons,  §  83)..    .68. 

7.  Ovaries  simple,  distinct  or  one  only.     Vines  or  erect  shrubs 69. 

7.  Ovary  compound.. .  .8. 

8.  Ovary  inferior,— wholly  adherent  to  the  calyx 70. 

9.  Ovary  superior,— free  from  the  calyx,  or  nearly  free 9. 

9.  Stamens  opposite  to  the  petals,  and  of  the  same  number 72. 

9,  Stamens  alternate  with  the  petals,  or  of  a  different  number....  10 

10.  Leaves  opposite  on  the  stem 73. 

10.  Leaves  alternate,  compound 76. 

10.  Leaves  alternate,  simple 78. 

11.  Stamens  8  times  as  many  as  the  petals,  or  more. . .  .47. 
11.  Stamens  1  or  2  times  as  many  as  the  petals,  or  fewer 12 

12.  Pistils  distinct  and  simple,  few  or  one  only 48. 

12.  Pistils  united  into  a  compound  ovary. . .  .13. 
13.  Ovary  free  from  the  calyx.   .  .14. 
13.  Ovary  adherent  to  the  calyx.   ..49. 

14.  Stamens  opposite  to  the  petals,  and  of  the  same  number 51. 

14.  Stamens  alternate  with  the  petals,  or  of  a  greater  number 52. 

15.  Flowers  regular  or  nearly  so.     Fruit  never  a  legume. . .  .17. 

15.  Flowers  irregular  (rarely  regular),  and  the  fruit  a  legume..     16 

16.  Stamens  3  or  more  times  as  many  as  the  petals 42. 

16.  Stamens  few  and  definite,  5-12. . .  .43, 
17.  Stamens  numerous,  3  or  more  times  as  many  as  the  petals. . .  .21. 
17.  Stamens  few  and  definite 18. 

18.  Ovary  free  from  the  calyx, — superior. . .  19. 

18.  Ovary  adherent  to  the  calyx, — inferior 39. 

19.  Pistils  one  or  indefinite  (1-15),  distinct,  simple. .    ,30. 
19.  Pistils  definite  in  number,  as  follows,  viz 20, 

20.  Carpels  (or  pistils)  2,  united,  the  short  styles  icombmed  nito  1 ...  .81 

20.  Carpels  3  or  4,  united,  the  styles  or  stigmas  3,  or  4,  or  6 32. 

20.  Carpels  5,  distinct  or  united,  with  5  distinct  styles 37. 

20.  Carpels  5,  united,  and  the  styles  combined  into  1.     .38. 

21.  Stamens  on  the  torus  (hypogynous) 22. 

21.  Stamens  situated  on  the  corolla  at  base. . .  .27. 
21.  Stamens  situated  on  the  calyx  at  the  base. . .  .28. 

22.  Pistils  few  or  many,  distinct  (at  least  as  to  the  styies) ...  23. 

22.  Pistils  (and  styles  also,  if  any)  completely  united 24. 

23.  Petals  5  or  more,  deciduous.  Leaves  not  peltate.  Order  of  the  *  Croic/oots.  7 
23.  Petals  3,  persistent  and  withering.  Floating  leaves  peltate.  Water-shields.  7 
23.  Petals  many,  deciduous.    Leaves  all  peltate.  *  Water- beans.      8 

24.  Sepals  2  only 26. 

24.  Sepals  4,  5,  or  6,  niostiy  5  ...25 


134 


LESSONS   IN   BOTANY 


25.  Petals  numerous,  imbricate  in  the  bud. 
25.  Petals  5,  imbricate  in  bud.     Leaves  tubular. 
25.  Petals  5,  convolute  in  bud.     Flowers  of  2  sorts 
26.  Petals  5,  imbricate  in  bud. 
26.  Petals  4,  usually  crumpled  in  bud. 
27.  Filaments  united  into  a  tube.     Anthers  1-celled 
Sepals  2,  persistent.     Fruit  a  pyxis  (§  178). 

Sepals  3  to  5 29. 

29.  Petals  imbricate  in  bud.    Fruit  a  long  pod.     South 
20.  Petals  imbricate  in  bud.     Fruit  not  a  pod. 
29.  Petals  convolute  in  bud.     Fruit  compound. 
Stamens  opposite  to  the  imbricated  petals.     Pistil  one. 
Stamens  alternate  with  the  petals,  or  more  numerous. 
31.  Stamens  6  (tetradynamous,  §  108).    Pods  2-celled. 
31.  Stamens  4,  or  8-12.     Pod  1-celled. 
Sepals  and  petals  in  3's.     Stamens  6.     Small  herbs. 
Sepals  and  petals  in  4's.    Stamens  8.     Climbing. 

Sepals  and  petals  in  5's 33. 

33.  Stamens  definitely  5 34. 

33.  Stamens  indefinite,  3-30 36 

34, 
34 


*  Water  Lilies. 

9 

*  Water-pitchers. 

10 

s.             Kock-roses. 

17 

*  Purselanes. 

22 

*  Poppyworts. 

11 

*  Mallows. 

24 

*  Purselanes. 

22 

1.         Lmdenh  looms. 

26 

*  Rose^n'ts. 

47 

Loasads. 

53 

*  Berherids. 

6 

*  Croivfoots. 

1 

*  Crucifers. 

13 

Capparids. 

14 

Limnanths. 

36 

*  Indian  Soap  worts. 

41 

Stems  climbmg. 


Passion  worts.     57 


89. 


Stamens  monadelphou? 

Stamens  distinct 35. 

35.  Stem  climbing.     Flowers  greenish.     (Mexican  tine.)     Order 

35.  Stem  erect.     Flowers  yellow.  Turnerworts. 

35.  Stem  erect.    Flowers  cyanic.  *  Sundews. 

86.  Flowers  perfect,  very  many  and  small.  Rock-roses. 

36.  Fls.  monoecious.  Plants  woolly,  scurfy,  or  downy.  Order 

37.  Stamens  5,  alternate  with  the  5  petals.     Seeds  many.         *  Flaxworts. 

37.  Stamens  5,  opposite  to  the  5  petals.     Seed  1.       {Leadwo7'ts.)        Order 

87.  Stamens  10  (twice  as  many  as  the  petals),  united  at  base.  *  Wood-sorrels. 

37.  Stamens  6-24  (twice  as  many  as  the  petals),  distinct. 

38.  Ovary  1-celled.     Leaves  radical,  spinous.     S. 

38.  Ovary  3-5-celled.    Leaves  mostly  radical,  dotless. 

38.  Ovary  3-5-celled.    Leaves  cauline,  dotted,  pinnate. 

Style  Ij  but  the  carpels  (§124)as  many  as  the  petals  (2-6). 

Styles  2,  carpels  2,  fewer  than  the  (5)  petals 40. 

Styles  3-5 41. 

40.  Seeds  several. 
40.  Seeds  two  only. 

41.  Sepals  2,  with  5  petals. 
41.  Sepals  as  many  as  the  petals. 
42.  Ovaries  many  or  few,  rarely  1,  always  simple. 
42.  Ovary  compound,  8-carpeled,  open  before  ripe. 


"  Houseleeks. 

*  Sundews. 

*  Order 

Rucworts. 

*  Onagrads. 


*  Saxifrages. 
*■  Ifmhelworls. 

*  Purselanes. 

Araliads. 
*  Crowfoots. 
Mignonettes. 


104 
56 
19 
17 

112 
30 
80 
32 
60 
19 
73 
37 
52 


ANALYSIS  OF  THE  ORDERS  135 


43.  Sepals  fewer  or  more  in  luuuber  tlinn  the  petals. . .  .44. 

43.  Sepals  and  petals  each  oftlie  same  number 45. 

44.  Sepals  2  (or  vanished) ;  petals  4  (2  pairs),  with  1  or  2  spurs.  * Fumcivorts.  12 

44,  Sepals  4,  petals  2;  tlie  largest  sepal  spurred  behind.           *  Jewelweeds.  34 

44.  Sepals  5,  petals  3.     No  spur.                                                      *  Milkworts.  45 

45.  Flowers  4-parted,  not  very  irregular.     No  spur.             Cappuiids.  14 

45.  Flowers  5-parted 46. 

46.  Stamens  8.     Spur  slender.                                     Iropkyworts.  35 

46.  Stamens  5.     Spur  blunt,  or  none.                                  *  Violets.  16 

46.  Stamens  10  (or  more).    Fruit  a  legume.    No  spur.  *  Peaworts.  46 

47.  Pistils  many,  entirely  distinet,  simple.                                              *  Crowfoots.  1 

47.  Pistils  3  to  5,  united  more  or  less  completely.                         *  St.  Johnsworts.  18 

47.  Pistils  5  to  10,  united,  with  sessile  stigmas  and  many  petals.         Ice-plants.  23 

48.  Pistil  only  1,  simple.     Petals  6-9.     Stamens  12-18.                *  Berberids.  6 

48.  Pistils  3  or  more,  distinct,  simple.  Flowers  all  symmetrical.  *Houseleeks.  60 

48.  Pistils  2,  covered  up  by  the  stamens      Juice  milky.                    *  Order  97 

49.  Carpels  as  many  as  the  sepals 49" 

49.  Carpels  fewer  tiian  the  sepals.   .  .50.- 

49C  Anthers  opening  at  the  top.                                                         Melastomes,  oQ 

49."  Anthers  opening  along  the  side.                                                *  Onagrads.  59 

50.  Seeds  numerous.     Styles  2.                                               *  Saxifrages.  61 

50.  Seed  1  in  each  cell.     Styles  2  or  3.                                       Araliads.  64 

50.  Seed  1  in  each  cell.     Style  1  (double).                               *  Cornels.  6a 

51.  Style  3-cleft  at  the  summit.                                    *  Furselane^.  23 

51    Style  and  stigma  1,  undivided.                                       *  07'der  78 

52.  Leaves  pinnate,  with  stipules  between  the  petioles.                     Bean-capers.  33 

52.  Leaves  simple,  toothed  or  lobed. . .  .53. 

52.  Leaves  simple,  entire. . . .54. 

53.  Flowers  cruciform,  with  6  stamens.                                         *  Oniclfcrs.  13 

53.  Flowers  5-parted,  with  10  stamens.                                       *  Geraniums.  31 

54.  Petals  and  stamens  on  the  throat  of  the  calyx.               Loosestrifes.  51 
54.  Petals  on  the  torus  (hypogynous) ...  .55. 

55.  Flowers  irregular,  unsymmetrical  (§  110).             *  Milkworts.  4i 

55.  Flowers  regular,  2  (or  3)-parted  throughout.    Water-peppers.  20 

55.  Flowers  regular,  5-parted 56. 

56.  Leaves  dotted  with  pellucid  or  black  dots.  *St.  Johnsworts.  18 

56.  Leaves  not  dotted.                                            *  Pinkworts.  21 

57.   I'lstil  a  simple  carpel,  becoming  a  legume.    Stamens  10-100.       *  Peaworts.  46 

57.  Pistil  compound,  3-carpeled 5S. 

57    Pistil  compound,  5-carpeled.. .  .59. 

58.  Flowers  perfect.    Leaves  digitate.                                            *  Buckeyes.  41 

58    Flowers  moncecions  (§  109).  Leaves  1-sided.     Cultivated.    Begoniad^.  59 

59.  Stipules  present.    Plants  halt-shrubby.   Cultivated.   *  Geraniums.  81 

59.  Stipules  none.    Shrubs  or  half-slirubs.     Native.                 *  Order  73 


136 


LESSON t5   IN    BOTANY 


63. 


St.  Johntworts.     18 


.65. 


South. 
...66. 

Erect  shrubs. 


Calycanths. 
Loose-strifes. 

Myrtlehlooms. 
*  Saxifrages. 


*  Mallows. 
Silh-cottons. 


Papaivs. 

Magnoliads. 

Moonseeds. 

Orangeivorts. 

Lindenblooms. 


Stamens  on  the  torus,  in  several  sets.     Loaves  dotted. 

Stamens  on  the  calyx  (perigynous,  §  83) 61. 

61.  Ovaries  many,  free,  but  inclosed. 
61.  Ovary  compound,  free  in  the  bell-shaped  calyx. 
61.  Ovary  compound,  adherent  to  the  calyx. . .  .62. 
62.  Leaves  with  a  marginal  vein. 
62.  Leaves  with  no  marginal  vein. 
Petals  imbricate  or  vaivate  in  the  bud. . 

Petais  convolute  in  the  bud 64. 

64.  Anthers  1-celIed,  turned  inwards. 
64.  Anthers  2-cened,  turned  outwards. 
65.  Ovaries  distinct,  many  or  few. 

65.  Ovaiy  compound 67. 

60.  Petals  6,  vaivate  (§  129). 
C6.  Petals  3-9,  imbricate.     Trees  or  erect  shrubs. 
66.  Petals  6-9,  imbricate.     Climbing  shrubs. 
67.  Leaves  dotted  with  pellucid  dots. 

67.  Leaves  dotless.  Sepals  vaivate.  Fls.  small.  Lindenblooms.    26 

67.  Leaves  dotless.    Sepals  imbricate.   Fls.  large.    Teaworts.     27 

68.  Style  1,  with  many  stigmas.    Green,  fleshy  shrubs  ^  Vrc^i).    Indian  Figs.     54 

68.  Styles  several,  or  1  with  1  stigma.  Woody  trees  or  shrubs.   *  Hosavorts.     47 

69.  Pistils  many,  spicate  on  the  slender  torus.    Climbers.   Schizands.      4 

69.  Pistils  2-6,  capitate  on  the  short  torus.     Climbers.        Moonseeds.      5 

69.  Pistil  1  only.     Stamens  opposite  the  petals.  *  Berbends.      6 

70.  Flowers  4-parted,  with  8  stamens.  *  Onagrads.     52 

70.  Flowers  4-parted,  with  4  stamens.  *  Cornels.     65 

70.  Flowers  5-parted,  with  5,  10,  or  many  stamens 71. 

71.  Ovary  5-carpeled,  5-styled.  A?'aliads.     64 

71.  Ovary  2-carpeled.    Leaves  palmate-veined.  *  Currants.     55 

71.  Ovary  2-carpeled.    Leaves  pinnate-veined.  *  Saxifrages.    61 

72.  Leaves  opposite.     Stem  climbing  by  tendrils.         Vinewort^.     44 

72.  Leaves  alternate.  Erect,  or  vine  without  tendrils.  Buckthorns.    43 

73.  Carpels  3-5.... 74. 

73.  Carpels  1  or  2 75. 

74.  Styles  short.    Leaves  simple.  Staff-trees.    42 

74.  Styles  long  and  slender.     Leaves  pinnate,  serrate.      *  Soajoworts.     41 

75.  Styles  2,  slender.     Samara  double.  *  Mapleworts.     40 

75.  Style  1,  short.     (Drupe,  or  single  samara.)  ^  Order    99 

76.  Filaments  10,  united  into  a  tube.    Leaves  bi-pinnate.    Pridc-of- India.     29 

76.  Filaments  5,  distinct 77. 

77.  Leaves  pellucid-punctate.  Bneworts.     37 

77.  Leaves  not  dotted.     Ovary  S-carpeled,  1-seeded.  Sumacs.     38 

77.  Leaves  not  dotted.     Ovary  3-carpeled,  3  seeded.         *  Soaj>worts.    41 


ANALYSIS   OF   THE   ORDERS  i;;' 


78.  Petals  4,  yellow.  Witch-hazeh  62 

78.  Petals  4-7,  cyanic 70. 

79.  Fruit  becoming  fleshy  drupes SO. 

79.  Fruit  becoming  dry  capsules 81. 

80.  Stigmas  3,  but  tho  drupe  is  1-seeded.  Sumach.  .38 

SO.  Stigmas  4-6,  and  the  drupe  4-G-secdcd.    {IMly worts.)    Order  74 

81.  Capsule  3-seeded.    Seed  with  a  scarlet  aril.    Staff-trees.  42 

81.  Capsule  2  or  3-scedcd,  seed  not  ariled.       §  8.     *  Order  73 

81.  Capsule  many-seeded.    §  2.    *  Ord.  73,  and  Fittospores.  39 

B.  Gamopetal^e,  or  Monopetalous  Exogexs 

1.  Stamens  (6-100)  more  numerous  than  the  lobes  of  the  corolla S. 

1.  Stamens  (2-12)  fewer  than  the  corolla  lobes,  or  of  the  same  number.... 2. 
2.  Ovary  adherent  to  the  calyx  tube,  that  is,  inferior.... 3. 
2.  Ovary  free  from  the  calyx  tube,  that  is,  superior..  ..4 

3.  Stamens  cohering  by  their  anthers 11. 

3.  Stamens  entirely  distinct 12. 

4.  Flowers  regular 5. 

4.  Flowers  irregular 28. 

r>.  Stamens  as  many  as  the  petals 6. 

5.  Stamens  2,  fewer  than  the  petais 26. 

6.  Stamens  oppo^^ite  to  the  lobes  of  the  corolla  (and  free)..   .U. 
6.  Stamens  alternate  with  the  lobes  of  the  corolla  (rarely  connate)..  ..7. 
7.  Shrubs,  trees,  with  the  stigmas  or  carpels  3  to  6...  15. 

7.  Herbs  1-10-carpeled,  or  shrubs  2-carpeled 16. 

8.  Stamens  6,  united  below  into  2  equal  sets.    Herbs.  *  Order    12 

8.  Stamens  10,  united  into  a  split  tube  around  the  1  style.  *  Order    46 

8,  Stamens  many,  united  into  an  entire  tube  around  the  styles.       *  Order    24 
8.  Stamens  many,  united  only  at  the  base  into  1  or  5  sets.'. .  .9. 

8.  Stamens  entirely  distinct 10. 

9.  Calyx  of  5  leafy,  imbricated  sepals.  Shrubs,  trees.  ( Teaworts. )  Order    27 

9.  Calyx  tubular,  5-toothed,  or  truncate.    Shrubs,  trees.    .%;m-amE.    75 

10.  Stamens  8  or  10.     Flowers  all  perfect.  *  Ileatha-orts.    73 

10.  Stamens  8  or  16.  Fls.  not  all  perfect  (dioecious).  Persimmons.     76 

11.  Flowers  in  a  compact  head  surrounded  by  an  involucre.     *  Asterworts.     70 

11.  Flo-  ers  separate,  irregular,  perfect.     Plants  erect.  *  Lobeliads.    71 

11.  Flowers  separate,  regular,  imperfect.    Weak  vines.   (Cticurhils.)    Order    58 

12.  Leaves  alternate.    Flowers  5-parted,  regular,  separate.  *  Bellworis.     72 

12.  Leaves  opposite,  with  stipules  between,  or  verticiUate.  *  Maddencorts', 

1 2.  Leaves  opposite.    Stipules  none 13 

13.  Stamens  4  or  5.    Ovary  2-5-celled.  *  Uoneysuckles. 


67 


66 


18.  Stamens  2  or  3.    Ovary  1-celled,  1-secdcd.  VaUrians.     68 

13.  Stamens  4.    Ovary  1-ccllcd,  1-seeded.  Jlazelwort^.    69 


138 


LESSONS  IN  BOTANY. 


14.  Herbs.     Ovary  with  5  styles  and  but  1  seed. 
14.  Herbs.     Ovary  with  1  style  and  many  seeds. 
14.  Shrubs,  trees.     Ovary  1-styled,  5-celled,  1-seeded. 
15.  Style  none.     Drupe  4-6-seeded. 
15.  Style  one.     Drupe  4-seeded. 
15.  Style  one.     Capsule  3-5-celled,  many-seeded. 
16.  Ovary  1,  deeply  4-parted  or  4-partible,  forming  4  achenia.     ■* 

16.  Ovaries  2,  distinct,  often  covered  by  the  stamens 18. 

16.  Ovary  1,  compound 17. 

17.  Ovary  1-celled 20. 

17.  Ovary  2-6-celled.... 22. 

18.  Stigmas  united  or  connate.   .  .19. 
18.  Stigmas  distinct.    Flowers  minute,  yellow 
19.  Elower-bud  with  convolute  pieces. 
19.  Flower-bud  with  valvate  pieces. 

20.  Seeds  several 21. 

20.  Seed  one.     Corolla  limb  entire. 
21.  Leaves  cleft  and  lobed. 


Leadu  oris. 

80 

*  Primworts. 

78 

Soapworts. 

77 

EollyworU. 

74 

Vervains. 

88 

*  Ileathivorts. 

73 

Borrageworts. 

90 

*  Bindweeds. 
*  Dogbanes. 

*  Ascleplads. 

*  Order 
*  Hydrophylls. 


21.  Lvs.  or  Ifts.  entire.    Fls.  not  spicate.  Gentiamcorts. 
21.  Leaves  entire.    Flowers  spicate.  Elhivor's. 

22.  Leaves  opposite ....  23. 
22.  Leaves  alternate ....  24. 

23.  Ovary  2-celled.  *  Loganiads. 

23.  Ovary  3-celled.     Plants  not  twining » 

2K  Ovary  3-celled.    Plants  not  twining.  }  *  Pl^^'^^^^^'i^- 

24.  Ovary  2-celled,  2-6-seeded.    Twining  *  Bindweeds. 

24.  Ovary  2-celled,  4-seeded.     Stem  erect,.  *  Borrageworts. 

24.  Ovary  2-celled,  many-seeded 25. 

25.  Styles  2.  *  Hydrophylls. 

25.  Style  one.  *  Nightshades. 

26.  Herbs.     Corolla  4-partcd,  dry,  scarious.  Ribworts. 

26.  Shrubs.... 27. 

27.  Corolla  5-parted,  imbricate  in  bud.  Jasmineworts. 

27.  Corolla  4-parted,  valvate  or  none.  *  OUveworts. 

28.  Ovary  deeply  4-parted,  forming  4  (or  fewer)  achenia. . .  .29. 

28.  Ovary  entire,  of  one  piece 30. 

29.  Leaves  opposite.     Stems  square.  *  Labiates. 

29,  Leaves  alternate.     Stems  round.  *  Borrageworts. 

30.  Ovary  with  4  or  fewer  seeds.     Leaves  opposite.       Vervains. 

SO.  Ovary  with  many  seeds,  or  more  than  4 31. 

31 .  Trees  or  climbing  shrubs.    Seeds  winged.   *  Bignoniads. 
31.  Trees,     Seeds  wingless.  *  Paulownia ,  \n  Order 

81,  Erect  shrubs.     Seeds  wingless,  *  Ileathwurts. 

81,  Herbs o'l. 


93 
96 

97 

101 
91 
25 
79 


ANALYSIS  OF  THE  ORDERS 


139 


32.  Leatlcss  and  without  verdure. 

32.  Leaves  only  at  base.     Fls.  spurred. 

82.  Leafy 33.  Fruit  4  or  5-celled. 

88.  Fruit  2-celled.... 34. 

84.  Corolla  convolute  in  bud. 

84.  Corolla  imbricate  in  bud. 

84.  Corolla  plicate  in  bud. 


Broomrapes. 

Butterworts. 

Pedaliads. 

Acardhs. 
*  Figivoi-ts. 


Nightshades.     94 


C.  Orders  of  the  Apetalous  Exogens. 

Plants  heibaceous,  the  flowers  not  in  aments  (except  in  the  Hop,  115) 2. 

Plants  woody,— shrubs  or  trees 22. 

2.  Flowers  with  a  regular  calyx  or  calyx-like  involucre 3. 

2.  Flowers  naked,  having  neither  calyx  nor  corolla. . .  .20. 

3.  Calyx  tube  adherent  to  the  ovary,  limb  lobed,  toothed,  or  entire... 

3.  Calyx  free  from  the  ovary,  sometimes  inclosing  it 4. 

4.  Ovaries  several,  entirely  distinct,  each  1-styled,  1-seeded.  *  Order 

4.  Ovary  one  only,  simple  or  compound 5. 

5.  Style  or  stigma  one  only 6. 

5.  Styles  or  stigmas  2-12. . .  .7. 

6.  Ovary  1-ovuled,  bearing  but  one  seed 11. 

6.  Ovary  raany-ovuled,  bearing  many  seeds. . .  .12. 

7.  Ovary  1-3-ovuled,  1-3-seeded 13. 

7.  Ovary  4-oo-ovuled,  4-oo-seeded....l7. 
Stamens  1-12,  as  many  or  twice  as  many  as  the  stigmas.. .  .9. 
Stamens  2-10,  not  symmetrical  with  the  1  or  2  stigmas..  ..10. 
9.  Stigmas  and  cells  of  the  ovary  1-4. 
9.  Stigmas  and  cells  of  the  ovary  6. 

10.  Ovary  many-seeded.     Styles  2. 
10.  Ovary  1  or  2-seeded.     Style  1. 
11.  Flowers  perfect.    Calyx  4-lobed.     Stamens  1-4. 
11.  Flowers  perfect.     Calyx  entire,  funnel-shaped,  colored, 
11.  Flowers  imperfect.    Calyx  lobed,  green. 
12.  Stamens  4,  opposite  the  sepals. 
12.  Stamens  5,  alternate  with  the  sepals. 
18.  Fruit  3-6-seeded,  with  3  (often  cleft)  stigmas.  Spurgeworts.  112 

13.  Fruit  1-seeded....  14. 

14.  Stipules  sheathing  the  stems..  *  Knot-grasses.  102 

14.  Stipules  none..  ..15. 

15.  Calyx  with  scarious  bracts  outside.  Amaranths. 

15.  Calyx  double.     Climbing.  Mexican  Vine. 

15.  Calyx  naked 16. 

IG.  Leaves  alternate.  Goosefoot$.  105 

16.  Leaves  opposite.  §  3.     *  Order    21 


*  Order 

52 

*  Birthu'orts. 

100 

*  Order 

61 

Sandalworts. 

103 

*  Order 

47 

lored. 

*  Marvelworts. 

101 

Nettlewurts. 

115 

{Loosestrifes.)     Order 

51 

*  Order 

78 

106 
104 


140  LESSONS  IN  BOTANY 


*  Order 

23 

*  Order 

21 

*  Order 

60 

*  PoTceweeds. 

103 

Amaranths. 

lOS 

*  Order 

131 

Lizard-tails. 

123 

Starworts. 

12i 

Threadfoots. 

125 

Hornwovts. 

126 

17.  Leaves  opposite 18, 

17.  Leaves  alternate 19. 

18.  Fruit  a  pyxis,  opening  by  a  lid. 
18.  Fruit  a  capsule,  opening  by  4  or  5  valves. 
19.  Fruit  a  capsule,  5-cellcd,  5-liorned. 
19.  Fruit  a  fleshy,  4-oo-seeded  berry. 
19.  Fruit  dry,  1-seeded,  opening  by  a  lid. 
20.  Flowers  on  a  spadix  with  a  spathe. 
20.  Flowers  in  a  long,  naked  spike.     Stamens  6  or  7. 
20.  Flowers  solitary,  axillary,  minute.     Water-plants..  ..21. 
21.  Stamen  1.    Leaves  opposite. 
21.  Stamens  2.     Leaves  alternate,  dissected. 
21.  Stamens  12-2-4.     Leaves  whorled,  dissected. 

22.  Flowers,  none  of  them  in  aments 23. 

22.  Flowers  (imperfect),  the  sterile  only  in  aments.... 34. 

22.  Flowers  (imperfect),  both  the  sterile  and  the  fertile  in  aments.   .  .35. 

23.  Leaves  opposite 24. 

23.  Leaves  alternate 27. 

24.  Stamens  2.  *  Order    99 

24.  Stamens  3.     Parasites.  Mistletoe — Lor anths.  108 

24.  Stamens  4-9 25. 

25.  Fruit  a  double,  2-winged  samara.  *  Order    40 

25.  Fruit  not  winged 26. 

26.  Seeds  6.    Low  shrubs.     Box.  Spurgeworts.  112 

26.  Seed  1.     Shrubs.  Oleasters.  Ill 

27.  Style  or  stigma  1.    Seed  1 28. 

27.  Styles  or  stigmas  2 31. 

27.  Styles  or  stigmas  3-9 32. 

28.  Calyx  free  from  the  ovary. . .  .29. 

28.  Calyx  adherent  to  the  ovary 30 

29.  Anthers  opening  by  valves.  *  Laurels.  107 

29.  Anthers  opening  by  slits.  Daphnads.  11(? 

SO.  Seeds  2-4.     Shrubs.  ^andalworts.  109 

80.  Seed  1.     Trees.  *  Order    65 

31.  Stamens  numerous.  *  Order    62 

31.  Stamens  as  many  as  the  calyx  lobes.  Uhmvorts.  113 

32.  Leaves  pinnate.     Pistils  5.  {Prickcy  Ash.)     Order    37 

82.  Leaves  simple,  linear,  evergreen.  Crowberries.  116 

32.  Leaves  simple,  not  linear 33. 

33.  Flowers  3- parted.    Fruit  dry.  {StiUingia.)    Spurgeworts.  112 

83.  Flowers  4  or  5-parted,  Fruit  fleshy.  {Buckthorns.)  Order  43 
34.  Nut  or  nuts  in  a  cup  or  involucre.  Leaves  simple.  *  Mastworts.  119 
84.  Nut  naked,  a  tryma  (§  172).    Leaves  pinnate.                          Eichory worts.  118 


ANALYSIS  OF  THE  OKDEKS 


Ul 


85.  Fruit  flesliy,  compound.     Juice  (sup)  milky.  Aitocarps    114 

85.  Fruit  dry  (except  in  Myrica,  121).     Sap  watery 30. 

36.  Aments  globular,  racemed.  Nutlets  2-celled.  (Z«jwit/amiar.)  Order 
36.  Aments  globular,  solitary.    Nutlets  1-celled.  Sycamores 

36.  Aments  cylindrical  or  oblong.... 37. 

37.  Ovary  1-celled,  1-seeded.    Fruit  dry  or  fleshy.      Galeworts. 
37.  Ovary  2-celled,  2-ovuled,  1-seeded.  * Birchworta. 


62 

117 


121 
120 


37.  Ovary  many-ovuled,  many-seeded. 


*  U'illowworts.  122 


D.  Orders  of  the  Conoids. 

Leaves  simple.     The  fertile  flowers  in  cones.     Stems  branched.        Finetcorts.  127 
Leaves  simple.     The  fertile  flowers  solitary.     Stems  branched.  Yews.  128 

Leaves  pinnate.     Stems  not  branched,  palm-like.  Cycads.  129 

E.  Orders  of  the  Spadiciflor^. 

1.  Trees  or  shrubs  with  pal  mutely- cleft  leaves  all  from  one  terminal  bud,  and 

a  branching  spadix  arising  from  a  s-puthe.  Falms.  130 

1.  Herbs  with  simple  (rarely  ternate)  leaves.     Spadix  simple. . .  .2. 

2.  Plants  minute,  floating  loose  on  the  water.  Duchneats.  132 

2.  Plants  with  stem  and  leaves  rooting  in  the  soil 3. 

8.  Spadix  evident,  in  a  s-pathe  or  on  a  scape.  *  Aroide.  131 

3.  Spadix  obscure  or  spike-like.     Stems  leafy 4. 

4.  Flowers  with  no  perianth,  densely  packed.  Cat-tails.  133 

4.  Flowers  Avith  a  perianth  or  not.     In  water.  Kaiad^.  134 


F    Orders  of  the  Floride^. 

1.  Flowers  (not  on  a  spadix)  in  a  small,  dense,  involucrate  head.  .  .17 
L  Flowers  (not  on  a  spadix)  solitary,  racemed,  spicate,  &C....2. 

2.  Perianth  tube  adherent  to  the  ovary 4. 

2.  Perianth  free  from  the  ovary 3 

3.  Petals  and  sepals  differently  colored  (except  in  Medcola,  147). . .  .9 

3.  Petals  and  sepals  similarly  colored 12. 

4.  Flowers  imperfect 5. 

4.  Flowers  perfect . .   .6 

5.  Low  herbs,  in  water  Frogbits.  136 

5.  Woody  climbers.  Yamroots.  144 

6.  Stamens  1  or  2,  growing  to  the  pistil  (gynandrous).  *  Orchids.  133 

6.  Stamen  only  1,  with  half  an  anther.  Airowworts.   131) 

6.  Stamens  3  to  6,  distinct 7. 

7.  Perianth  woolly  or  mealy  outside.     Ovary  half- free.      BloOit worts.  142 

7.  Puriantli  glabrous  outside 8. 


142  LESSONS   IN   BOTANY. 


8.  Stamens  8.     Anthers  turned  inwards.  Bannaniads.  187 

8.  Stamens  3.     Anthers  turned  outwards.  *  Irids.  \^Z 

8.  Stamens  6.  *  Amaryllids.  140 

9.  Pistils  many,  distinct,  achenia  in  fruit.  *  Water-plahtaitis.  185 

9.  Pistils  3,  more  or  less  united 10. 

10.  Leaves  verticillate,  in  1  or  2  whorls.   Stigmas  3.   *  Trllliads.  147 

10.  Leaves  alternate 11. 

11.  Stigmas  3.  Plants  growing  on  other  plants.   Bro?neliads.  HI 
11.  Stigmas  united  into  one.  *  Spider  worts.  Ic2 

12.  Leaves  net-veined,  broad 13. 

12.  Leaves  parallel-veined 14. 

13.  Flowers  perfect,  4-parted.  Oroomia—Roxburgs.  146 

13.  Flowers  dioecious,  (3-parted.  Greenbriers.  145 

14.  Styles,  and  often  the  stigmas  also,  united  into  1....15. 

14.  Styles  and  stigmas  3,  distinct 16. 

15.  Flowers  colored,  regular.  Stamens  6  (4  in  one  species).  *Lili/worts.  148 
15.  Flowers  colored,  irregular,  or  else  3-stamened.  Fontederiads.  150 

15.  Flowers  greenish,  glume-like,  or  scarious.  *Rushes.  151 

16.  Leaves  rush-like.     Ovary  of  three  1-seeded  carpels.     *  Arrow-grasses.  135 
16.  Leaves  linear,  lanceolate,  &c.     Ovary  6- co-seeded.  *  Melanths.  149 

17.  Petals  yellow,  small,  but  showy.     Leaves  radical.  Xyrids.  153 

17.  Petals  white,  minute,  fringed.    Leaves  radical.  Pipeworts.  154 

G".  Orders  of  the  Graminoids. 

Flower  with  a  single  oract  (giume).     Stem  solid.     Sheaths  entire.  Sedges.  155 

Flower  with  several  bracts  (glumes  and  pales).     Stem  hollow.     Sheaths 

split  on  one  side.  Grasses.  ■*  56 


THE   FLORA: 


SELECTIONS   FROM   THE  NATIVE  AND  CULTIVATED   PLANTS 
OF  THE   UNITED  STATES. 

Designed  as  first  exercises  in  Analytical  Botany. 


Explanations.— The  Tables  in  this  work  are  designed  to  be  corupMe,  that  is.  each  Ordinal 
Table  includes  all  the  genera  belonging  to  that  order  known  -vvithin  the  limits  of  the  P'lora  (/.  e..  the 
States  east  of  the  Rocky  Mountains);  and  each  Generic  Table  includes,  in  like  manner,  all  its 
known  species.  The  nnmbers  annexed  to  the  genera  in  the  Ordinal  Tables,  refer  to  ihe  descrip- 
tions immediately  following.  If  no  number  be  annexed,  the  pupil  will  understand  that  that  genus 
is  not  further  noticed. 


COHORT    I. 

THE  POLYPETALOUS   EXOGENS. 

Essential  Character. — Flowering  Plants  (Ph.exogamia), 
with  tlieir  stems  growing  by  additions  to  their  outside  in 
layers  (Exogens),  their  seeds  inclosed  in  a  seed-vessel  or  peri- 
carp (Angiosperms),  their  flowers  with  a  double  perianth  and 
their  petals  distinct  (Polypetal^),  (But  to  this  last  condition 
there  are  many  exceptions.) 

Order  I.    RANUNCULACE.E.    The  Crowfoots. 

Eei-ls,  rarely  sJiruls,  with  a  colorless,  acrid  juice,  with 

leaves  moiit]y  alternate  and  much  divided,  without  stipules; 

eepah  3-15,  deciduous,  distinct,  and  colored  when  apetalous; 

petals  3-15,  distinct,  often  deformed  or  contracted  or  wanting; 

stamens  <x,  distinct,  hypogynous  ; 

pl.'itils  00  (rarely  1  or  few),  distinct,  becoming  in 

fmit  either  achenia,  follicles,  or  berries. 


144 


THE   FLORA. 


Fig.  361.  Bulbous  Crowfoot;  2,  a  petal,  showing  the  honey -scale  at  base;  3,  a  single  ovary 
4,  section  of  it,  showing  the  ovule. 

Fig.  365.  "Wild  Columbine;  6,  one  of  the  hollow  petals  attached  to  the  receptacle  with  th< 
stamens  and  styles;  7,  a  ripe  follicle;  8,  a  seed  ;  9,  section  of  it,  showing  the  embryo. 

Fig.  370.  Plan  of  the  flower. 


Analysis  of  the  Genera. 

§  Sepals  4,  valvate  in  the  bud,     Achenia  tailed a 

§  Sepals  imbricate  in  the  bud 2 

2  Ovaries  1-seeded,  achenia  in  fruit 3 

2  Ovaries  with  2  or  more  seeds 4 

3  Corolla  0,  or  undistinguishable  from  the  colored  calyx. . .  .5 

3  Corolla  and  calyx  distinct  either  in  color  or  form d 

4  Sepals  as  permanent  as  the  stamens.     Fruit  dry.... 6 
4  Sepals  falling  off  sooner  than  the  stamens.... k 

4  Sepals  persistent  with  the  fruit.    Petals  very  large m 

5  Sepals  persistent  with  the  stamens b 

5  Sepals  caducous  (fulling)  sooner  than  the  stamens c 


OiiDEji  1.— THE  CROWFOOTS.  145 


6  Flowers  regular 7 

6  Flowers  irregular..  ..h 

7  Petals  none e 

7  Petals  smaller  than  the  sepals f 

7  Petals  larger  than  the  sepals g 

a  Petals  none  or  stamen-like.  Leaves  all  opposite,  lirgin's  Bouer.  Clem'atis.  1 
b  Stem  leaves  opposite,  remote  from  the  flower.  Anem'one.  Anemone.     2 

b  Leaves  all  radical.     3  bracts  close  to  the  flower.         LiverUaf.  IIepat'ica. 

c  Flowers  mostly  imperfect.     Leaves  compound.       Meadow  Rue.  Thalic'trum. 

c  Flws.  perfect.     Lvs.  simple,  palmately  lobed.       Prairie  Rue.  Tkautvette'ria. 
d  Leaves  all  radical,  linear.     Torus  linear.     Small  plant. 

Movsetail.  ^Iyosu'bus. 
d  Lvs.  cauliue.     Petals  with  a  honey-scale  at  base.  Crowfoot.  Eanun'cclus.    4 
d  Leaves  cauline.    No  honey-scale.    Petals  red  or  yellow. 

Fheamnt's-eye.  Ado'nis.     5 

e  Sepals  white,  5  in  number.     Leaves  compound.  False  Rue.  Isopy''rum. 

e  Sepals  yellow,  6-9.  Marsh  Marigold.  Cal'teia.     6 

f  Petals  tubular  at  apex.     Roots  yellow.  Gold-thread.  Cop'tis.    7 

f  Petals  tubular  at  base,  1-lipped.  Globe-flower.  Trol'lius.     8 

f  Petals  tubular,  2-lipped.     Sepals  persistent.  Ilellehore.  IIellee'crus. 

f  Petals  concave,  2-lobed.     Flowers  racemed.      Yelloiv-root.  Zanthorhi'za. 

g  Petals  larger  than  the  colored  sepals,  3-lobed.  Fennel-flower.  Nigel' la. 

g  Petals  larger  than  the  colored  sepals,  spurred  alike.  Columbine.  Aqcile'gia.  9 
h  Upper  sepal  spurred,  inclosing  spurred  petals.  Lark-ipur.  Delphin'ium.  10 
h  Upper  sepal  hooded,  covering  2  deformed  petals.  Monk's-hood.  Aconi'tum.  11 

k  Flowers  numerous,  in  long,  slender  racemes.  JJugbane.  Cimicif'l-qa. 

k  Flowers  many,  in  short  racemes.    Berries  simple.  Baneberry.  Actje'a. 

k  Flower  one  only.    Leaves  2.    Berry  compound.     Tiu-vx eric-root.  Hydras'tis. 
m  Disk  sheathing  the  ovaries.    Very  Showy.  Peony.  Pjeo'nia. 


1.  CLEM' AXIS.     Virgin's  Bower. 

Calyx  ot  4  colored  sepals,  valvate-induplicate  in  tlie  bud.  Petals  none, 
or  small  and  stamen-like.  Stamens  many,  shorter  than  the  sepals.  Ova- 
ries many,  styles  becoming  long  and  feathery  npon  the  seed-like  achenia. 
—  2^  Mostly  climbing  vines,  with  twisted  petioles  for  tendrils,  and  with 
opposite,  compound  leaves. 

§  Leaves  vertieillate.    Outer  stamens  petal-like.    Vine No,  1 

§  Leaves  opposite.     Petals  none.    Calyx  colored a 

a  Erect  herbs  near  1  foot  high.    Flowers  solitary 10,  11,12 

a  Vinos  climbing. . .  b 

7 


1-iC  ,  THE   FLORA. 


b  Flowers  clustered  in  panicles 2,  3,  4,  5 

b  Flowers  solitary,  large,  showy 6.  7,  8,  9 

1  Clem'atis  verticilla'ris.    Purple    Virgin's  .Bower.     Leaves  ternate,  4  at  each  nodo 

Flowers  purple,  2  at  each  node.     Hills.  N.  W. 

2  C.  Virginia^na.    Virginian  V.  Leaves  ternate.   Leaflets  smooth,  lobed,  and  toothed. 
6  O  holoseric'ea.     Silhj  V.     Leaves  ternate,  leaflets  downy  or  silky,  entire.     S. 

4  C  Catesbya''na.     Catesby''8  V.     Lvs.  bi-ternate,  Ifts.  3-lobed.     Clusters  axillary.    S. 
6  C.  Flam'mula.     Sweet  V.     Lvs.  pinnate.     Lfts.  entire,  pointed.  Fls.  terminal,     t 

6  C.  cylin'drica.    Crisped  V.  Lfts.  acute,  thin,  3-15.  Sepals  wavy  at  edge,  b-p.   S. 

7  C.  reticula'ta.    Veiny  V.  Lfts.  obtuse  at  each  end,  thickish.    Sep.  wavy.  b-p.  S. 

8  C.  Vior''na.     Leather-flower.    Lfts.  ovate,  acute,  pinnate.    Sep.  not  wavy.    P. 

9  C.  Viticella.    Vine-Boiver.   Lfts.  oval,  3-15.    Sepahs  not  wavy,  obovate.    P.   t 

10  C.  ochroleu''ca.     Ground  V.    Lvs.  undivided,  ovate,  entire,  silky  beneath,     p-y. 

11  C.  ova'ta.    Egg-leaved  V.    Lvs.  undivided,  broad-ovate,  smooth,  glaucous,     p.  S. 

12  C.  Baldwin'ii.    Baldicinh  V.    Lvs.  3-cleft,  the  upper  lance-ovate,  entire,     p.  S. 

2.  ANEMO'XE.     Anem'one,  or  TATind- Flower. 

Calyx  regular,  of  5-15  colored  sepals  resembling  petals.  Petals  prop- 
erly none.  Stamens  many,  much  shorter  than  the  sepals.  Pistils  many, 
collected  into  an  oblong  or  roundish  head.  Achenia  generally  without 
tails.  Leaves  mostly  radical,  palmately  lobed,  those  of  the  stem  opposite, 
forming  a  sort  of  involucre. 

§  Carpels  with  long,  feathery  tails  in  fruit.    Flower  large. . .  .1 

§  Carpels  without  tails a 

a  Stem  leaves  (involucre)  sessile. ..  .2,  3 
a  Stem  leaves  petiolate. . .  .b 

b  Flower-stalk  1  or  several,  all  leafless 4,  5,  6 

b  Flower-stalks  2-5,  all  but  the  first  2-leaved  in  the  middle 7,  8 

1  A.  Nuttal'lii.    Pusque-flower.    Lvs.  cleft  into  linear  lobes,  very  hairy.  Apr.  N.-W. 
2  A.  Carolinia'na.     Carolina  A.     Flower  only  one,  with  15  sepals.     S.  "W". 
8  A.  Pennsylvan'ica.     Pennsylvanian  A.     Flowers  1-5,  with   5   obovate,  pure 
white  sepals.     Height  12-20'.     N.  W. 

4  A  nemoro'sa.      Wood  A.     Flower  1,  stalk  2  or  3'  long.    Sepals  rose-white.    Apr. 

5  A.  cylin'drica.   Gray's  A.  Flowers  mostly  several,  whitish,  stalks  6-12Mong.  Fruit 

heads  oblong  or  cylindrical.     May.     N.  W. 

6  A.  thalictroi'des.    Eue  A.    Flowers  several  or  many,  rosy  or  white,  on  short  (1-2') 

stalks.     Leaves  of  the  invol.  2,  twice  ternate.     Apr.     Common. 

7  A.  Virginia'na.     Virginia  A.     Leaf-lobes,  lance-ovate.     Flowers  greenish- 

white.     Height  2-3  feet.     Common. 

8  A.  muliLf'ida.     Red  A.     Leaf-bbes  linear.    Flowers  red.    Height  6-12'.  r.  N. 


Order  1.— THE  CROWFOOTS. 


147 


8.  HEPAT'ICA.     Noble  Liverwort. 

Calyx  (generally  called  an  involucre)  of  3 
entire,  ovate,  green  sepals  (or  bracts),  situated 
a  very  little  below  the  corolla.  Corolla  of  5-9 
petals,  arranged  in  2  or  three  rows.  Achenia 
without  tails. — U  Pretty  little  plants  blossoming 
in  early  spring.  Leaves  all  radical,  thick, 
3-lobed,  grceu  through  the  winter.  Flowers 
numerous,  one  on  each  scape,  blue,  roseate,  or 
white. 

Fig.  371.  Flower  and  leaf  of  II.  triloba. 

1  H.  trU'oba.     Leaf-lobes  and  sepals  obtuse.     Scapes  hairy,  several  inches  high. 

2  H.  acutil'oba.     Leaf-lobes  and  sepals  acute.     Fls.  and  scapes  like  the  other. 

4.  PvANUN'CULUS.     Crowfoot. 


Corolla  of  5  roundish,  shining  petals,  each 


Buttercups 

Calyx  of  5  ovate  sepals 
with  a  honeyed  scale  or  pore  at  the  base  inside.  Stamens  00.  Achenia 
numerous,  flattened,  crowded  in  a  roundish  or  oblong  head. — A  large 
genus  of  herbs  mostly  perennial  (U)  and  with  yellow  flowers.  Leaves  di- 
vided or  entire.     Juice  very  acrid. 

§  Petals  yellow.    Seeds  (carpels)  rough  with  prickles.     Fls.  small.     S 1,2 

§  Petals  yellow.     Seeds  smooth  and  even ) 

§  Petals  white  (claws  yellow).     Seeds  wrinkled  crosswise ) 

a  Leaves  all  undivided.    Plants  growing  in  wet  places. . .  .5-8 

a  Leaves  more  or  less  divided,  not  growing  under  water b 

a  Leaves  in  fine,  thread-like  divisions,  growing  under  water.... 3,  4 

b  Hoffi  loaves  neitlier  divided  nor  cleft,  merely  crenate 9,  10 

b  Lower  leaves  3-cleft  but  not  divided  to  tlie  base.     Height  l-2f 11-13 

b  Leaves  all  ternately  divided  and  much  cleft. c 

c  Sepals  reflexed  in  flower.     Plants  erect 14,  15 

c  Sepals  spreading  in  flower,  shorter  than  the  petals 16-lS 

1  R.  murica'tus.     liough-fruitfd  G.    Plant  smooth.    Seeds  with  large,  stout,  hooked 

beaks.     Sepals  spreading.     Leaves  3-lobed  and  cleft.     South. 

2  R.  parviflo'rus.     SmalL-flowered  C.     Plant  hairy.     Seeds  with  a  very  short  beak. 

Sepals  finally  reflexed.     Leaves  3-lobed  and  cleft.     South. 
8  R.  aquat^ilis.      Water  Cnnvfoot.    In  ponds  and  rivers.    The  w/zzV^  petals  with  a 

cavity  at  base.     Only  the  flowers  above  water.     Summer. 
4  R.  Pursh'ii.     Ptirsk'n  Crowfoot.     In  stagnant  water.     The  yellow  petals  with 
i!j  leaves,  3-5-partcd.     Spring. 


a  Roale  at  base.     Floati 


148  .  THE  FLORA. 


5  R.  Flam  mula.     Spear-haved  C.     Stems  ascending  (l-2f).     Leaves  all  lanceolate, 

narrow,  entire,  on  sheathing  stalks.     Sum. 

6  E.  pusirius.     Tiny  C.     Stems  nearly  erect.     Leaves  ovate  and  lanceolate.    Petals 

mostly  but  3,  with  about  10  stamens.     May. 

7  E.  rep'tans.     Creepiny  G.     Stems  creeping  and  rooting  (4-8'').      Leaves  lance-liu- 

ear,  and  linear.     Flower  1  at  a  node.     July. 

8  E.  Cymbala'ria.    Boat  G.    Stems  creeping  and  rooting  (1  foot).     Leaves  all  r)und- 

cordate,  crenate.     Salt-marshes.     June. 

9  E.  aborti^vus.    Abortive  G.     Plant  glabrous,  l-2f.  high.     Eoot  leaves,  round- 

cordate.     Petals  smaller  than  the  sepals.     Spring,     c. 

10  E.  rhomboi'deus.      Rhombic   C.      Plant    hairy,  bushy,  4-10''   high.      Eoot 

leaves  rhombic-ovate.     Sepals  spreading.     N.  W. 

11  E.  palma''tus.    Palm  G.    Stem  hairy.     Seeds  with  a  straight  beak  in  a  round  head. 

Leaves  palmately  3-5-cleft,  with  sinus  closed.     South. 

12  E.  recurva'tus.    I  look- seed  G.    Stem  hairy.     Seeds  with  a  recurved  beak  in  around 

head.     Leaves  all  similarly  3-parted.     Flowers  small.     Spring. 
18  E.  scelera'tus.     Villainous  G.     Stem  glabrous.     Seeds  not  beaked,  in  an  oblong 
head.     Flowers  small.     Leaves  palmately  3-5-parted.     June^  July. 

14  E.  bulbo'sus.    Bulbous   G.    Erect  (6-12^)  from  a  solid  bulo.     Petals  large 

Head  of  fruit  round.     Eoot  leaves  ternate.     Spring. 

15  E.  Pennsylvan'icus.    Bristly  G.    Erect  (l-3f.),  very  hairy.     Head  of  fruit  ob- 

long.    Leaves  ternate.     Summer. 

16  E.  repens.     Large  creeping  G.     Stems  first  ascending,  then  creeping.     Flower- 

stalks  farrowed.     Petals  obovate,  large.     Wet  places.     June. 

17  E.  fascicula'ris.     Early  G.     Stem   erect.     Eoot  fibres  thickened.     Flower  ftalks 

terete.     Petals  narrow.     Leaves  appear  pinnate.     May. 

18  E.  acris.     Tall  Buttercup.     Stem  erect  (2-3f.).     Leaves  palmately  divided,  and 

cleft.  Petals  roundish.  Flower-stalk  terete,  calyx  spreading.  Summer,  c. 
In  the  gardens,  it  becomes  double-flowered. 

4  5.  ADO'NIS.     Pheasant's-eye. 

Sepals  5,  colored.  Petals  5-15,  with  no  scale  on  the  claws.  Achenia 
in  a  spike,  egg-shaped,  and  pointed  with  the  hardened,  persistent  style. 
Leaves  numerously  cleft  into  linear  and  very  narrow  segments.  Flowers 
terminal,  solitary,  red  or  yellow. 

1  A.  autumna'lis.   Late  Ph.    A  fine,  hard  annual,  from  Europe,  cultivated  in  garden;*, 

and  naturalized  in  some  places.  Stem  rather  thick  for  its  height,  branched. 
Leaves  pinnately  parted,  with  very  numerous  segments.  Petals  5-8,  of  a 
bright  crimson  color,  li''  across. 

2  A.  verna'Hs.     Early  Ph.     Petals   10-12,  oblong,  yellow,  c' jntate.     Upper  leaves 

sessile,  all  much  divided.     Flowers  large.     Sprir\g.     \ 


Order  1.— THE  CROWFOOTS.  149 


6.  CAL'THA.     Marsh  Marigold. 

Calyx  colored,  of  5  roundish  sepals  resembling  petals.  Corolla  0.  Sta- 
mens 00.  Follicles  5-10,  oblong,  compressed,  erect,  many-seeded. — 
U  Smooth  marsh  plants. 

O.  palus'tris.  Cowslips.  Marsh  Marigold.  In  wet  meadows.  Eoot  large,  thick. 
Stem  about  If.  high,  hollow,  round,  branched.  Leave.s  largo  (4-6''  wide), 
ronndish,  cordate,  crenate — lower  on  long,  half-round  petioles,  upper  ."^essilo — 
all  of  a  dark,  shining  green,  and  very  smooth.  Flowers  of  a  golden  yellow  in 
all  their  parts,  li'  broad.     Outer  row  of  stamens  club-shaped,  long.    Spring. 

7.  COP'TIS.     Gold-thread. 

Calyx  of  5  or  6  oblong,  colored  sepals.  Corolla  of  5  or  6  small  club- 
shaped  sepals,  hollow  and  1 -lipped  at  top.  Stamens  20-25.  Follicles  5- 
10,  stalked,  beaked,  spreading,  4-6-seeded. — U  Herbs  with  radical  leaves, 
and  long,  creeping  root-stocks. 

0.  trifo'lia.  Gold-thread.  Leaves  3-foliate,  ail  radical,  the  divisions  broad,  4-8''^ 
long,  crenate,  smooth  shining,  sessile.  Petiole  1-2' long.  Stems  undergroundJ 
creeping  extensively,  bright  yellow,  and  very  bitter.  Peduncles  3-4'  high] 
each  1-flowered.  Calyx  white.  Petals  yellow,  much  smaller  than  the  sepals, 
barely  distinguishable  among  the  stamens  by  their  color.    Ma?/. 

8.  TROL'LIUS.     Globe-flower. 

Calyx  of  5,  10,  or  15  concave  sepals  colored  like  petals.  Corolla  ot 
5-25  small,  linear  petals,  which  are  tubular  at  base.  Stamens  many, 
much  shorter  than  the  sepals.  Pods  many,  each  many-seeded. — U 
smooth,  with  palmately-parted  leaves. 

1  T.  laxus.    American   G.     Sepals  5.      Petals  15-25,   shorter  than  the  stamens. 
Grows  in  swamps,  M.  r.     Calyx  yellow,  greenish  outside.     Jane. 
T.  Europae'us.    European  G.     Sepals  10-15.     Petals  5-10,  as  long  as  the  stamens. 
Flowers  globular,  bright  yellow,    t 

8  T.  Asiat'icus.  Asiatic  G.  Sepals  10,  orange-colored.  Petals  10,  longer  than  sta- 
mens,    t 

9.  AQUILE'GIA.     Columbiue. 

Sepals  5,  ovate,  colored,  spreading.  Petals  5,  tubular  with  a  wide 
mouth,  the  outer  margin  erect,  the  inner  attached  to  the  receptacle,  and 
behind  extended  into  a  long,  spurred  nectary.     Stamens  30-40,  the  inner 


150 


THE  FLORA. 


ones  longer  and  sterile.     Styles  5.     Follicles  5,  manj-seeded. — U  Leaves 
twice  and  thrice  ternate.     Flowers  nodding. 

1  A.  Canaden'sis.  American  0.   Spurs  straight,  longer  than  limb.  Stamens  exserted. 

Flowers  scarlet. 

2  A.vulga'ris.    European  G.     Spurs  incurred,  shorter  than  limb.    Stamens  included. 

Flowers  purple,     t 


Fig.  3T2.  Flower  of  Larkspur,  displayed:  s,  s,  s,  s,  s,  the  five  petals;  or,  the  spurred  sepal; 
c,  the  two  petals,  spurred,  which  spur  was  sheathed  in  the  spurred  sepal. 

Fig.  373.  Flower  of  Garden  Aconite,  displayed :  s,  s,  s,  s,  s,  the  five  sepals;  p,  p,  p,  p,  p,  the 
five  petals. 

10.  DELPHINIUM.     Larkspur. 

Sepals  5,  colored,  the  tipper  one  spurred.  Petals  very  irregular,  the  two 
Tipper  ones  extended  behind  into  a  tubular,  honeyed  spur,  sheathed  in  the 
spur  of  the  calyx.  Styles  1-5.  Follicles  1-5. — Showy  herbs  with  the 
leaves  much  divided.     Flowers  blue,  red,  or  purple,  never  yellow. 

§  Petals  united  into  1  piece.    Pistil  and  pod  1 1,  2 

§  Petals  4,  distinct.     Pistils  and  pods  2-5 (a) 

a  Leaves  many-parted  into  linear  segments 3 

a  Leaves  divided  into  3-7  wedge-shaped  lobes (b) 

b  Tall  (2-5f.),  with  slender,  many-flowered  racemes. . .  .4,  5 

b  Low  (6-18''),  with  few  (6-12)  flowered  racemes. , .  .6-8 

1  D.  consorida.  Field  L.  Fls.  loosely  scattered.    Ovary  smooth.    Lvs.  finely  cut.  ©  t 

2  D.  Aja^cis.    Eoclcet  L.    Flowers  covering  the  branches.    Ovary  pubescent.    Leaves 

finely  cut.     (T)    f 
3  D.azu''reuni.  Azure  L.   Fls.  in  strict,  slender  racemes.  Ovaries  3-5.    2f    W.    |- 
4  D.  cxalta'tum.    Tall  Wild  L.  Leaf-lobes  3-5,  curvate.  Spur  straight.  M.  Summer.  \ 
6  D.  elatum,    Bee  L.    Leaf-lobes  8-7,  curvate.    Spur  curved  downwards,    f 


OiiDEK  2.— THE  MAGNOLIADS.  151 


6  D.  tric'ome.  Low  WildL.  Leaf-lobes  linear.  Pods  recurved.  Height  6-12'.  M.W. 

7  D.  vires'cens.      G reen-fiowered  L.      Leaf-lobes   laneeolate.      Fls.   greenisli- 

white.     S.  W. 

8  D.  grandiflorum.     Great-Jloicered  L.     Leaf-lobes  5-7,  linear.    Fls.  large,  b-p.    f 

11.  ACONI'TUM.     Monk's-hood.     A'coiiite. 

Sepals  5,  irregular,  colored,  upper  one  vaulted  or  hooded.  Petals  5  or 
6,  the  two  upper  on  long  claws,  concealed  beneath  the  upper  sepal,  re- 
'Turved  and  honeyed  at  top ;  the  other  3  or  4  very  small.  Styles  3-5. 
Follicles  3  -5. — 11  Leaves  palmately  cleft  or  divided.  Flowers  odd  and 
•ihowy,  in  terminal  spikes. 

1  A.nnrlna'tum.     Wild  M.    Stem  reclining,  widely  branched.   Ilelniet  conical.   M.S. 

2  A.  Napel'lus.     Garden  A.     Stem  erect,  nearly  simple.    Helmet  semicircular,     t 


Order  11.    MAGNOLIA'CE^.    The  Magnoliads. 

l^rces  and  sJiriids  with  membranous  stipules  sheathing  the  buds,  with 
leaves  alternate,  leathery,  simple  entire,  or  lobed,  never  serrate  ; 
flowers  solitary,  large  and  showy,  mostly  odorous  and  perfect ; 
8e2:>als  3-6,  colored  like  the  6-12  hypogynous  imbricated  petals ; 
stamens  numerous,  hypogynous,  distinct,  and  many  ovaries ; 
fruit  compound,  composed  of  the  united  carpels. 

Analysis  of  tlie  Genera. 

§  Pistils  arranged  in  a  cone 2 

§  Pistils  whorled  in  a  single  row.     Shrub.  South.  Star  Anise.  Illic'ium. 

2  Anthers  opening  inwards.  Magno'lia.  1 

2  Anthers  opening  outwards.  Lirioden'dro.v.  2 

1.  MAGNO'LIA. 

Sepals  3.  Petals  6-9.  Anthers  longer  than  the  filaments,  opening  in- 
wards. Carpels  2-valved,  1-2-seeded,  imbricated  into  a  hard,  cone-like 
fruit.  Seeds  berry-like,  suspended  when  ripe  by  a  long  seed- stalk. — A 
noble  genus  of  trees  or  shrubs,  with  large,  fragrant  flowers. 

§  Native  Magnolias,  flowering  with  the  leaves a 

§  Exotic  Magnolias,  flowering  bi^fore  the  leaves  expand 8 


152 


THE  FLORA. 


a  Leaves  acuto  at  the  base  (not  cordate) b 

a  Leaves  cordate  or  auriculate  at  the  base.     Trees  8'?-40f.  high. . .  .5-7 

b  Leaves  shining  above,  vrhite  or  rust-colored  beneath.     Petals  9-12 1,  2 

b  Leaves  dull  green  both  sides,  thin,  deciduous.     Petals  6-9. . .  .3,  4 
M.  grandiflo'ra.     Big  Laurel.     Tree  evergreen,  60-701".  high.     Leaves  thick,  rust 

downy  beneath.    Flowers  8  or  9''  broad,  white.     S. 
M.  glauca.     White  Bay.    Shrub   deciduous,  6-25f.  high.     Leaves  very  smoolh 
glaucous  beneath.     Flowers  2-3''  broad,  cream-color.     Swamps.    + 

3  M.  acuinina''ta.     Cacumher-tree.     Tree  large.     Leaves  oval,  acuminate,  scat 

tered.     Flowers  small  (3-4''  broad),  petals  obovate.     M.  S. 

4  M.  umbreHa.     Umbrella-tree.     Tree  small  (20-80f.).     Leaves  wedge-lanceo 

late,  whorled,  very  large,  as  well  as  the  flowers.     M.  S. 
M.  corda'ta.     Yellow  Cucumber-tree.    Petals  6-9,  yellow,  'wjith  reddish  lines.     Lvs. 

broad-ovate,  slightly  cordate.    Flowers  4''  broad.    S. 
M.  Fra'seri.    Ear-leamd  M.     Petals  G,  pure  white.    Leaves  ear-shaped  at  base, 

cbovate-spatulate,  near  If.  long.    Spring.     S. 
M.  macrophyKla.     Great-leaved  M.     Petals  6,  white,  each  6-8^  in  length.    Leaves 
2-3f.  long,  obovate-spatulate,  cordate.     Tree  30-50f.  high.     S.  W.     t 
8  M.  conspic^ua.     Yulan.    Flowers  in  Spring,  large,  rose-colored  or  white,  with 
6-9  petals  or  sepals,  nearly  erect.     Japan. 


2.  LIRIODEN'DROK  Tulip-tree. 

Sepals  3.  Petals  6,  in  two  rows. 
Anthers  opening  outwards.  Car- 
pels 1-2-seeded,  imbricated  into 
a  cone,  indehiscent,  separating 
from  each  other  in  fruit. — Trees 
with  large  and  fragrant  flowers. 

L.  tulipifera.  Tulip-tree.  WIntewood. 
Poplar.  This  is  one  of  the  finest 
and  largest  trees  of  our  forests. 
The  trunk  is  generally  straight 
and  cylindric,  dividing  at  the  top 
rather  abruptly  in  a  few  coarse  and 
crooked  branches.  Leaves,  dark 
green,  smooth,  square  at  the  end,  with  2  lobes  each  sidj,  3-5'  in  length  and 
breadth.  Flowers  large  and  elegant,  greenish-yellow,  orange  within,  4^6' 
>road.    Ma  If,  June, 


Fig.  374.  Young  branch  of  Tulip-tree,  unfold- 
ing from  tbe  bud :  s,  s,  stipules. 


Ordeu  6.— the  BERBERIDS. 


153 


Order  YI.— BERBERIDACEJE.    The  Berberids. 

Herhs  and  shrubs,  with  alternate  leaves  and  perfect  flowers,  with 
tepals  imbricated  in  the  bud  in  2  or  more  rows; 
petals  opposite  the  sepals,  also  imbricated  in  two  or  more  rows ; 
stamens  opposite  to  the  petals,  the  anthers  usually  opening  by  two  lids; 
ovary  1-celled,  solitary  and  simple,  forming  a  capsule  or  berry. 


5.  Section  of  the  flower  of  Jeffersonla, 


Fig. 


A  leaf  of  the  same. 


Analysis  of  the  Genera. 

§  Herbs,  anthers  opening  by  two  valves  hinged  at  top. . .  .a 

§  Herbs,  anthers  opening  by  2  slits  lengthwisa b 

§  Shrubs,  with  yellow  flowers  and  acid  berries.  Ber''beris.  1 

a  Stamens  6.    Fruit  2,  drupe-like,  soon-naked  seeds.  CoTiosh.  Leon''tice. 

a  Stamens  6.    Fruit  a  2-4-seeded  berry.  UmbreUa-leaj.  Diphyllei'a. 

a  Stamens  8.    Fruit  u  capsule  opening  by  a  lid.  Twin-leaf.  Jefferso'>;ia.  2 

b  Stamens  9-18.    Flower  1,  with  2  leaves.  May  Apple.  Poddphyl^lum.  3 

1.  BER'BERIS.     Barberry. 

Sepals  6,  obovate,  colored,  the  3 
outer  ones  smaller.  Petals  6,  round- 
ish, with  two  glands  at  the  base  of 
each,  inside.  Stamens  6.  Stigma  ses- 
sile, disk-like,  on  the  top  of  the  ovary. 
Berry  oblong,  sour,  1-celled,  2-3-seed- 
ed. — Fine,  hardy  shrubs,  with  the 
wood,  inner  bark,  and  flowers  yellow.       ^  9        S7S      ''<zyzso 

Fig.  377.  a,  Flower  of  Berberis  vulgaris;  h,  the  piatil  (magnified),  with  the  ovary  cut  open 
c,  <?,  petals  with  stamens  opposite ;  9,  a  berry ;  350,  a  seed  cut  open,  showing  the  embryo. 


L54:  THE  FLORA. 


1  B.  vulga'ris.  Common  Barhernj-bush.  A  well-knowu,  bushy,  handsome  shrub,  in 
hard  soils.  Grows  3-8 f.  high.  Leaves  oval,  near  2'  long,  rounded- obtuse  at 
apex,  tapering  to  a  petiole,  with  bristly  serratures  on  the  margin.  Flowers 
yellow,  a  dozen  or  more  in  each  hanging  raeeme,  with  entire  petals.  Stamens 
irritable,  springing  against  the  stigma  when  touched.  Berries  red,  very  sour. 
June^ 

S'l  B.  Aquifo'lium.  Holly-leaved  B.  Leaves  pinnate,  of  7-13  thick,  spiny-toothed 
leaflets.     Shrub  3-5f.  high.    Cal.     t 

2.  JEFFERSO'NIA.     Twin-leaf. 

Sepals  4,  colored,  caducous.  Petals  8,  spreading.  Stamens  8,  with 
linear  anthers.  Pod  on  a  short  stipe,  opening  hy  a  lid. — %  Flowers  and 
leaves  from  the  root.     Scape  1-flowered.     (Figs.  875,  376.) 

J.  diphyl'la.  Twin-leaf.  A  very  curious  plant,  acaulescent.  Leaves  each  with  two 
blades,  about  If.  high.  Flowers  same  height,  white.  Eoot-stock  black,  with 
a  thick  mass  of  fibres,  supposed  good  in  rheumatism.    M.  W. 

8.  PODOPHYL'LUM.     Mandrake. 

Sepals  caducous.  Petals  6-9,  obovate,  concave.  Stamens  12-18,  with 
linear  anthers,  the  lids  scarcely  opening.  Berry  large,  egg-shaped,  1-celled, 
crowned  with  the  solitarj  stigma. — Low,  somewhat  poisonous  herbs,  with 
one  or  two  leaves  and  one  flower. 

p.  pelta'tum.  Mmj  Apple.  Wild  Mandrake.  A  singular  and  interesting  plant,  in 
woods  and  fields.  Height  about  If.  The  barren  plants  bear  but  a  single  leaf, 
which  is  5-8^  broad,  5-7-lobed,  and  centrally  peltate.  The  flowering  plants 
have  a  pair  of  leaves,  with  the  flower  at  the  fork  of  the  two  petioles— the  leaves 
not  peltate,  but  with  a  deeply-hollowed  base,  about  7-lobed.  Flower  droop- 
ing, white,  about  2'  across.  Fruit  yellowish,  with  the  flavor  of  the  Strawberry. 
May. 


Order  YIII.— NELTJMBIACE^.    The  Water-beans. 

Herls  aquatic,  prostrate  root-stock,  and  radical,  peltate  leaves,  with 
flowers  large,  solitary,  on  long,  upright  scapes,  4  or  5-sepaled ; 
petals  numerous,  arranged  in  many  rows,  as  are  also  the  many  stamens ; 
ovaries  separate,  each  with  a  simple  style  and  stigma,  becoming  in 
fruit  1-seeded  nuts,  half  sunk  in  the  hollows  of  the  very  large  torus,  the 
seeds  with  a  very  large  embryo  and  no  albumen. 


OiiDEK   9.— THE   WATER   LILIES. 


155 


NELUM'BIUM.     Nelumba 


The  ch<iracter  of  the  genus  the  same  as  that  of  the  order. 
N.  luteum.  Yellow  Nelumho.  A  magnificent  flowering  plant,  frequent  in  tlie  stag- 
nant waters  of  the  South  and  West,  rare  in  N.  Y.  and  Conn.  The  leaves  are 
l-2f.  broad,  round,  entire,  peltate  in  the  centre,  which  is  concave,  and  elevated 
above  the  water  more  or  less  on  the  long  petioles.  Flowers  several  times 
larger  than  the  White  Water  Lily,  but  without  fragrance.  Petals  concave,  of 
a  brilliant  white  at  edge,  becoming  yellow  towards  the  base.  Nuts  (called 
Water-beans)  about  as  large  as  acorns,  eatable.     June^  Juhj. 


Order  IX.— NYMPHS  ACE. E.     The  Water  Lilies. 

Herhs  aquatic,  with  roundish  leaves  from  a  prostrate  rhizoma; 

Jlowers  large  and  showy,  the  sepals,  petals,  and  stamens  gradually  passing 

into  each  other,  imbricated  and  arranged  in  many  rows  ; 
sejjals  few,  colored  inside,  persistent ;  stigmas  radiating  and  crowning  the 
ovary,  which  in  fruit  becomes  a  capsule  compound  and  5-celled  ; 
seeds  minute,  numerous,  with  the  embryo  at  the  end  of  the  albumen. 


Analysis  of  the  Genera. 

Petals  large  as  the  sepals,  white,  red, 
or  blue.  Nymph^'a.  1 

Petals  smaller  than  the  sepals,  stamen- 
like, yellow.      Froff  Lily,  Nuphar. 


Fig.  381.  Nymphflea  odorata:  a,  the  leaf;  c, 
the  flower;  ft,  the  biul ;  (7,  e.f,g,  stamens  grad- 
ually changing  into  petals;  A,  a  seed  cut  open, 
showing  the  embryo  in  a  little  sac.  Fig.  3S3, 
the  many-rnycd  stigma ;  3S4,  cross-section  of  tlio 
many-celled  ovary. 


156 


THE  FLORA. 


NYMPHS' A .     Water  Lily. 

Sepals  4  or  5,  green  outside.  Petals  in  many  rows  inserted  on  the  re- 
ceptacle beneath  the  ovary.  Stamens  inserted  above  the  petals.  Anthers 
slender,  opening  inwards,  the  outer  filaments  gradually  widening  and  pass- 
ing into  petals.     Capsule  ripening  under  water. 

N.  odora'ta.  White  Water  Lily.  One  of  the  loveliest  of  flowers,  frequent  in  ponds 
and  shiggish  streams.  The  root-stock  is  long  and  thick,  running  in  the  mud 
where  the  water  is  from  3-lOf.  deep,  sending  up  leaves  and  flowers  to  the 
surface.  Leaves  5-6'  long,  roundish,  cleft  at  the  base  to  the  centre,  where  the 
long  petiole  is  inserted,  margin  entire.  Petals  lanceolate,  15-2'  long,  of  the 
most  delicate  texture  and  whiteness,  often  tinged  with  purple.  Filaments  yel- 
low. 


Order  X.   SARRACENIACEJE    The  Water-pitchers. 


387 


Fig.  SS5.  Sarracenia  purpurea,  with  bud,  flo\^er,  and  fruit 

Fig.  3S6.  Section  of  the  5-celIed  ovary. 

Fig.  387.  A  seed  (magnified),  with  small  embrj-o  and  large  albumen. 


OiiDEli  11.— THE   POPPYWORTS.  157 


Herbs  aquatic,  in  bogs,  with  fibrous  roots,  and  with  the 
leaves  all  radical,  urn-shaped,  hollow,  and  large  flowers  on  scapes; 
sejyals  5,  with  3  little  bracts  at  base ;  petals  5,  clawed,  incurved ; 
stamens  hypogynous ;  ovaj'y  5-celled,  with  a  single  style,  the 
stigma  very  broad,  peltate,  and  5-angled,  crowning,  in  fruit,  the 
cajysule,  which  is  5-celled  and  full  of  minute,  albuminous  seeds. 

SAPvRACE'NIA.     Pitcher-plant     Trumpet-leaf. 

Character   essentially  as  expressed  in  the  order.     Nos.  2,  3,  5,  6,  are 
probably  varieties,  not  species. 

Tf  Leaf-blade  inflected  over  the  throat  of  the  tube 7,  8 

1  Leaf-bhide  erect,  cr  nearly  erect ;  throat  of  the  tube  open a 

a  Leaf-tube  pitcher-shaped,  with  a  broad  wing, . .  ,1-3 
a  Leaf-tube  trumpet-shaped,  with  a  narrow  wing 4-6 

1  S.  purpu'rea.    Purple  Pitcher-plant.    Flowers  purple.    Leaves  all  inflated  alike, 

dark  green  with  purple  veins,  G-O'  long.     Scapes  1-flowered,  l-2f.  high.    June. 

2  S.  heteTophyl'la..  Yellow  Pitcher-plant.  Fls.  yellow,  Lvs,  pale,  the  outer  slender,  Jn.r. 
I  S.  ala'ta.  JSan'Ozv-win^ed  P.  Fls.  yoWow.  Lvs.  all  more  slender  than  in  No.  1.  S.-W. 

4  S.  (G-rono'vii)  flava.     Yelloiu  Trvmpet-leaf.    Flowers  yellow.     Leaves  18-36' 

high,  all  yellowish  green,  veins  not  purple. 

5  S.  rubra.  lied  Trumpet-leaf.  Fls.  reddish  purple.  Lvs,  (l-2f.)  purple-veined.  S. 

6  S.  Drununondii.  Drummond^sT.  Fls.  purple.  Lvs.(lS-S6')  mottled  with  colors.  S. 

7  S.  psittacina.    Parrof  8  Pitchei'-plant.    Fls.  purple.   Lvs.  (3-5'')  spotless,  liooded.  S. 

8  S.  variolaris.    Mottled  P.    Flowers  yellow.    Lvs.  (12-18')  spotted  with  white.    S. 


Order  XI.   PAPAVERACEJE.     The  Poppyworts. 

Uerhs^  generally  with  a  colored  juice,  with  alternate  leaves ; 

flowers  on  long  peduncles,  solitary,  never  blue  ; 

sepals  2  or  3,  falling  off  when  the  flower  expands ; 

2)etals  generally  4,  sometimes  8 ;  stamens  4,  8,  12,  16,  or  20,  &c. ; 

stigmas  2,  or  if  more,  star-like  on  the  flat  apex  of  the  compound  ovary ; 

fruit  a  pod-shaped  or  roundish  capsule  ;  seeds  numerous  and  minute. 

Analysis  of  the  Genera. 

Ti  Plants  with  a  yellow  juice.    Petals  yellow,  crumpled  in  bud a 

a  Stigmas  and  placentae  3,  4,  or  6.     Capsule  ovoid c 

a  Stigmas  and  placentae  2  only.     Capsule  long,  pod-shaped. . .  .b 


158 


THE  FLORA. 


1  Plants  with  an  orange-red  juice.  Bloodroot.  Sanguina'ria.  1 

T[  Plants  with  a  milk-white  juice.  Poppy.  Papa'vek.  2 

^  Plants  with  a  colorless  juice.     Calyx  a  cap,  falling  off  whole. 

Petals  4,  orange-yellow.  Lvs.  dissected.   California  Poppy.  Eschscholt'zia. 
b  Pod  1-celled,  smooth.     Leaves  pinnately  divided.     Fls.  yellow. 

Stamens  24-82,  shorter  than  the  4  petals.  Celandine.  Chelido'nium. 

b  Pod  2-celled,  rough.    Leaves  palmate.    Stig.  2-horned.   Horn  Poppy.  Glau'cium. 

c  Style  present,  stigmas  3  or  4.  Stem  lvs.  2,  opposite.  Yellow  Poppy.  Meconop'sis 

c  Style  none,  stigmas  4  or  6.    Stem  lvs.  alternate.   Prickly  Poppy.  Argemo'nk 


L  SANGUINA'RIA.     Bloodroot. 

Sepals  2,  caducous.  Petals  8-12,  the  outer  longer. 
Stamens  about  24.  Stigma  sessile,  1  or  2-lobed.  Cap- 
sule pod-like,  oblong,  1-celled,  2-valved,  acute  at  each 
end,  and  many-seeded. — U  A  low,  acaulescent  plant, 
with  white  flowers,  and  full  of  a  red  or  orange-colored 
juice. 

S.  Canadensis.  Bloodroot.  An  interesting  plant,  in  shady,  rich 
soils,  flowering  in  early  spring.  Ehizoma  thick,  fleshy,  and 
when  broken  or  wounded  exudes  a  blood-colored  juice,  as 
does  every  other  part.  From  each  joint  of  the  root-stock 
springs  a  single  large  glaucous  leaf,  and  a  scape  about  6' 
high,  bearmg  a  single  flower.  Leaf  kidney-shaped,  with 
lobes  separated  by  rounded  sinuses  between.  Flower  of  a 
square  outline,  white,  scentless,  and  of  short  duration. 

jF'jfi'.  388.  Sanguinaria  Canadensis:  &,  the  pod;  c,  cross-section  of  It; 
d,  seed  cut  open,  showing  the  embryo. 


2.  PAPA'YER.     Poppy. 

Sepals  2,  caducous.  Petals  4.  Stamens  00.  Stigmas 
many,  united  into  a  star-like  crown,  sessile  upon  the 
thick  ovary.  Capsule  1-celled,  opening  by  pores  beneath 
the  edges  of  the  stigma.  Exotic  herbs,  mostly  O,  with 
a  milk-white  juice  abounding  in  opium. 


*  Bristly  or  hairy.     Leaves  pinnatifid.     Flowers  scarlet 2,3 

*  Smooth,  glaucous.     Loaves  cut-tcothed,  clasping.    Flowers  whito 


Order  12.— THE  FUMEWORTS.  159 


1  P.  somnif' eram.     Opium  P.     Fls.  large,  often  double,     t     Summer. 

2  P.  dubium.     Small  Bed  P.     Pod  club-shaped,   smooth.     Leaves  coarsely 

divided.     Flowers  light  red,  smaller  than  in  No.  1.     M.  S.     Summer. 
2  P.  Rheas.     Corn  P.     Pod  globular,   smooth.     Leaves  more  finely  divided. 
Flowers  large  and  brilliant,  deep  scarlet,  often  double,    t    Sum. 


Order  XII.   FUMARIACEJE.     The  Fumeworts. 

Herbs  smooth  and  delicate,  with  brittle  stems  and  watery  juice  ; 

leaves  usually  alternate,  many  cleft  or  compound  ; 

fiowers  irregular,  purple,  white  or  yellow ;  sepals  2,  very  small ; 

petals  4,  more  or  less  cohering,  one  or  both  of  the  outer  saccate,  the  two 

inner  inclosing  the  anthers  in  their  coherent  tips ; 
stamens  6,  in  2  sets  of  3  in  each ;  pistil  1 ;  pod  1-celled. 

Analysis  of  the  Genera. 

*  Corolla  equally  2-spurred  or  2-saccate  at  base. . .  .a 

*  Corolla  unequal,  only  1  of  the  petals  spurred b 

a  Petals  slightly  united  or  distinct,  deciduous.     Not  climbing.  Dicen'tra.  1 

a  Petals  firmly  united,  persistent.   Plants  climbing.  Mountain  Fringe.  Adlu'mia. 
b  Ovary  with  several  seeds,  forming  a  slender  pod.         Corydal.  Cokyd'alis.  2 
b  Ovary  with  1  seed,  becoming  a  globular  nut.  Fumitory.  Fuma'ria. 

1.  DICEN'TRA.     Ear-drop. 

Sepals  2,  very  small,  sometimes  disappearing.  The  2  outer  petals  alike, 
saccate  at  base,  with  spreading  tips;  the  2  inner  alike,  spoon-shaped, 
meeting  face  to  face  over  the  stamens  and  pistils.  Filaments  flat,  separate 
or  not.  Middle  anther  of  each  set  2-celled,  the  outer  1-celled.  Pod 
man  j-seeded. — li 

§  Low  herbs  (6'),  with  white  flowers  in  shnple  racemes 1,2 

§  Taller  (l-2f,),  with  purple  flowers  racemed  or  panicled 3,  4 

I  D.  cucuUa'ria.   White  Ear-drop.    Eoot  bulb-like.     Spurs  of  the  flowers  divergent 

acute,  straight.     Flower  nearly  as  broad  as  long.     Spring. 
J  D.  Canaden'sis.     Sqmrrel-corn.     Eoot  bearing  yellow  tubers  as  large  as  peas.  Fls 
niueli  longer  than  broad,  spurs  rounded,  incurved.     May,  Jn. 
3  D.  exim'ia.      Wild  Purple  Ear-drop.     Kacenics   panicled.      Flowers   oblong 

■«vith  very  short  blunt  spurs.     Sepals  manifest.     M.  S.  t 
3  D.  spectab'ilis.    Chinese  E.    Raceme  simple.     Flowers  nearly  as  broad  as  long 
(T),  very  fine  and  showy;  scpalo  obsolete,  t 


160 


THE  FLORA. 


2.  CORYD'ALIS.     Corydal. 
Sepals  2,  very  small.     Petals  4,  one  of  which  is  spurred  at  base.     Fila- 
ments with  broad  bases  united  into  2  sets,  sheatliing  the  ovary.     Pod  2- 
valved,  slender,  many-seeded.    Leaves  twice  ternate,  on  the  stem.     In 
rocky  places.     Spring. 

C.  glau'ca.    Finh  C.     Erect.     FIs.  pink-yellow,  panicled.    Leaf-lobes  obtuse.  © 
0.  au^rea.     Golden  C.     Diffuse.     FIs.  yellow,  racemed.    Leaf-lobes  acute,  (i) 


Fig.  3S9.  Dicentra  cucullaria,  entire  plant.    Fig.  890.  Enlarged  view  of  a  flower.   Fig.  391.  A 
section  of  the  same.    Fig.  892.  A  flower  (enlarged)  of  D.  Canadensis. 


Order  XIII.   CRUCIFER.E.    The  Crucifers,  or 
Mustardworts. 

Herl)s  with  alternate  leaves  and  no  stipules,  and  regular  flowers,  with 
fiepals  4,  and  petals  4,  spreading  in  the  form  of  a  cross ; 


Order  13.— THE  CRUCIFERS. 


161 


itamens  6,  2  of  tliera  on  opposite  sides  shorter  than  the  rest ;  an 

ovarij  of  2  united  carpels,  forming  in  fruit  a 

silique  or  silicle^  with  2  cells  and  few  or  many  seeds; 

seeds  without  albumen,  the  large  evihnjo  variously  bent  and  folded. 

Note. — Under  this  large  Order,  as  under  others,  we  present  to  our  young  readers  a  complete 
analysis,  by  which  tliey  may  trace  to  its  genus  any  3[iistardicort  growing  in  the  United  States 
But  as  the  genera  are  so  nearly  alike,  great  care  and  close  observation  will  be  needful  In  avoiding 
mistakes.    The  plants  for  examination  must  be  in  fruit  as  well  as  in  flower. 


Fig.  893.  Flower  of  White  Mustard.    Fiff.  394.  Same,  with  its  parts  separated.    Fig.  395.  A 
ellique,  ripe  and  open.    Fig.  396.  Draba  verna.    Fig.  397.  A  pod  open. 

Analysis  of  the  Genera. 
*  Garden  plants  cultivated  for  ornament  or  art. 

1  Fruit  a  silique  or  long  pod  (§  3G3) 5 

1  Fruit  a  siliclo  or  short  pod  (§  3()4) 2 

2  Silicle  2-celled,  with  2  or  more  seeds 3 

2  Silicle  1-celled,  with  one  seed  only.  Woad.  Isa''ti8. 

3  Petals  all  equal ...  .4 

3  Petals  unequal,  the  2  outside  ones  larger.  Candij-tvft.  Ibi/ris.  1 

4  Some  of  the  stamens  toothed.     Gardens.  Madwort.  Alys'sum. 

4  Stamens  all  toothless.     Silioles  very  large  and  thin.         Satin-Jivwer.  Lu.na'ria. 

5  Seeds  flat.     Stigma  rounded  or  head-shaped.     Wall-flower.  CuKntAN'Tiics. 

5  Seeds  flat.     Stigmas  2-horned,  spreading.  Stock.  Mattiii'ola. 

6  Seeds  egg-shaped.    Stigpaa  with  2  converging  lobes.       liocket.  HksYirm, 


162  THE  FLORA. 


**  Plants  growing  wild^  or  cultivated  for  food. 

„    .        .,.  ,,    ,  ,        ,     .       ( flowers  yellow 8 

1  Fnut  a  Bihque,  2-celled  lengthwise,  \  ^^^^^^  ^^^.^^^  p^^^.p^^^  ^^ ^ 

1  Fruit  a  silicle,  2-celled  lengthwise,  \  .  ^,.      '***,      o 

(  flowers  white,  purple,  &c 2 

I  Fruit  a  jointed  pod,  with  the  partitions  crosswise. . .  .11 
2  Silicle  flattened  or  turgid,  with  a  broad  partition 4 

2  Silicle  flattened  contrary  to  the  narrow  partition. . .  .3 

3  Silicle  triang.,  seeds  several  in  each  cell.  S/iepTierd-s-puree.  Ca.psel'la.  S 

3  Silicle  roundish,  with  one  seed  in  each  cell.  Pepper-grass.  Lepip^ium.  4 

3  Silicle  double,  with  one  seed  in  each  lobe.    S.       Swine  Cress.  Senebik'ra.  5 

4  Silicle  flattened.    Leaves  cauline  or  radical.  WJiitlow-grass.  Draba.  6 

4  Silicle  turgid.    Leaves  cauline.  Horse  Radish.  Aemora'cia 

4  Silicle  turgid.    Leaves  all  radical.  r.  Awhcort.  Subula''ria. 

5  Silicle  obovoid,  i.e.,  inversely  egg-shaped,  turgid.  False  Flax.  Cameli''na. 
5  Sil.  globose,  turgid,  membranous.  Style  long.  Bladder-pod.  Vesiga'ria. 
5  Silicle  oblong,  turgid,  and  somewhat  terete.  Cress.  Nastur''tium. 

6  Seeds  arranged  in  two  rows  in  each  cell,  not  winged.  Cress.  Nastur'tiuji. 

6  Seeds  in  two  rows  in  each  cell,  wing  margin.  Tower-miietard.  Tur'ritis. 

6  Seeds  arranged  in  a  single  row  in  each  cell 7 

7  Sil.  linear,  flattish,  each  valve  with  1  central  vein.        Roch  Cress.  Ar'abis.  i 
7  Silique  lanceolate,  flat,  the  valves  veinless.  Tootli-root.  Denta'ria.  8 

7  Siliques  linear,  veinless,  terete.  Flws.  purple.  False  Rochet.  Iodan'thus. 
7  Siliques  linear,  veinless,  flat.    Fls.  whitish.       Cuckoo- jiov}er.  Cardami''ne.  9 

8  Seeds  ovate  or  oblong. . .  .9 

8  Seeds  globose 10 

8  Seeds  flat,  with  a  broad,  winged  margin.     S.  Leavenworth'ia. 

9  Calyx  i-open.  Lvs.  runcinate,  or  finely  dissect.    Hedge-mustard.  Sisym'brium. 
9  Calyx  closed.    Leaves  lyrate-pinnatifid.  Winter  Cress.  Barba'rka.  10 

9  Calyx  closed.    Leaves  lanceolate.  False  Wall-flower.  Erys'imum.  11 

10  Ciilyx  spreading.     Valves  of  the  pod  1-3- veined.  Mustard,  Sina^pis.  12 

10  Calyx  mostly  erect.     Valves  of  the  pod  1-veined.         Cabbage,  dtc.  Bras'sica. 

II  Pods  short,  2-jointed,  with  1  seed  in  each  joint.  Sea-rocket.  Caki'ee. 
11  Pods  with  several  transverse  joints  and  cells.             Radish.  Raph^anus. 

1.  IBE'RIS.     Candy- tuft. 

The  two  outside  petals  larger  than  the  two  inside  ones.     Pods  flattened, 
truncate,  emarginate,  the  cells  one-seeded. — Foreign,  ornamental  plants. 
1  Flowers  white.     Plain  about  If.  high ....  2-4 
1  I.  umbella'ta.     Purple  C.     Fls.  purple,  in  umbels.    Lvs.  serrate,  upper  entire. 

2  I.  ama'ra.     Bitter  C.     Corymbs  lengthening  into  racemes.     Lvs.  slightly  toothed. 

3  I.  piiina'ta.     Wing-leaved  0.     Corymbs  scarcely  lengthening.     Leaves  pinnatifid. 

4  I.  saxat'ilis.     Rock  C.     Corymbs  not  lengthening.     Shrubby.     Lvs.  linear,  entire. 


Order  13.— THE  CRUCIFERS.  163 


2.  LUNA'RIA.     Satin-flower. 

Sepals  somewhat  2-lobed  at  base  of  the  flower.  Petals  nearly  entire. 
Stamens  without  teeth.  Silicle  oval  or  lanceolate,  flat,  usually  very  large, 
with  a  stalk.  Seed-stalk  adhering  to  the  partition. — Foreign,  ornamental 
plants. 

L.  rediviVa.  Perennial  S.  Pods  lanceolate,  narrowed  to  each  end.  Lvs.  sharp- 
toothed,    n. 

L.  bien'nis.  Biennial  S.  Pods  broad-oval,  rounded  at  each  end.  Lvs.  blunt- 
toothed.     0 

8.  CAPSEL'LA.     Shepherd's-purse. 

Calyx  equal  at  base.  Silicles  triangular,  wedge-shaped  at  base,  notched 
at  top,  compressed  laterally,  that  is,  contrary  to  the  narrow  partition. 
Valves  boat-shaped.  Style  short.  Seeds  00,  oblong,  small. — A  common 
weed,  with  white  flowers. 

C.  Bursa-Pasto'ris.  Shepherd'' 8-purse.  Found  everyvt'here,  in  fields,  pastures,  and 
road-sides.  Stem  growing  to  a  foot  in  height,  hairy  below,  branching.  Koot 
leaves  many  (when  the  plant  has  room),  half  a  foot  long,  deeply-lobed  and 
toothed.  Stem  leaves  much  shorter,  with  two  ear-shaped  stem-clasping  lobes 
at  base.  Flowers  very  amall,  in  racemes  which  become  very  long,  and  are  suc- 
ceeded by  the  little  purse-shaped  pods.     Apr -Sept.     (See  Fig.  331.) 

4.  LEPID'IUM.     Pepper-grass. 

Sepals  ovate.  Petals  ovate,  entire.  Silicles  roundish  or  oval,  notched 
at  the  end,  flattened  contrary  to  the  very  narrow  partition.  Cells  1 -seed- 
ed.    Valves  boat-shaped,  dehiscent.     Flowers  white,  racemed,  numerous. 

1  Stem  leaves  undivided.     Flowers  from  June  to  Sept 2 

1  L  sativum.     Leaves  all  divided  and  lobcd.     Pods  round.     Gardens.     July. 

2  L  Virginicum.    Tongue-grass.    Pods  round,  wingless.     Stem  leaves  toothed. 

3  L  rudera'le.     Pods  roundish-oval,  wingless.     Petals  0.    Stem  leaves  entire.    "W. 

4  L  campes'trc.    Pods  ovate,  winged,  rough-scaly.    Leaves  arrow-shaped.    W. 

5.  SEi^EBIE'RA.     Swine  Cress. 

Silicle  2-lobed,  appearing  double.     Valve   somewhat  turgid  and  inde 
hiscent.     Cells  each  with   1   roundish   and   3-cornered  seed.     Flowers 
white,  in  short  racemes  which  stand  opposite  to  the  leaves. 


164  THE  FLORA. 


S.  pinnatifida.  A  prostrate,  weed-like  plant,  common  at  the  South,  in  fields  and  on 
river-banks.  Leaves  divided  in  a  pinnate  manner,  into  oblong,  toothed  lobes. 
Flowers  obscure,  with  scarcely  any  petals.  Silicles  flattened,  notched  at  apex, 
wrinkled  on  the  surface.    Feb.-July. 


6.  DKA'BA.     Wliitlow-grass. 

Calyx  equal  at  base.  Petals  equal.  Filaments  without  teeth.  Silicle 
oval-oblong,  entire,  flattened  parallel  to  the  broad  partition.  Cells  2, 
many-seeded.  Seeds  not  margined. — Low  herbs,  with  small  white  ©r 
yellow  flowers  in  racemes.     (See  Fig.  396.) 

§  Petals  2-cleft,  white.     Leaves  all  radical 1 

§  Petals  entire  or  merely  notched.     Stems  more  or  less  leafy. . .  .a 

a  Style  present.     Plants  perennial 2,  3 

a  Style  none.     Plants  annual  or  biennial. . .  .b 

b  Pedicels  as  long  or  longer  than  the  pod. . .  .4,  5 
b  Pedicels  shorter  than  their  pods .... 
1  D.verna.  Spring  W.  Leaves  oblong,  hairy.  Scape  1-5'' high,  0  (See  Fig.  396.) 
2  D.  arabi'sans.    Mock  W.     Leaves  minutely  toothed.     Silicle  twisted,  longer  than 

the  pedicel,  oblong-lanceolate,  4-6''''  long.     Lake  shores.     (Figs.  155-159.) 
8  D.  ramosis'sima.    Bushy  W.     Leaves  with  remote  and  slender  teeth.     Silicle  as 
long  as  its  pedicel,  style  half  as  long.     Flowers  white.    Eocks. 
*  4  D.  nemora'lis.     Wood  W.     Petals  notched  at  end.     Pod  half  as  long  as  ilR 
pedicel.     Seeds  near  30.     Flowers  yellowish-white.     N-W. 
4  D.  brachycar''pa.    Short-f I'uitedj  TV.    Petals  entire.    Pod  as  long  as  pedicel, 
10-12-seeded.     Leaves  round-ovate.    S.  W.    March,  April. 

5  D.  Carolinia'na.     Leaves  round-ovate,  entire.     Pods  linear,  in  a  sort  of  corymb. 

Flowers  white.    Plant  hispid,  1-3''  high.     E.  S.     April-June. 

6  D.  cuneifo'lia.     Wedge-leaved  W.    Leaves  wed,i;e-oblong.    Pods  lance-oblong,  20- 

30-seeded,  racemed.     Plant  3-8'  high.     S-W. 


7.  AE'ABIS.     Rock  Cress.     Sickle-pod. 

Sepals  erect.  Petals  clawed,  entire.  Silique  linear,  flattened,  valves 
one-veined  in  the  middle.  Seeds  in  a  single  row  in  each  cell.  Flowers 
white.     Aprilr-June. 

§  Leaves  all  (or  at  least  the  radical)  pinnatifid 1,  2 

§  Leaves  all  undivided  ;  toothed  or  entire,  often  clasping. . .  .a 

a  Siliques  short  (6-12^'')  and  straight.     Seeds  not  winged 3,  4 

a  Siliques  longer  (1-2''),  straight  or  curved.     Seeds  not  winged 5,  8 

a  Siliques  long  (30>  curved,  hanging.     Seeds  winged 7,  8 


Order  13.— THE  CRUCIFEES.  1  f»5 

1  A.  Ludovicia''na.     Loiiiaiana  R.     All  the  leaves   fenther-cleft.     Seeds   nor- 

dered.     Plant  slender,  6-10'  high.     S.     Mar.,  Apr. 

2  A.  lyra''ta.    Lyre-leaved  E.     Only  the  root  leaves  feather-cleft.     Seeds  not 

bordered.     Plant  6-12^  high.     Pods  '[\-2'  long. 
S  A.  Thalia'na.    Mouse-ear  E.     Stems  erect.     Leaves  nearly  entire.     Petals  twice 

longer  than  the  sepals.     Pods  erect.     Plant  downy.    May. 
A.  A.  denta''ta.     Toothed  E.    Stems  diffuse.     Leaves  sharply  toothed.     Petals  scarce 

longer  than  sepals.     Pods  spreading.     Eongh.     M.  W. 

5  A.  patens.    Patent  E.   Downy.    Pods  spreading  and  curved  upwards,  beaked 

with  a  distinct  style,    w.     W.  S. 

6  A.  hirsu''ta.    Hairy  E.     Plant  hairy.     Siliques  straight,  erect.     Style  none. 

Leaves  arrow-shaped.     Fls.  g. 

7  A.  laeviga'ta.     Smooth  Siclcle-pod.    Stem  leaves  arrow-shaped,  clasping,  narrow. 

Pod  spreading.     Plant  glabrous,  2f.  high. 

8  A.  Canaden''sis.     True  Sickle-pod.     Stem  leaves  pointed  at  both  ends,  sessile.    Pod 

curved,  pendulous.     Tall,  downy. 

8.  DENTA'KIA.     Tooth-root.    Pepper-root. 

Sepals  converging  or  closed.  Silique  lanceolate,  with  flat,  veinless 
valves  opening  elasticallj.  Seeds  in  a  single  row  in  each  cell,  ovate,  not 
bordered. — Plants  U.  Rhizoma  prostrate,  jointed.  Stem  leaves  but  2  or 
3.     Flowers  white  or  purplish. 

T[  Stem  leaves  almost  opposite  or  whorled. . .  1,  2,  3 

T[  Stem  leaves  alternate  or  scattered.     Koot-stock  moniliform 4,  5 

1  D.  diphyl'la,     Ttvo-leaved  P.     Stem  leaves  2  only,  leaflets  8,  tDvate,  toothed. 

2  JD.  lacinia'ta.     Cut-leaved  P.     Stem  leaves  3,  leaflets  3-5,  linear,  cleft. 

8  D.  multif'ida.     Stem  leaves  2-3,  numerously  divided  into  linear  leaflets.     S, 

4  D.  max'ima.     Leaflets  3,  ovate,  cut  and  cleft.     Lvs.  S-7.     Fls.  purple.     M. 

5  D.  heterophyl'la.    Lflts.  3,  nearly  entire ;  of  the  rt.  lvs.  round-ovate,  toothed. 

9.  CAPwDAMrNE.     Bitter  Cress. 
Calyx  a  little  spreading.     Silique  linear,  with  flat,  veinless  valves  which 
are  narrower  than  the  partition.     Stigma  entire.     Seeds  not  margined, 
with  a  slender  seed-stalk.     Flowers  white  or  purple. 

*  Leaves  pinnate  with  many  leaflets.     April-June 1,2 

*  Leaves  simple  or  partly  ternate.     Mostly  perennials a 

a  Style  slender.     In  low,  wet  grounds 

a  Style  none.     In  high  mountains 

1  0.  hirsu'ta.    Pennsijlvanian  0.    Smooth,  about  If.  erect.     Leaves  5-11-foliate,  the 

terminal  lobe  largest,  3-lobed.     Stigma  sessile.     "Wet.     @     c. 

2  C.  praten''sis.     Cuckoo-flower.     Stem  simple,  ascendinsr.  If.     Leaves  7-lo-foliate, 

with  Btalked,  roundish  k'iitlel5.     Style  present.     Flowers  large.     Wet.     % 


166  THE   FLORA. 


a  O.  rhomboid'ia.    Rhombic  C.    Steins  upright,  bearing  tubers  at  base.     Poda 

linear-lanceolate.     Leaves  roundish  and  rhomboidal.     w.  or  p.    c. 
4  C.  rotundifo'lia.   Bound-leaved  G.    Stems  decumbent,  branched.     Pods  linear- 
subulate.     Leaves  roundish,  lower  3-lobed.     w.     By  streams. 
5  C  biUidifo'lia.     Daisy-leaved  G.     Leaves  smooth,  roundish.     Pods  erect.     Height 

1-3^     N.  H. 
C  O.  spatula'ta.    Spath-leaved  G.    Leaves  hairy,  spatulate.     Pods  spreading.     6''.   S. 

10.  BARBA'REA.     Winter  Cress. 

Sepals  erect,  nearly  equal  at  base.  Silique  columnar,  2-4-cornered. 
Valves  concave  or  keel-shaped  by  means  of  a  strong  central  vein.  Seeds 
in  a  single  row.     Leaves  lyrate-pinnatifid.     Flowers  yellow. 

B.  vulga^ris.  Winter  Gress.  Common  in  old  fields,  also  brook-sides.  Whole  plant 
glabrous.  Stem  l-2f,  higli,  branching  above.  Leaves  lyrate  with  the  terminal 
lobe  roundish,  upper  leaves  obovate,  pinnatifid  at  base,  crenate,  or  repand- 
dentate — all  dark  green,  sliining.  Flowers  showy,  in  racemes.  Pods  ob- 
scurely 4-cornered,  slender,  ij'  long,  curved  upwards.    May,  June,     ti 

11.  ERYSIMUM.     False  Wall-flower. 

Calyx  closed.  Silique  linear,  4-sided.  Stigma  capitate.  Seeds  in  a 
single  row  in  each  cell.     Mostly  ©.     Flowers  yellow. 

1  E.  cheiranthoi'des.     Stem  ascending.  Fls.  small.  Pods  spreading,  l''in  length.  M. 

2  E.  Arkansa'num.      Yellow  Phlox.     Stem  strictly  erect.     Flowers   large  {^'  broad). 

Pods  2-3' long.     Kiver  bluffs.     A  fine  plant.  W. 

12.  SIN'ATIS.     Mustard. 

Sepals  spreading.  Petals  ovate,  with  straight  claws.  Silique  nearly- 
terete,  valves  3-veined.     Style  short.     Seeds  in  a  single  row,  globular. — 

0  or  ©  with  yellow  flowers.     (Figs.  393,  394.) 

1  S.  nigra.     Black  M.    Upper  leaves  lance-linear,  entire.     Pod  4-cornered,  smooth. 

2  S.  arven'sis.     Field  M.     Leaves  all  repand-toothcd.     Pods  torose,  smooth. 

3  S.  alba.    White  M.    Leaves  all  lyrate-pinnatifid.    Pods  bristly,  shorter  than  beak. 


Order  XYI.     YIOLA'CE.E.     Violets. 

Eerhs  with  simple  (often  cleft),  alternate  leaves  with  stipules  ; 
flowers  irregular,  spurred,  with  the  sepals,  petals,  and  stamens  in  S's ; 
corolla  spurred  at  base;  anthers  united:  2  of  the  filaments  appendaged; 


Okder  13.— violets. 


167 


style  1,  with  a  one-sided  stigma;  capsule  1-celled,  3-valved; 
seeds  many,  with  the  embryo  nearly  as  long  as  the  albumen. 


Analysis  of  the  Genera. 

Sepals  unequal,  with  ear-shaped  lobes  at  base. 
Sepals  nearly  equal,  not  appendaged  at  base. 


Green  Violet. 


Viola.  1 
So 'lea. 


1.  VrOLA.  Violet. 
Sepals  5,  prolonged  at  base  into  two  auriciilate 
lobes.  Petals  more  or  less  unequal,  the  largest 
one  spurred  at  base,  the  2  opposite  ones  at  the 
sides  equal,  the  2  upper  ones  all  equal.  Stamens 
cohering  by  their  anthers,  2  of  them  spurred  at 
base.  Seeds  attached  to  the  valves  of  the  capsule. 
— U  Low  herbs,  caulescent  or  acaulescent.  Pe- 
duncles angular,  solitary,  1 -flowered,  nodding  at 
the  top. 

*  Acaulescent :  leaves  and  flowers  all  radical. . .  .a  Fig.  S9S.  Violet  No.  1 :  section. 

*  Caulescent :  stems  leafy d 

a  Flowers  blue. .  ..b 

a  Flowers  white Nos.  2-4. 

a  Flowers  yellow. . .  .No.  1. 

b  Petals  beardless 5-7 

b  Petals  bearded c 

c  Leaves  divided.... 8,  9  [otic  22. 

c  Leaves  undivided 10-12,  and  the  E.\- 

d  Pet.  yellow.  Steins  leafy  at  the  top  only 13-15 

d  Petals  not  yellow,  or  but  partly  yellow e 

e  Stipules  entire.     Summer 16 

e  Stipules  fringe-toothed.    May.,  June 17-19 

e  Stipules  lyrate-]>innatifid,  very  large 20-21 

1  V.  rotundifo'lia.    Early  Yelloiv  Violet.    Lvs,  round-ovate, 
cordate,  smooth.     Sepals  blunt.     April. 

2  V.  lanceola'ta.  Lance-leavedV.  Lvs.  lanceolate,  tapering  to  the  base.  Some  bearded. 

3  V.  primulsefo'lia.    Primrose  V.     Lvs.  lance-ovate,  abrupt  at  base.     Fls.  beardless. 

4  V.  blanda.   Sweet  Wild  V.   Leaves  round-cordate.    Fls.  beardless,  fragrant.  May. 

5  V.  palus'tris.  Boff  V.  Lvs.  reniforin-cordate.  Spur  very  t^hort.  Stii)S.  ovate.  White  Mts. 

6  V.  Selkir'kii.  Selkirk's  V.   Lvs.  round-cor.    Spur  near  as  long  as  petals,  blunt.  May. 

7  V.  peda'ta.  Foot-leaved  F.Lvs.  pedate,  5-9-part.,segm.  narrow,  entire.  Koot  preinorse. 

8  V.  delphinifo'lia.    Larkspur  V.    Leaves  in  7-9  linear,  3-eleft  segments.    W.  ApriU 

9  V.palma'ta.    Pahn-leaved  V.    Leaves  hastntc-lobed.  cordate.     Variety  of  No.  10, 


Fig.  399.  Kipe,  open  cap- 
sule of  Violet. 


108 


THE  FLORA. 


10  V.  cuculla'ta.  Hood-leaved  V,  Leaves  reniform-cordate,  base  lobes  involute,  com. 

11  V.  villo'sa.     Woolly  V.     Leaves  round-ovate,  cordate,  obtuse,  flat,  downy.     M.  S. 

12  V.  sagitta'ta.  Airow-lcd.  V.  Lvs.  lance-oblong,  some  sagittate  or  cut-toothed  at  base. 

13  V.  hasta'ta.    Halherd-leaved  V.    Smooth.    Lvs.  hastate.   Stip.  ovate,  minute.    S. 

14  V.  tripar'tita.    Three-cleft  V.    Hairy.    Lvs.  deeply  3-parted.    Stip.  lanceolate.    S. 

15  V.  pubes'cens.    Downy  V.    Downy.    Lvs.  broad-cordate.     Stip.  ovate,  large,   c. 
6  V.  Canaden'sis.    Canada  V.     Plant  If.  high.     Leaves  cordate,  pointed,  smooth. 

17  V.  stria'ta.  Cream- colored  V.  Spur  i  the  lengtli  of  the  corolla.  Stip.  large,  oblong. 

18  V.  Muhlenber'gii.  MuMenberg' s  V.  Spur  k  the  length  of  corolla.  Stip.  lanceolate. 

19  V.  rostra 'ta.     Long- spurred  V.     Spur  longer  than  corolla.     Stipules  lanceolate. 

20  V.  tric'olor.  Pa/zsy.  HearUease.  Stipules  as  large  as  the  leaves.  Fls.  three-colored. 

21  V.  grandiflo'ra.    Great-fioicered  V.     Stip,  much  smaller  than  the  leaves.    Purple,  t 
22  V.  odora'ta.     Sweet  English  V.     Stolons  creeping,     Lvs.  cordate.     Fragrant,    i 


Order  XYIII.  HYPERICACE^.     St.  Johnsworts. 

Her'bs  or  shrubs  with  opposite,  entire^ 
dotted  leaves,  and  no  stipules ; 

fiowers  mostly  yellow,  in  cymes  ; 

sepals  unequal,  4-5,  dotted ; 

petals  4-5,  twisted  in  the  bud,  dotted, 
and  with  the  veins  oblique ; 

stamens  hypogynous,  in  3  or  more  par- 
cels; 

ovary  superior ;  style  1 ; 

fruit  a  capsule  or  berry,  many-seeded. 


Analysis  of  the  Genera. 

Petals  and  sepals  5 2 

Petals  and  sepals  4.    Flowers  yellow. 

St.  Feterswo?'t.  As'cykuii. 
2  Fls.  yellow.  St.  Johnswort.  Hyper'icum.  1 
2  Flowers  purplish.  Elodk^\. 


Fig.  400.  Hypericum  perforatum  (Common  St. 
Johnswort):  stem,  leaves,  and  flowers.  Fig.  401. 
The  stamens  in  3  sets  surrounding  the  ovary  with  3 
Btyles.    Fig.  ^^2.  Cross-section  of  the  ovary. 


Order  18.-ST.  JOHNSWORTS.  169 


HYPER'ICUM.     St.  Johnswort. 


Sepals  5,  connected  at  base,  nearly  equal,  leaf-like.  Petals  5,  oblique. 
Stamens  many  (sometimes  few  and  distinct),  united  into  3-5  parcels  with 
no  glands  between  them.  Styles  3-5,  either  distinct  or  united  at  base. 
Capside  1 -celled,  or  3-5-celled. — Herbs  or  shrubs,  with  branching  stems, 
opposite,  entire  leaves,  and  yellow  flowers.     (Figs.  210,  211,  400-402.) 

§  Stamens  25  to  100,  more  or  less  united  into  sets a 

§  Stamens  5  to  15,  not  at  all  united g 

a  Carpels  (pistils)  and  styles  5  or  more.     Capsule  5-cellcd Nos.  1,  2 

a  Carpels  3.     Capsule  3-celled  (the  partitions  meeting) b 

a  Carpels  3.     Capsule  1-celled  (the  partitions  not  quite  meeting) c 

b  Shrubby.     Petals  not  dotted.    Leaves  lanceolate  or  oblanceolate.. ..8-5 

b  Shrubby.    Petals  not  dotted.     Leaves  linear 6,  7 

b  Herbaceous.     Petals  sprinkled  with  black  dots 8-10 

c  Shrubs.    Styles  united  into  1 d 

c  Half-shrubby.     Styles  united  into  1 e 

c  Herbaceous.     Styles  distinct,  at  least  at  the  top f 

d  Flowers  solitary  or  in  3's,  axillary.     Stems  2-edgcd 11,  12 

d  Flowers  clustered  in  a  con^ipound,  terminal  cyme 13,  14 

e  Flowers  in  a  leafless,  stalked  c}"me.     Loaves  obtuse 15,  16 

e  Flowers  in  a  leafy  (few-leaved)  cyme.     Leaves  acute 17,  18 

f  Stem  or  branches  4-cornered  or  square 19,  20 

f  Stem  and  branches  terete,  not  angular 21,  22 

g  Flowers  in  corymbous  cymes 23,  2-i 

g  Flowers  racemed  on  the  slender  branches 25,  20 

1  H.  pyramida'tum.    Giant  S.     Herb  3-4f ,  flowers  2''  broad.     Leaves  lance-oblong. 

2  H.  Kalmia'num.     KalrrCi  S.     Shrub  l-2f ,  flowers  1'  broad.     Leaves  lance-linear. 

3  H.  Buckle 'yi.    BttckUy's  S.    Leaves  obovate.     Flowers  terminal,  solitary.    iS. 

4  H.  prolif 'icum.    Prolijic  S.    Lvs.  lance-oblong.    Cymes  compound.    W, 

5  H.  galeoi'des.     Bedstraw  S.     Lvs.  lance-linear.     Clusters  axillary.     S. 

6  H.  rosmarinifo'lium.     Rosemary  S.     Lvs.  petioled,  shorter  than  internodes.     S. 

7  H.  fascicula'tum.     Clustered  S.     Lvs.  sessile,  longer  than  t lie  internodes.     S. 

8  H.  perfora'tum.     Punctured  S.     Stem  2-edged.     Lvs.  i<mall,  light-dotted,     c. 

9  H.  corymbo'sum.     Corymhed  S.     Stem  terete.    Lvs.  large,  black-dotted,    c. 

10  H.  macula'tum.    Spotted  S.     St.  terete.    All  over  black-dotted.     Sty.  long. 

11  H.  au'reum.   Gulden  S.  Lvs.  thick,  obtuse,  sessile.  FIs.  large  (U^).  Stam.  500  !    S. 

12  H.  ambig'uum.  Dubious  S.  Lvs.  thin,  acute,  sessile.   Fls.  S^'  broad.  Pet.  toothed.  S. 

13  H.  myrtifo'lium.   Myrtle  S.    Branches  terete.    Lvs.  clasping.    Cyme  leafy.   S. 

14  H.  cistifo'Iium.  Rockrose  S.  Branches  2-edged.  Lvs.  sessile.  Cyme  If aH ess.  S. 

15  H.  nudiflo'ram.    Kaked-Jlowered  S.     Lvs.  lance-ovate.     Pod  ovoid-conic.     M.S. 

16  H.  spha&rocar'pon.     Ronnd-frvifrd  SI.     liVS.  lincar-ol.lojig.      Pod  globular.    W. 

8 


170  THE   FLORA. 


17  H.  adpres'sum.     Closed  S.     Lvs.  lialf-erect.    Petals  obovnte,  longer  tlian  sep. 

18  H.  dolabrifor'me.    Hatchet  S.    Lvs,  spreading.    Pet.  dolabriform^  long  as  sep. 

19  H.  angulo'sum.     Angled  S.     Lvs.  ovate,  acute.     Style  thrice  longer  than  ovary. 

20  H  ellip'ticum.    Elliptic  S.     Lvs.  elliptic,  obtuse.     Style  as  long  as  ovary.    N.  M. 

21  H.  grave'olens.    Strong-scented  S.    Smooth.    Lvs.  oblong-ovate,  clasping.    S. 

22  H.  pilo'sum.     IlairT/  S.     Hairy.     Lvs.  lance-ovate,  appressed.     S. 

23  H.  mu'ticum.     Dwarf  S.     Lvs.  ovate,  clasping,  5-veined.     Cymes  leafy,     c. 

24  H.  Canaden'se.     Canada  S.     Lvs.  linear,  black-dotted.     Cymes  leafless,     c. 

25  H.  Saro'thra.     Fine-weed  S.     Lvs.  awl-shapcd,  minute.     FIs.  sessile. 

26  H.  Drummon'dii.     Drummond'' s  S.     Lvs.  linear.     FIs.  stalked.    W. 


Order  XIX.   DROSERACEJS.     The  Sundews. 

Herhs  growing  in  bogs,  often  covered  with  glands,  with 
leaves  alternate,  circinate  (rolled  from  top  to  base)  in  the  bud ; 
Jioicers  regular,  of  5  persistent  sepals  and  5  withering  j9e^aZ«; 
stamens  5,  distinct,  and  a  single,  compound  ovary  ; 
styles  1-5,  and  fruit  a  1-3-celled  many-seeded  capsule,  and  with 
seeds  having  a  small  embryo  at  the  base  of  the  albumen. 

Analysis  of  the  Genera. 

I  Stamens  5.  Dkos'era.  1 

j  coiled  (circinate)  in  the  bud.  j  Stamens  10-15.  Dion.e'a.  2 

Leaves  j  not  coiled  in  tlie  bud.     Sterile  stamens  many.  Parnas'sia.  3 

1.  DROS'ERA.     Sundew. 

Sepals  5,  united  at  base,  persistent.  Petals  5.  Stamens  5.  Styles  3-5, 
each  deeply  2-parted,  so  that  there  seems  to  be  6-10.  Capsule  3-5-valved, 
1-celled,  many-seeded. — U  Small  aquatic  herbs.  Leaves  (all  radical  in 
the  American  species)  clothed  with  long,  reddish,  gland-bearing  hairs, 
exuding  a  clear,  sticky  fluid.  Flowers  in  a  raceme  on  a  slender  scape, 
which  is  at  first  coiled  downward,  but  uncoils  as  the  flowers  open. 

*  Scape  4-6  times  longer  than  the  spreading  leaves 1-3 

*  Scape  1-2  times  longer  than  the  ascending  leaves 4-6 

1  D.  rotundifo'lia.    Round-leaved  S.     Leaves  round,  on  long  hairy  stalks.    F.'s  white, 

small  (about  2,"  broad).     Scapes  5-8''  high.     c. 

2  D.  minor.     Lesser  S.    Lvs.  wedge-obovate,  on  suT)oth  stalks.     Scape  3-6'.    p.     S. 
8  D.  brevifo'lia.    Tiny  S.    Lvs.  spatulate,  on  short,  hairy  stalks.     Scape  2-3'.   p.    S. 


ordek  19.— the  sundews. 


in 


4  D  longifolia.  Long-leaved  S.  Lvs.  spatulate,  on 
lon^:,  smooth  stalks.  4-7^  White.  (Fig.  20,  21.) 

6  D.  linearis.  Linear-leaved  S.  Lvs.  Unear,  obtuse; 
stalks  smooth.     3-6'.     White. 

6  D.  filiformis.  Thread-leaved  S.  Lvs.  filiform,  long. 
Scape  If.     Purple. 

2.  DIOISrjE'A.     Venus'  Fly-trap. 

Sepals  5,  spreading.  Petals  5,  obovate,  with 
pellucid  veins.  Stamens  10-15.  Style  1.  Stig- 
mas 5,  many-cleft.  Capsule  breaking  irregularly 
in  opening,  1-celled,  many-seeded. — if  Glabrous 
herbs.  Leaves  all  radical,  sensitive,  closing  con- 
vulsively when  touched.     Scape  umbelled. 

D  Muscip'ula.  A  very  remarkable  plant,  in  sandy  bogs, 
at  the  South,  sometimes  cultivated.  Leaves  spread- 
ing, the  petiole  broadly  winged,  ending  in  a  roundish 
blade  which  is  fringed  with  epines,  instantly  closing 
upon  insects  which  alight  upon  it.  Scape  6-12' 
high,  bearing  an  umbel  of  8-10  white,  handsome 
flowers.     Apr.,  May.     + 

Fiff.  41^3.    Venus'    Fly-tr.-ip.      Fig.  404.     Ovary    and    style. 
Fig.  405.  Section  of  ovary. 

8.  PARNAS'SIA.     Grass- of-Parnassus. 


Sepals 


Petals  5,  inserted  on  the  calyx  (pe- 


rigynons).     Stamens  also  perigynous,  in  2  rows, 
the  outer  row  of  numerous  sterile  filaments,  united 

in  5  sets,  the  inner  row  of  5  perfect  stamens.  Stigmas  4,  sessile.  Cap- 
sule 4-celled.  Seeds  very  numerous. — if  Elegant  herbs,  with  radical 
leaves  and  1 -flowered  scai)es. 

1  p.  Carohnia'na.     Meadow    G.     Sterile   filaments,    3   in   each   set.     Leaves   al)out 

7-veiiied,  broadly  oval  or  ovate,  radical  ones  on  long  stalks,  cauline  few,  ne.\r 
the  ground,  sessile,  clasping.  Scape  about  If.  high,  bearing  one  flower  at  top, 
which  is  about  V  across.     Petals  marked  with  green  veins,     July,  Avg. 

2  P  asarifolia.  Broad-leaved  G.  Sterile  filaments,  3  in  each  set.  Lvs.  renifonn.  S. 
8  P   palus'tris.   Swamp  G.    Sterile  filaments,  9-15  in  each  set.    Lvs.  cordate.   N.  W. 


172 


THE  FLORA. 


Order  XXI.   CARYOPHYLLACE^.     Pinkworts. 


Fig.  406.  Pink  (Phcasant's-eye):  5,  the  bracts;  c,  the  tubular  calyx.  Fig.  407.  The  ovary 
wiMi  its  2  ftyle-s  Fig.  408.  A  petal  of  the  Diurnal  Lychnis,  2-cleft:  c,  the  claw.  Fig.  409. 
Arenaria  stricta,  showing  the  spreading  cyme.    Fig.  410.  A  flower  enlarged,  calyx  not  tubular. 

Eerhs  with  the  stems  swelling  at  the  nodes ;  opposite,  entire  leates  ; 
sepals  4  or  5,  sometimes  distinct  and  sometimes  united  into  a  tube; 
petals  4  or  5  (sometimes  0),  with  or  without  claws,  hypogynous ; 
stamens  generally  twice  as  many  as  the  petals ;  styles  2-5 ; 
fruit  a  1-celled  (rarely  2-5-celled)  capsule  with  numerous  seeds,  and  an 
emhryo  coiled  around  fleshy  albumen. 


Analysis  of  the  Genera. 

Stipules  dry,  scale-like,  between  the  leaves  at  base 6 

Stipules  none 2 

2  Sepals  united  into  a  tube.     Petals  with  long  claws 3 

2  Sepals  distinct  or  nearly  so.    Petals  sessile  or  none 4 

3  Calyx  with  2  or  more  bractlets  at  base a 

3  Calyx  naked,  i.  «.,  with  no  bractlets b 

4  Pod  1-celled  and  with  several  seeds.    Petals  generally  present 5 

4  Pod  1-celled,  with  1  seed.    Petals  none,  calyx  green g 

4  Pod  completely  3-celled.    Petals  none,  calyx  white h 

5  Petals  2-parted  or  2-lobed c 

5  Petals  undivided  and  entire.... d 


Order  21.— PINKWORTS.  173 


(5  Styles  or  stip^mas  3  or  5.     Pod  1 -celled,  many-seeded e 

6  Styles  or  stigmas  2  or  united  into  1.     Pod  1-seeded f 

a  Styles  2.     Petals  variously  notched  or  fringed.  PinJc.  Dian'thcs.  1 

b  Styles  2.     Capsule  4-toothed  when  open.  Soapwort.  Sapoxa^iiia. 

b  Styles  3.     Capsule  6-toothed  when  open.  Silene.  Silene.  2 

b  Styles  5.     Calyx  5-toothcd,  teeth  short  or  long.      Eose  Campion.  Lychnis.  8 
c  Styles  5.     Pod  opening  at  top  by  10  teeth.  Mouse-ear.  Cerastium.  4 

Styles  3.     Pod  splitting  into  6  valves,  Chickweed.     Starwort.  Stella'kia. 

d  Styles  3.    Valves  of  the  ripe  pod  3,  each  2-toothed.   Sandicort.  Arenv'ria. 

d  Styles  3.     Valves  of  the  pod  3,  entire.  Grove  Sandwort.  Alsi'ne. 

d  Styles  4  or  5,  always  as  many  as  the  sepals.  Pearlwoit.  Sagi'na. 

d  Styles  3  and  5.     Plant  fleshy.     Disk  10-lobed.     Sea  Sandwort.  Honken^ya. 
e  Styles  5.     Leaves  linear,  whorled.     Flowers  white.  Spurry.  Sper'gula. 

e  Styles  3  and  5.  Lvs.  linear,  opposite.  Fls.  red.  Sand  Spurry.  '^vetigv-la^kw, 
e  Styles  3  in  all  the  fls.  Leaves  in  4's.  Stipules  ovate.  All-seed.  Polycar^pon-. 
e  Styles  3  in  all  the  fls.     Leaves  opposite.    Stipules  many- cleft.        Stipclic'ida. 

f  Sepals  green,  distinct  or  nearly  so JS'ailwort.  Paronych'ia. 

f  Sepals  white  above,  united  into  a  tube  below.  Syphonych'ia. 

g  Styles  2.  Utricle  inclosed  in  the  hardened  calyx  tube.  Knawell.  Scleran'tiius. 
h  Styles  3.     Stamens  3  or  5.     Herb  flat  on  the  ground.      Carpet-weed.  Mollu'go.  5 

1.  DIAN'THUS.     Pink.     Carnation. 

Calyx  tubular,  cylindrical,  striate,  with  2  or  more  pairs  of  opposite,  im- 
bricated scales  at  base.  Petals  5,  with  long  claws,  limb  unequally  notched. 
Stamens  10.  Styles  2,  with  revolute  stigmas.  Capsule  cylindrical,  one- 
celled. 

H  Bracts  as  long  as  the  calyx  tube 2,  3,  4 

1  Bracts  much  shorter  than  the  calyx 5,  6,  7 

1  D.  Arme'ria.     Wild  Finl\     Bracts  erect.     Leaves  linear.    Flowers  small,  pink-red 

in  cymes  of  about  3.     Stem  18-24Miigh.     In  sandy  fields.     July.     E. 

2  D.  barbatus.    Sweet  William^  or  Buncli  PinTc.     Bracts  erect.    Leaves  lanceolate, 

cymes  large,  many-flowered.    Red  or  variegated  with  white.    May-July,   -f 
D.  Chinen''sis.     China  Pink.    Bracts  spreading.     Leaves  lance-linear.    Flowers 
solitary,  red,  large.     Plant  evergreen,  not  glaucous,     f 

4  D.  caryophy-rius.     Carnation  Pink.     Bracts  rounded.    Petals  crenate,  beard- 

less.    Whole  plant  glaucous.    Many  beautiful  varieties,     t 

5  D,  pluma^rius.    PheasanVs-eye.    Bracts  ovate.     Petals  fringe-toothed,  bearded. 

Plant  glaucous.     Flowers  solitary,  white  and  purple,     t 
6.  D.  super-'bus.     Superb  P.     Bracts  mucronate,  ovate.    Petals  pinnatifidfringed^ 
bearded,  cymes  level-topped.    White,    f 


174:  THE   FLORA. 


2.  SILE'NE.     Catch-fly.     Campion. 
Calyx  tubular,  swelling,  without  scales  at  base,  5-toothed.     Petals  5, 
2-cleft,  the  claws  often  crowned  with  a  stiff  scale.     Stamens  10.     Styles 
8.     Capsule  partly  3-celled,  opening  by  6  teeth  at  top.     (Fig.  116.) 

*  Petals  many-cleft  and  fringed.     Fls.  white  or  roseate,  large.    Perennial 1-3 

*  Petals  bifid  or  entire,  not  fringed a 

a  Calyx  inflated  and  netted  with  veins.    Perennial ...  .4,  5 

a  Calyx  close  upon  the  pod,  not  inflated b 

b  Flowers  spicate,  alternate.     Annual 6,  7 

b  Flowers  not  spicate c 

c  Petals  white,  closed  in  sunshine. ..  ,8,  9 
c  Petals  red,  purple,  &c.,— (d)  bifid....  10,  11 
—(d)  entire 12-15 

1  S.  stella'ta.     Whorled  C.     Lvs.  in  4's.     Calyx  inflated.     Fls.  white,  many.     Juli/. 

2  S.  ova'ta.     Ovate  G.     Leaves  opposite.     Calyx  not  inflated.     Flowers  white.     S. 

8  S.  Baldwin'ii.     Baldwin's  C.     Lvs.  opposite,  obovate.    Fls.  very  large,  roseate.    S. 

4  S.  infla''ta.     Bladder  G.     Petals  not  crowned.     Flowers  f^w^  white. 

5  S.  nivea.     Snowy  G.     Petals  with  a  little  crown.     Flowers  many,  white. 

6  S.  quinquevul'nera.     Variegated  G.     Woolly.     Petals  entire,  red,  white-edged.     S. 

7  S.  noctur'na.     Spiked  G.     Downy.     Petals  narrovv,  2- parted,  greenish-white. 

8  S.  Antirrhi'na.     Saapdragon  G.     Sticky  in  spots.     Calyx  egg-shaped. 

9  S.  noctiflo'ra.    Night  G.     Viscid-downy.     Calyx  cylindric.     Petals  2-parted. 

10  S.  Virgin'ica.     Virginian  G.     Leaves  spatulate.     Fls.  large  (2''),  crimson,     M.  S. 

11  S.  rotundifo'lia.     Round-leaved  G.     Leaves  round,  large.     Fls.  large,  scarlet.     W. 

12  S.  Pennsylvan'ica.     Perennial.     Petals  rose-purple,  toothed  at  end. 

13  S.  re'gia.     Royal  G.     Perennial.     Petals  scarlet,  entire,  oblanceolate. 

14  S.  Arme'ria.     Garden  G.     Annual.    Stem  sticky  in  spots.    Flowers  rose-p.    t 

15  S.  acau'lis.     Sternless  G.     Annual.     Scape  2'  high,  1-flowered.     Mountains. 

3.  LYCH'NIS.     Cockle.     Rose  Campion. 

Calyx  tubular,  5-toothed,  w^ithout  scales  at  base.  Petals  5,  clawed. 
Stamens  10.  Styles  5.  Capsule  1-celled,  or  5-celled  at  the  base,  opening 
at  the  top  by  5  or  10  teeth.     Petals  sometimes  crowned. 

*  Petals  broad,  entire.     Plants  very  hairy 1,2 

*  Petals  2-cleft,  crowned  with  2  scales  at  top  of  claw 3,  4 

*  Petals  gashed  or  4-cleft.     Plants  nearly  smooth 5,  6 

1  L.  Gritha'go.     GocTcle.     Sepals  longer  than  the  crownless,  purple  petals. 

2  L.  Corona''ria.     MuUeinPink.     Sepals  shorter  than  the  stifi'-crowned  petals.     + 

3  L.  Chalcedon'ica.  Sweet  William.  Fls.  scarlet,  in  a  crowded,  compound  cyme.  + 

4  L.  diu'rna.     Diurnal  L.     Flowers  light  purple,  in  an  open,  loose  cyme,     t 

(Sec  Fig.  406.) 


ordek  22.— the  purselanp:s.  1' 


5  L.  corona'ta.    Chinese  L.     Petals  very  broad,  fringed  witli  numerous  teeth,     t 

6  L.  Floscu'culi.    Eagged  Robin.     Petals  divided  into  4  long  teeth,  crowned,     t 

4.  CERAS'TIUM.     Mouse-ear.     duckweed. 

Sepals  5,  ovate,  acute.  Petals  5,  bifid  or  2-cleft.  Stamens  10,  some 
times  5  or  4.  Styles  5.  Capsule  cylindrical  or  roundish,  opening  at  top 
by  10  tooth-like  valves.   Seeds  numerous.    Fls.  white,  in  cymes.    (Fig.  114. 

Petals  about  as  long  as  the  caly.x.     Plants  hairy 1,  2 

Petals  much  longer  than  the  calyx.     Plants  hairy  or  downy 3,  4,  5 

1  C.  vulga'tum.     Common  M.     Lvs.  obovate.    Sepals  acute.     Fls.  at  first  crowded. 

2  O.  visco'sum.    Sticky  M.     Hairs  sticky.     Leaves  lance-ovate.     Sepals  obtuse. 

8  C.  arven'se.     Field  M.     Lvs.  linear.     Kipe  pods  as  long  as  the  calyx.     N.  E. 

4  C.  oblongifolium.     Leaves  lance-obl.     Pods  longer  than  calyx.     M. 

3  C.  nu'tans.    Kodding  M.    Eipe  pods  curved,  thrice  longer  than  calyx.     N  W 

5.  MOLLU'GO.     Carpet-weed. 

Sepals  5.  Petals  0.  Stamens  3-5,  opposite  to  the  sepals.  Styles  3. 
Capsule  3-celled,  3-valved,  many-seeded. — ©  Low  or  prostrate  herbs, 
with  the  leaves  appearing  whorled. 

M.  verticilla'ta.  Stems  slender,  jointed,  much  branched,  lying  flat  on  the  ground. 
At  each  joint  stands  a  whorl  of  wedge-shaped  or  spatulate  leaves  of  unequal 
size,  usually  about  5  in  number,  and  a  few  flowers,  each  solitary  on  its  stalk, 
wiiich  is  shorter  than  the  petioles.  Flowers  small,  sepals  white  inside.  In  dry 
places.     July-Sept. 


Order  XXII.     PORTULACACE^.    The  Purselanes. 

Tlerlys  with  thick,  entire  leaves,  no  stipules,  and  regular  flowers ; 
flowers  with  2  sepals,  5  petals,  open  only  in  the  sunshine ; 
stamens  opposite  to  the  petals  when  of  the  same  number,  often  more ; 
pistils  several,  with  their  ovaries  united,  free,  or  half-free,  forming  iu 
fruit  a  pyxis  (§  178)  or  a  capsule. 

Analysis  of  the  Genera. 

1[  Sepals  five.  Petals  none.   Fruit  a  pyxis.  Stamens  oo.   Sta  Purselane.  Sesu'vicm. 

t  Sepals  2.     Petals  5 a 

a  Stamens  5,  opposite  the  petals.  Spring  Beauty.  Clayto'ma.   1 

a  Stamens  8-30,  on  the  torus.     Pod  3-vulved.  Tali'm-m. 

a  Stamens  8-30,  on  the  calyx.     Pyxis  opening  by  a  lid.  Poktvla'cv.  2 


170 


THE   FLORA. 


1.  CLAYTO'NIA.     Spring  Beauty. 

Sepals  2,  ovate.  Petals  5,  emarginate  or  obtuse.  Stamens  5,  inserted 
on  the  claws  of  the  petals.  Stigmas  3,  on  1  long  style.  Capsule  3-valved, 
2-o-seeded. — They  are  small,  fleshy,  if,  early-flowering  herbs,  arising 
from  a  small  tuber. 

1  C.  Carolinia''na.    Leaves  ovate-lanceolate.     Sepals  and  petals  obtuse. 

2  C.  Virgin'ica.    Leaves  linear  or  lance-linear.     Sepals  acute,  petals  obovate. 

2.  PORTULA'CA.     Purselanes. 

Sepals  2.  Petals  5,  equal.  Stamens  8-20.  Styles  3-6.  Pyxis  lid 
opening  oft"  near  the  middle. — ^Low  and  fleshy  herbs. 

1  P.  olera'cea.     Common  P.     Leaves  thick,  wedge-shaped.     Stem  fleshy,  reddish, 

prostrate.     Flowers  sessile,  small,  yellow.     A  common  weed.     Summer. 

2  P.  grandifio''ra.     Great  P.     Leaves  cvlindric  and  fleshy.     Stems  ascending.     Fls. 

large,  red  or  scarlet.     Cultivated.    June. 


Order  XXIY.   MALYACEJE.    The  Mallows. 

Herbs,  shrtil/s,  or  tj^ees,  with  alternate,  stipulate,  divided  leaves,  with  the 
flowers  showy,  axillary,  regular,  often  with  an  involucel  at  the  base ; 
5  sepals  valvate  and  the  5  petals  convolute  in  the  bud,  hypogynous ; 
stamens  indefinite  and  monadelphous,  the  anthers  splitting  across ; 
carpels  several,  united  into  a  ring  or  forming  a  several-celled  capsule  , 
seeds  with  a  curved  embryo  in  a  little  albumen. 


Fig.  411.  Hibiscns  Trionnm  (Flower-of-an-hour);  2,  cross-section  of  the  flower,  showing 
the  arrangement  of  its  parts;  3,  cross-section  of  the  5-celled  capsule;  4,  capsule  open  by  its  five 
valves;  5,  Malva  sylvestris;  6,  its  fruit,  consisting  of  10  carpels  arranged  ia  a  circle ;  7,  section  of 
one  of  the  carpels,  showing  the  curved  embryo. 


Okder  24.— the  mallows. 


177 


Analysis  of  the  Genera. 

%  Calyx  naked,  i.  e.,  having  no  involucel b 

§  Calyx  furnished  with  an  involucel  as  if  a  second  calyx. 

2  Pistils  and  carpels  more  than  5 a 

2  Pistils  and  carpels  5  only,  each  1-seeded c 

2  Pistils  and  carpels  5  or  3,  each  3-oo-seeded d 

a  Involucel  of  G-9  bractlets.    Carpels  1-seeded. 
a  Involucel  of  3  united  bractlets.     Carpels  1-seeded. 
a  Involticel  of  3  distinct  bractlets.     Carpels  1-seeded. 
a  Involucel  of  3  distinct  bractlets.     Carpels  2-seeded. 

b  Flowers  dioecious.    Stigmas  10,  linear. 

b  Flowers  perfect.     Carpels  5  or  more,  1-seeded. 

b  Flowers  perfect.     Carpels  5  or  many,  3-9-seeded. 
c  Stigmas  10.    Carpels  5,  baccate,  united. 
c  Stigmas  10.     Carpels  5,  dry,  distinct. 
c  Stigmas  5.     Carpels  5,  dry,  united  into  a  pod. 

d  Involucel  of  many  bractlets.     Calyx  regular. 


.2 


Marsh  M.  Althaea. 

Tree  M.  Lavate'ra. 

Mallow.  Malva. 

Basket  M.  Modi'ola. 

Napoea.  Napji^a. 

Sida.  Sida. 

Indian  M.  Abu'tilox. 

Glue  M.  Malvavis'cus. 

Peacock  M.  Pavoxia. 

Marsh  M.  Kostelets'kva. 

Hibiscus.  HlBIS^CUS. 


d  Involucel  of  many  bractlets.   Calyx  split  on  one 
d  Involucel  of  3  incisely-toothed  bractlets. 


lidc. 


Okra.  Abelmos'chus. 
Cotton.  Gossyp'iuM. 


1.  ALTn^'A.     Hollyhock,  &o. 

Calyx  surrounded  at  base  by  a  6-9-cIeft  involucel.     Carpels  oo,  1-seed- 
ed, not  opening,  arranged  circularly  around  the  axis. 

1  A  officina'lis.    Marsh  M.    Lvs.  downy,  entire  or  3-lobed.     Fls.  rose-col.,  stalked. 

2  A.  rosea.    Hullyhock.     Leaves  rough-hairy,  roundish,  5-7-lobed.     Flowers  sessile. 

3  A.  ficifo'lia.    Fig-leaved  IIol.    Lvs.  hairy,  deeply  7-parted.     Fls.  orange  colored. 


2.  MAL'VA.     Mallows. 

Calyx  5-clcft,  with  a  3-leaved  involucel  at  its  base.  Carpels  and  styles 
numerous.  Fruit  cheese-form,  separating  when  ripe  into  many  1-seeded 
pieces,  arranged  circularly. 

*  Flowers  white  or  rose-colored 1,  2,  3 

*  Flowers  deep  red  or  purple 4,  5,  6 

1  M.  rotundifo^lia.     Cheese  M.     Stem  prostrate.     Lvs.  round-cordate.     Fls.  small. 

2  M.  crispa.     Crisp  M.     Stem  erect,  tall.     Lvs.  abundantly  crisped  and  curled,     t 

3  M.  moscha'ta.  Musk  M.     Sts.  ascend.    Lvs.  deeply  5-part.    Fls.  large,  showy,    f 

4  M.  sylves'tris.     Wood  M.    Lvs.  roundish,  lobcd.     Petals  obcordate. 
f)  M.  triangvda'ta.    Lvs.  triangular-ovate.    Petals  wcdge-obovate.     N.-W. 
6  M.  papaver.    B>ppy  M.    Lvs.  palmately  parted.    Petals  erose.    Stalks  very 
long.     S.-W. 

8» 


178 


THE  FLORA. 


3.  HIBIS'CUS.     Hibiscus. 
Calyx  5-cleft,  surrounded  by  a  many-leaved  involucel.     Styles  united, 
stigmas  5,  distinct.    Fruit  a  5-celled,  5-mauy-seeded  capsule.    Flowers 
large,  often  nearly  a  foot  broad. 

§  Calyx,  &c.,  hispid.    Leaves  palmately  divided 1,2 

§  Calyx,  &c.,  velvet-downy.     Leaves  undivided,  angularly  lobed. . .  .3,  4 

§  Calyx,  &c.,  glabrous,  i.  e,,  smooth a 

a  Leaves  deeply  lobed  or  parted 5,  6 

a  Leaves  undivided  or  slightly  lobed 7,  8 

1  H.  aculea^tus.    Prickly  H.     Bractlets  of  involucel  forked.     Fls.  sulph-yellow. 

2  H.  Trio'num.     Flower-of-an-hour.    Bractlets  entire.     Fls.  chlorine-yellow,    c. 

3  H.  Moscheu^tos.    Marsh  H.     Lv 

Rose-red.     c. 

4  H.  grandiflo'rus.    Giant  II.    Leaves  cordate,  lower  8-lobcd. 

pointed,    p-r.     S. 

5  H.  milita'ris.    Sivord  H.    Lvs.  hastately  3-lobed.    Flowers  tubular-bell-shaped, 

Hesh-eolor.     W. 

6  H.  cocci'mus.  Scarlet  H.  Lvs.  palmately  5-parted.  Cor.  expanding,  carmine-red.  S 

7  H.  Carolinia'nus.     Lost  J  I.     Heib.     Lvs.  cordate.     Fls.  purple.    Very  rare.     S. 

8  H.  S3rri'acus.     TrecH.     Tree  8-15f  lugli.    Lvs.  wedge -ovate,    w.  p.     t 


S. 
t 

ovate,  toothed.     Sepals  abruptly  pointed. 

Sepals  gradually 


Order  XXX.  LINAGES.     The  Flaxworts. 


Fig.  41S.  Common  Flax.  Fl^.  419.  Plan,  showing  the  posi 
tlons  of  the  parts  of  the  flower,  the  imbricated  sepals,  the  con 
torted  sepals,  the  5  stamens,  and  the  5  carpels.  Fig.  420.  Crim- 
son Flax. 


OnDETi  31.— GEKANIA.  179 


Flerhs  \yitli  entire,  simiile  leaves  and  no  stipules;  with 
lowers  regular,  symmetrical,  perfect,  aud  5-parted ; 
calyx  imbricate,  and  corollu  convolute  in  the  bud; 
stamens  and  styles  each  5;  capsule  with  5  double-cells,  10-seeded. 
Our  only  gmius  is 

Ll'NUM.    Flax. 

The  character  is  sufficiently  indicated  in  the  Order.     The  long,  tough 
fibres  of  tlie  bark  constitute  the  linen  of  commerce. 

§  Flowers  bhie  or  red,  large  (1'  broad), Nos.  1-3 

§  Flowers  yellow.     Leaves  linear.     Sepals  ciliate 4,5 

§  Flowers  yellow,    Lt'aves  lanceolate.     Sepals  entire 6-8 

1  L.  usitatis'simum.     Commim  F.     Flowers  blue,  in  a  sort  of  corymb.    Leaves 

lance-linear,  acute.     The  seed  yields  linseed  oil.     Fields. 

2  L.  peren'ne.     Perennial  F.     Flowers  blue,  axillary  and  terminal.     Leaves  lin- 

ear, acute,  scattered.     Gardens. 

3  L.  grandiflo'rum.   Crimson  F.  Flowers  crimson,  axillary.  Leaves  lancc-clliptic, 

acute,  sessile.     Gardens. 
4  L.  rig'idum.    Rigid  F.   Sepals  longer  than  the  globular  pod.    Styles  united  at  base, 
o  L.  simplex.     Simple  F.     Sepals  shorter  than  ovate  pod.     Styles  distinct.     S.-W. 

6  L.  Virginia 'num.    Stems  and  branches  erect.     Flowers  Q"  broad,     c. 

7  L.  difTu'sum.     Stems,  branches,  leaves  diffuse.     Flowers  1"  broad.     W. 

8  L.  trig'ynum.     Three-styled  F.     Flowers  large  (1'')  with  3  styles,     t 


Order  XXXI.   GERANIA'CEJE.     Gerania. 

Herhs  or  shrubby  plants  with  the  lower  leaves  opposite ;  with  the 
flowers  regular  or  irregular,  terminal  or  opposite  the  leaves ;  with  the 
se2:>als  5,  persistent,  and  petals  5,  clawed,  twisted  in  the  bud ;  the 
stamens  10,  monadelphous,  and  instils  5,  united;  the  carpels  in 
fruit  separating  and  bending  upwards  on  the  elastic  style,  each  with  one 
seed.     Albumen  0. 

Analysis  of  the  Genera. 

(  Stamens  10,  all  of  them  perfect Gera'mvm.  1 

(  regular.     (  Stamens  5  perfect,  5  imperfect Euo'dium. 

Corolla    '  irregular.     Stamens  7  perfect,  3  imperfect Pelargo'kivm. 

GERA'NIUM. 

Sepals  and  petals  5,  regular.     Stamens  10,  all  perfect.     Fruit  beaked, 


180 


THE  FLORA. 


at  last  separating  into  5,  long-styled, 
1 -seeded  carpels.  Styles  smooth  in- 
side, fijjally  curling  from  the  base 
upward,  but  still  adhering  at  top  ip 
the  axis. — Herbs  with  forked  stems, 
jnucli  divided  leaves.  Flowers 
mostly  purple. 

Petu^s  entire,   twice  as    long    as  the 

awned  sepals 1,  2 

Petals    notched    or    2-lobed,    short. 

Leaves  palmatelj  5-7-lobed.  Pods 

hairy  0 3,4 

1  G.  macula'tum.  Sj)&ttfd  G.  Erect.  Lvs. 

palmately  3-5-parted.  Flowers  large 
(1'  broad),  showy.  Sepals  mucro- 
nate.     ^j)7'lnr/.     c. 

2  G.  Robertia'num.     Herb   Rohert.      Dif- 

use,  weak.  Lvs.  primately  3-parted 
to  the  base.  Flowers  small  (7''' 
broad).     Sepals  muoronato.     June. 

3  G.  pusillum.      Dwarf    G.      Diffuse. 

Sepals  veiiiless.  Leaves  parted 
into  5-7  linear  lobes,  lobes 
3-cIeft.    Fields  and  hills.    July. 

4  Gr.  Carolinia'num.  Stems  diffuse.   Se- 

pals with  an  awn,  Lvs.  parted 
into  5  wedge-oblong,  many-cleft 
lobes.     Fields.    July. 

Fig.  421.  Herb  Robert,  leaves,  flowers,  and 
its  elastic  stylo;  4,  cross-section  of  a  seed, 
space ;  2,  the  10  stamens. 


fruit;  3,  fruit  enlarged,  sliowing  one  carpel  on 
showing   the  large  embryo    filling  the  whole 


Observation.— T\\Q  pupil  will  perceive  by  the  table  above,  that  the  parlor  "gera- 
niums" belong  to  the  genus  Felargo' nium. 


Order  XXXII.   OXALIDACE.E.    Wood  Sorrels. 

Low  herbs  with  a  sour  juice,  and  alternate,  compound  leaves ;  with 
flowers  regular  and  symmetrical,  5-sepaled  and  5-petaled ; 


Order  34.— THE  JEWEL-WEEDS. 


181 


stamens  10,  monadelphous,  hypogynons,  the  alternate  ones  longest; 
carpels  5,  united  and  forming  in  fruit  a  5-celled  pod  ;  seeds  albuminous. 

OX' ALTS.     Wood  Sorrel. 

Sepals  5,  distinct  or  united 
at  base,  persistent.  Petals 
much  longer  than  the  sepals. 
Stamens  united  at  the  base. 
Styles  5.  Capsule  roundish  or 
pod-shaped,  cells  several-seed- 
ed. Herbs  mostly  y,  with 
trifoliate  leaves. 

1  O.  Acetosel''la.    Wood  Sorrel.  Fls. 

■white,  with  purple  veins.  Phmt 
acaulescent,  arising  from  a 
creeping  root-stock,    c.  N.  Ju. 

2  O.  viola'cea,    Violet  W.    Flowers 

violet-purple.  Plant  acaules- 
cent, arising  from  a  scaly  bulb. 
Scape  with  an  umbel.  May. 
8  O.  stricta.  Yelloio  W.  Flowers 
yellow.  Plant  with  leafy  stems, 
weak,  branched.  Flowers  um- 
belled.    Grows  everywhere.  425 

Fig.  425.  Oxalis  Acetosella,     In  the  plan  of  the    flower,  o,  the  5  carpels  in  the  centre! 
«,  the  10  stamens  in  two  rows;  p,  the  5  petals;  c,  the  5  sepals.    Fig.  426.  The  ripe  pod. 


Order  XXXIY.   BALSAMINACE^.    The  Jewel-weeds. 

Eerls  annual,  with  a  fleshy  stem,  watery  juice,  and  simple  leaves; 
flowers  very  irregular  and  unsymmetrical ;  calyx  spurred; 
stamens  5,  on  the  torus ;  pod  bursting  by  5  elastic  valves. 

IMPA'TIENS.     Touch-me-uot. 

L  Sepals  colored,  apparently  but  4  (the  2  upper  being  united),  the  lowest 

(y)  enlarged  into  a  sac  tipped  with  a  bent  spur.     Petals  4,  united  into  2 
double  ones  (j?,  p).     Stamens  5  short,  the  anthers  united  over  the  pistil. 


1S2 


THE  FLORA. 


Fruit  a  pod  of  5  strong 
elastic  valves  which  break 
and  coil  at  the  slightest 
touch  when  ripe,  scatter- 
ing the  seeds.  Stem  ten- 
der, thickened  at  the 
nodes.     Leaves  alternate. 

1  I.  pal'lida.  Pale  Jewel-ioeed. 

Lvs.  oblong-ovate.  Fls. 
pale  yellow,  sparingly 
dotted,  with  a  very  short, 
recurved  spur. 

2  I.  fulva.  Tawny  Jewel-tveed. 

Leaves  rhombic-ovate. 
Flowers     deep     orange, 

thickly  spotted,  with  a  long  clor^e-reflexed  spur. 
8  I.  Balsami'na.     Balsamive.     Leaves  lanceolate.     Flowers 
white,  crimson,  scarlet,  flesh-colored,  &c.     t 


Fig.  42S.  Flower  of  the  Pale  Jewel-weed.  Fig.  429.  Its 
parts  displayed  :  s,  s,  s,  y,  the  four  sepals,  the  latter  spur- 
red ;  j9,  ^,  the  2  petals,  each  double. 


,-ery  large  and  showy, 


Order  XL.    ACERACEJE.    The  Maples. 

Trees  or  shriibs  with  opposite,  usually  simple  palmate-veined  leaves ;  the 
flowers  often  imperfect,  with  the  5  sepals  imbricated  in  the  bud,  and  the 
petals  5,  hjpogynous,  sometimes  0  ;  the  stamens  mostly  8,  and  the 
fruit  a  double  samara,  with  two  opposite  wings,  2-seeded. 


Analysis  of  the  Genera. 

Leaves  simple,  palmate-veined.     Very  common. 
Leaves  compound,  odd-pinnate.     Leaflets  3-5,  toothed. 

1.  ACER.     Maple. 
Calyx  of  5  united  sepals,  5-lobed.     Petals  5  or  0, 


Maple.  Acer.  1 
Box-Elder.  Negundo. 


6-8.     Leaves  simple,  palmate-lobed. 


Styles  2.     Stamens 
Flowers  mostly  polygamous. 


§  Pedicels  short,  in  side  clusters,  flowering  before  the  leaves.     Trees. . .  .1,  2 

§  Pedicels  long,  slender,  drooping,  flowering  with  the  lvs.  Large  trees 3,4 

§  Pedicels  in  racemes,  flowering  after  the  leaves 5-7 

I  A.  dasycar'pum.     White  M.     Leaves  deeply  lobed,  square  at  base,  silver-whito 
beneath.     Ovaries  downy.     Fruit  very  large.     Petals  0.     Tree  50f. 


Order  40.— THE  MAPLES. 


183 


Fig.  430.  Red   Maple  (^Acer  rubrum),  a  leaf  and  several    saraara.    Fig.  431.  Sugar  Maple 
{Acer  sacchariiium),  leaf,  flowers,  and  fruit 


2  A.  rubrum.     Red  If.     Swamp  M.     Loaves  lobed,  cordate  at  base,  paler  beneath. 
Petals  linear-oblong'.     Ovaries  and  fruit  smooth.     40  to  lOOf.     Flowers  red. 

3  A.  sacchari'num.    Bock  M.    Sugar  M.     Leaves  cordate,  5-lobed,  with  deep, 

rounded  openings  between.     Bark  light  gray.    g-y. 

4  A.  ni'grum.     Black  Af.     Sugar-tree.     Leaves  cordate,  with  the  sinus  closed, 

roundish,  with  3  broad,  shallow  lobes.     Bark  dark  gray.     y. 

5  A.  spicatum.    Mountain-Bush    M.     Eacemes    erect,  thyrse-like.     Shrub  10-15f. 

high,  in  clumps.     Bark  gray.     Leaves  3-5-lobed.     g. 

6  A.  Pennsylvan'icum.     Striped  M.      W histle-ivood.     Eacemes  drooping.    Tree  small, 

with  striped  bark  (green  and  black).     Leaves  3-lobed.    g. 

7  A.  Pseudo-Plat 'anus.     Si/camore  M.     Eacemes  long,   drooping.     A  large  tree,  in 

parks.     Leaves  5-lobed,  broad,  rounded.     Flowers  grcL-n. 


I 


181 


THE   FLORA 


Order  XLI.     SAPINDACEJS.     Indian  Soapworts. 

Plants  of  various  habit,  mostly  with  uusymmetrical  flowers; 
8ej>als  and  j>etals  both  imbricated  in  the  bud  ; 
stamens  5  to  10,  inserted  on  a  thick  disk  under  the  ovary  ; 
'^ruit  usually  colored  and  showy,  lobed,  1  or  few-seeded. 

The  Order  includes  the  foUowino:  three  Tribes. 


§  1. 


The  Buckeye  Tribe. 

a  Petals  unequal.     Stamens  7. 


Analysis  of  the  Genera. 

Leaves  opposite,  carpels  2-ovaled....a 

Leaves  digitate.  BucJceye.  uEs'culus. 

The  Soapberry  Tribe.     Leaves  alternate.     Carpels  1-ovuled b 

b  Trees,  with  pinnate-leaves  and  fruit  with  soapy  pulp,  covering  a 

large  seed.     Stamens  8-10.     South.  Soapwort.  Sapin'dus. 

b  Herbs  climbing  with  tendrils.    Leaves  biternate.    Fruit  a  large, 

inflated,  3-carpeled  pod.  Balloon-vine.  Cardiosper'mdm. 


^  3.  The  Bladder-nut  Tribe.    Leaves  opposite,  pinnate. 


Staphyle'a.  2 


^JD^ 


Fig  434.  Braiichlet  of  Bladder-nut,  with  2 
tornate  leaves  and  a  hanging  cyme.  435.  The 
stamens  and  pistil  enlarged.  436.  A.  flower  of 
Ohio  Buckeye. 


1.  ^S'CULUS.     Buckeye. 

Calyx  5-toothed.  Corolla  of  4  or  5  unequal  petals.  Stamens  7,  distinct, 
unequal.  Style  filiform.  Ovary  3-celled,  with  2  ovules  in  each  cell,  bu 
only  1  of  the  6  ovules  grows,  becoming  a  large  seed.  Flowers  in  terminal 
panicles. 


0RDE15  45.-  THE   MILKWORTS. 


185 


§  Fruit  covered  with  prickles.     Tctalrt  4  or  5,  spreading 1,2 

§  Fruit  smooth.     Petals  4,  erect,  2  of  tlicm  clawed 3-5 

1  JE.  Hippocasta'neum.   J/orae  Chestnut.    Leaves  of  7,  obovate  leaflets.    Petals  5. 

Fruit  prickly.     Panicles  large,  handsome.     + 

2  SI.  glabra.     Ohio  Buckeye.     Leaflets  5,  oval  or  oblong.     Petals  4.     Tree  ill- 

seented.     Flowers  yellowish.     Seed  mahogany-color.     "W. 
8  .E.  fla'va.    Big  Buckeye.     A  large  tree,  with  pale-yellow  flowers.    Leaflets  5-7 

Petals  very  unequal,  longer  than  Btamens.     W. 
4  2B.  Fa'via.    Eed-Jlvwered  B.    Shrub  3-lOf.    Fls.  large,  red,  in  thyrse-lise  racemes. 

Very  handsome.     S.    t 
6  iE.  parviflo'ra.      White  B.     Shrub   2-3f.     Petals  4,   somewhat  alike,   spreading, 

thrice  shorter  than  the  stamens.    S. 


2.  STAPHYLE'A.     Bladder-nut 
Flowers  perfect.     Sepals  5,  colored  like  the   5  petals.     Stamens  5. 
Styles  8.     Capsules  2  or  3,  with  thin,  inflated  walls. — Shrubs. 
1  S.  trifo'lia.     Ternate  B.    A  handsome  shrub,  6-8f.  high.     Leaves  ternate,  leaflets 
ovate.    Eacemes  pendulous.     Petals 


ciliate  below.    Fruit  very  large,   3- 
celled,  inflated  like  a  bladder. 


Order    XLY.       POLYGALA- 
CEJE.    The  Milkworts. 

Plants  without  stipules,  bearing  verj 

'wTQ^lav  flowers  ; 
stamens  4-8,  diadelphous; 
anthers  opening  at  the  top,  1 -celled ; 
fruit  a  flattened,  2-celled,  2-seeded 

capsule,  free  from  the  calyx. 

Fig.  437.  Polygala  polygama:  o,  the  raiiical 
flowers;  8,  P.  paucifolia;  f,  the  crest  on  tlie 
lower  petal ;  9,  tho  stamens  in  2  sets,  and  the 
style  seen  beneath  tho  hooded  lower  i)etal. 

Fig.  440.  The  ovary  and  the  style:  1,  seed  of 
P.  sanguinea,  with  its  2-lobed  caruncle;  2,  seed 
of  P.  Nuttallii. 

POLYG'ALA.     MUkwort. 

Sepals  5,  persistent,  2  of  thorn 
(wings)   wing-shaped   and   colored. 


186  THE  FLORA. 


Petals  3,  the  lower  one  boat-shaped,  and  often  tipped  with  a  crest.  Sta- 
mens united  bj  the  filaments  into  a  split  sheath,  or  into  2  sets,  cohering 
more  or  less  with  the  claws  of  the  petals.  Fruit  a  small  2-celled,  2-seeded 
capsule,  flattened  on  the  sides  and  notched  on  the  top.  Seeds  with  an 
appendage  at  one  end. — Low,  bitter  herbs  (sometimes  shrubs),  with  simple 
entire  leaves,  sometimes  bearing  underground  flowers.     {Fig.  437,  a.) 

*  Leaves  all  alternate  and  scattered a 

*  Leaves  whorled,  at  least  the  lower  ones e 

a  Flowers  purple,  or  reddish,  or  white b 

a  Flowers  yellow  or  yellowish  green d 

b  Flowers  solitary  or  in  racemes,  purple Nos.  1-3 

b  Flowers  in  spikes  which  are  oblong  or  slender.. .  .c 

c  Leaves  lanceolate,  large,  pointed  at  each  end.... 4 

c  Leaves  linear,  1  to  2'^  wide 5-7 

c  Leaves  awl-shaped  or  bristle-shaped..  ..8-10 
d  Spikes  solitary,  large,  thick.  Biennial. ..  .11,  12 
d  Spikes  numerous,  corymbous,  small.     Biennial. ..  .13,  14 

e  Spikes  acute,  slender 15,  16 

e  Spikes  obtuse,  thick 17,  18 

1  F.  paucifo'lia    Showy  M.   Fls.  2  or  3,  large  (root  fls.  small).    Lvs.  ovate.    (Fi^.  438.) 

2  P.  grandiflo'ra.     Fls.  racemed,  crestless.     Lvs.  lance-ovate.     S. 

3  P.  polyg'ama.     Flowers  racemed,  crested.     Lvs.  linear-oblong.     {Fig.  437.) 

4  P.  Sen'ega.     Seneca  Snake-root.     Fls.  white,  in  slender  spikes.    Stem  If.  high. 

5  P.  sanguin'ea.     Bloody  M.     Spikes  oblong,  obtuse,  dense.     Wings  sessile, 

6  P.  fastigia^ta.     Roofed  M.     Spikes  roundish,  loose-flowered.     Wings  clawed. 

7  P.  Nuttal'lii.     NuttalVs  M.     Spikes  roundish,  acute,  dense.     Wings  elliptic. 

8  P.  incarna'ta.  Flesh- colored  M.  Lvs.  few,  subulate.  Pet.  much  longer  than  calyx. 

9  P.  seta'cea.     Nalced  M.     Leaves  very  minute.     Petals  longer  than  calyx.     S. 

10  P.  Chapman^ii.     Chapmau^s  M.     Lvs.  subulate.     Calyx  long  as  petals.     S. 

11  P.  lu'tea.    Yellow  M.     Tall  (8-120,  with  orange-yellow  flowers.     M.  S. 

12  P.  na'na.     Dwarf  M.     Low  (3-5''),  with  greenish-yellow  flowers.     S. 

13  P.  cymo'sa.     Cyme-flowered  M.     Lvs.  mostly  cauline.     Seed  not  bracted.     S. 

14  P.  ramo'sa.     Branching  M.     Lvs.  mostly  radical.     Seed  bracted.     S. 

15  P.  verticilla'ta.      Whorled  M.     Lvs.  linear.    Wings  roundish.    Fls.  greenish.    W. 

16  P.  Boykin'ii.     Bcykin's  M.     Lvs.  lance-obovate.     Wings  round-obovate.     S. 

17  P.  crucia'ta.     Cross  M.     Spikes  obtuse,  thick,  sessile.     Wings  pointed. 

18  P.  brevifo'lia.     Short  leaved  M.     Spikes  obtuse,  loose,  stalked.    AViiigs  acute. 


Order  XLYI.   LEGUMINOSJ^.    Leguminous  Plants. 

Plants  with  alternate,  mostly  compound  stipulate  leaves,  with 

i-o  sepah ;  5  j^^tals,  more  or  less  papilionaceous,  sometimes  regular; 


OnDER  40.— LEGUMINOUS  PLANTS. 


187 


about  10  stajnens,  monadelplious,  ditidelplious,  or  distinct; 
a  single,  simple  2^istil,  producing  a  legume  in  fruit,  and  with 
no  albumen  in  the  seeds. 


445 


Fig.  443.  Flower  of  the  Pea.    Fig.  444.  Its  petals  displayed;  v,  the  banner; 
c,  c,  the  2  keel  petals.    Fig.  445.  A  legume  (pea-pod). 


the  wings, 


Analysis  of  the  Genera. 

%  Flowers  papilionaceous  (§  89).     Upper  petal  (banner)  covering  the  rest  in  bud. .  .2 

§  Flowers  nearly  regular,  or  upper  petal  covered  by  the  rest  in  bud t 

§  Flowers  regular,  in  dense  heads.     Petals  valvate  in  bud.    Leaves  bipepoate n 

2  Stamens  10,  all  distinct s 

2  Stamens  10,  all  or  9  united 3 

3  Leaves  cirrhous  {Fig.  96),  the  rachis  ending  with  a  tendril.   .  .r 

3  Leaves  not  cirrhous 4 

4  Pod  a  loment  (§  ISO),  i.  e.,  jointed  between  the  seeds   . .  .6 

4  Pod  a  legume,  1,  2,  or  oo  seeded,  not  in  joints 5 

5  Erect  (or  if  prostrate,  with  palmatcly  3-foliute  leaves) 7 

5  Trailing  or  twining  vines,  leaves  pinnately  compound. . .  .9 

6  Flowers  yellow q 

6  Flowers  cyanic  (not  yellow) p 

7  Leaves  simple,  with  yellow  flowers o 

7  Leaves  palmately  o-15-foliate  (rarely  simple)  .   .u 

7  Leaves  palmately  3-foliate m 

7  Leaves  pinnately  3-foliate k 

7  Leaves  pinnate  with  no  odd  leaflet,  15-25  pairs.    ..h 
7  Leaves  pinnate  with  au  odd  leaflet. . .  .8 


183  THE   FLORA. 


8  Leaflets  dotted  with  dark  glands g 

8  Leaflets  not  dotted.     Herbs f 

8  Leaflets  not  dotted.     Shrubs  or  trees.. . .e 
9  Leaves  pinnately  5-15-foliate. . ,  .d 

9  Leaves  pinnately  3-(rarely  1-)  foliate.    Flowers  yellow.... o 
9  Leaves  pinnately  3-foliate.    Flowers  cyanic. . . .  10 
10  Calyx  4-toothed  or  entire . . .  .b 

10  Calyx  5-toothed  or  5-cleft a 

a  Keel  with  the  stamens  and  style  spirally  coiled.  Bean.  Phase'olus.  1 

a  Keel  obtuse,  on  short  claws.  Fis.  very  large,  blue.  S.  Blue  Banner.  Centrose'ma. 

a  Keel  acute,  on  long  claws.    Fls.  very  large,  roseate.    Butterjly  Pea.  Clito'ria. 

b  Calyx  4-clefc,  supported  by  2  bractlets.  Fls.  purple.  Milk-vine.  Galag'tia. 

b  Calyx  4-toothed,  with  2  bractlets.    Fls.  purple.  Sds.  flattened.  Dol''ichos. 

b  Calyx  4-toothed,  without  bractlets.  Fls.  pale  p.  Hog-Peanut.  A.u'pniCh.nvM.' k. 

b  Calyx  entire.    Flowers  and  seeds  scarlet.     S.         Bed  Bean.  Erythri''na. 

c  Legumes  5-seeded.     S.  Vio''na. 

c  Legumes  1-2-seeded.     S.  Ehynco''sia. 

d  Herbs.    Keel  (straight  in  Galactia,  2)  spirally  twisted.  Pea-vine.  Apios.  2 

d  Shrubs.    Keel  curved.     Fls.  bli;*,  in  hanging  racemes,    t  Wista'ria. 

e  Flowers  white  or  red,  in  racemes.  Locust.  Kobin'ia.  3 

e  Flowers  yellow,  few  in  a  cluster.  Pods  inflated.  Bladder  Senna.  Colu'tea. 

f  Pod  2-celled  lengthwise,  turgid.  Milh  Vetcli.  Astrag'altjs. 

f  Pod  half-2-celled  lengthwise.  Bastard  Vetch.  Phaoa. 

f  Pod  1-celled.     Style  hairy  outer  side.  GoaVs  Rue.  Tephro'sia. 

f  Pod  1-celled.     Style  not  hairy  at  all.    S.  Indigo.  Indigo'fera. 

g  Shrubs.  Fls.  spicate,  only  1  petal  (the  banner).  W.S.  Lead  Plant.  Amor'pha. 

g  Herbs.    Flowers  with  10  stamens,  bluish,  spicate.    W.  Da'lea. 

g  Herbs.  Flowers  with  5  stamens,  white  or  red,  capitate.  W.  Petaloste'mon. 

h  Pod  1-2-seeded,  valves  double.    Tall,  with  yellow  flowers.     S.        Glotid''ium. 

h  Pod  many-seeded,  very  long.     Tall,  with  yellowish  flowers.     S.        Sesba'nia. 

k  Pod  few-seeded.     Flowers  scarlet  in  Erythri'na. 

k  Pod  few-seeded.     Flowers  white  or  yellow.  Melilot.  Melilo'tus.  4 

k  Pod  1-seeded.    Flowers  yellow.    Leaves  resinous-dotted  in      Ehtncosia. 

k  Pod  1-seeded.     Flowers  cyanic.    Leaves  dark-dotted.  Psora'lea. 

k  Pod  1-seeded.    Flowers  cyanic.    Leaves  not  dotted.     Melilot.  Melilo'tus.  4 

m  Herbs  with  curved  or  spiral  pods.  Medic.   Medica^go. 

xn  Herbs  with  small  1-4-seeded  pods  not  coiled.  Clover.   Trifo'lium.  5 

xn  Tree  with  yellow  flowers  in  hanging  racemes,    t       Golden  Chain.  Labur'num. 

n  Stamens  all  united.     Calyx  2-lipped.  Lupine.  Lupi'nus.  6 

n  Stamens  all  but  1  united.     Calyx  bill-shaped.  Psora 'lea. 

o  Shrubby.     Keel  oblong,  straight.  Scotch  Broom.   Genis'ta. 

o  Herbs.     Keel  curved,  acuminate.  Rattle  Pod.  Crotala'bia. 

P  Leaves  pinnate,  5-21-foliate.     Umbels  stalked.  Cobonil'la. 

p  Leaves  pinnate,  5-21-foliate.    Eacemes  stalked.    Vt.  Hedys'arum. 


Order  46.— LEGUMINOUS  PLANTS. 


1S9 


p  Lvs.  pinn'ly  3-fol.,  stipellate.  Pod  3-7-jointed.  Tick  Trefuil.  Desmo'dium. 

p  Lvs.  pinn'ly  3-fol.  Stipcls  none.  Pod  1-jointed.  Biuh  Trefoil.  Lespede''za, 

q  Leaves  palmately  4-foliate.     Stamens  all  united.  Zou'nia. 

q  Loaves  pinnate,  7-49- foliate.     Stamens  9  united.  iEscHYNOM^KXE. 

Leaves  pinnately  3-foliate.     Pod  slender  at  base.  Stylosan'thes. 

Leaves  pinnately  4-foliato.     Pod  ffibbous  at  base.  Peanut.  Ak'achis. 

r  Leaflets  serrate.     Pods  2-8ecded.  Chick  Pea.  Cicek. 

r  Leaflets  entire.     Style  grooved  outside,  hairy  inside.  Pea.  Pisum. 

r  Leaflets  entire.  Style  flattened,  hairy  most  inside.  Sweet  Pea.    LATn^YRUs. 

r  Leaflets  entire.     Style  filiform,  hairy  most  outside.  Vetch.  Vic'ia. 

s  Pod  legume  flat  and  thin,  short-stiped.  Lvs,  pinnate.  Tree.  S.W.  Cladas'tris. 
8  Pod  inflated,  stipitate  (stalked  at  base).     Lvs.  1-3-foliate.  Baptis'ia. 

t  Fls.  perfect,  purple,  papilionaceous.  Tree.  Lvs.  simple.  Judas-tree.  Cercis. 

t  Fls.  perfect,  yellow.     Lvs.  equally  pinnate.  Senna.  Cassia. 

t  Fls.  imperfect,  green.    Sta.  5.    Trees  thorny.    Honey  Locust.  Gledits''chia. 

t  Fls.  imp.,  greenish.  St.  10.  Trees  unarmed.  Ky.  Coffee-tree.  Gymnoc'ladus. 
u  Pods  flat,  jointed  between  the  seeds.  Shrubby.  Sensitive  Plant.  Mimo'sa. 
u  Pods  prickly,  4-sided,  4-valved.  Sensitive  Brier.  Schran'kia. 

u  Pods  smooth,  turgid,  filled  with  pulp.  Tree.  S.  Sponge-tree.  Vachel'lia. 
u  Pods  smooth,  flat,  dry.  Petals  distinct.  Stara.  5-10.  Herbs.  Desman'thus. 
u  Pods  smooth,  flat,  dry.   Petals  united.   Stam.  8-200.   S.  Julibrassin.  Aca'cia. 


10 


1.  PHASE'OLUS.     Bean,  &c. 


Calyx  5-toothe(l  or  cleft,  the  2 
upper  teeth  half  united.  Keel  in- 
cluding the  stamens  and  style,  and 
with  them  spirally  coiled  or  twisted. 
Legume  straight  or  curved,  many- 
seeded.  Seeds  oblong,  kidney- 
shaped. — Herbs  twining  or  trailing. 
Leaves  pinnately  trifoliate,  stipellate. 
June-Oct, 


Native  species,  growing  in  fields  and 

woods...  .a 
Exotic  species,  growing  only  by  culti- 
vation  b 

a  Flowers  racemed.     Pods  curved . . . 


Fig.  446.  Section  of  flower  of  the  Dean, 
showing  the  spirally  coiled  stamens  and  styles, 
the  simple  ovary,  kc. 


a  Flowers  1  or  few  in  a  head. 

b  Stems  climbing .5-7 

b  Stems  erect,  bushy 8 


Pods  straight.   .  .2-4 


190  THE   FLORA. 


1  P.  peren''nis.  Peren7iialWild-hecin.  Leaflets  ovate,  pointed.  Eacemes  in  pairs.  4-7 f.jo. 

2  P.  diversifo''lius.    Trailing  W.    Leaflets  angular,  2-3-lobed.     Peduncle  longer 

than  leaf.     c. 

3  P.  hel'volus.    Long-stalked  W.    Leaflets  lance-ovate,  not  lobed.     Peduncle  3-4 

times  longer  tlian  the  leaf.     M.  S. 

4  P.  pauciflo'rus.  Faw-jUnvered  W.  Leaflets  linear-oblong,  hairy.  Peduncle  longer 

than  the  leaf.     W. 

5  P.  vTilga'ris.     Common,  Garden-bean.     Leaflets  ovate,  pointed.     Racemes  solitary, 

shorter  than  leaves. 

6  P.  multiflo^rus.  Scarlet  Pole-hean.  Fls.  scr.rlet,  showy.  Eoot  tuberous.  Pedicels  opp.  f 

7  P.  luna^tus.    Lima  B.  Flovi-ers  white.  Lfts.  ovate-deltoid,  acute.   Pods  broad,  large. 

8  P.  na'nus.     Bush-lean.     Erect,  bushy.     Leaves  broad-ovate,  acute,     t 

2.  A'PIOS.     Ground-nut. 

Calyx  bell-shaped,  somewhat  2-lippetI,  the  2  side  teeth  nearly  obsolete, 
the  lower  tooth  longest.  Keel  incurved  and  at  length  coiled  against  the 
very  broad,  reflexed  banner.  Ovary  sheathed  at  base. — Twining,  smooth 
herbs.     2f  Root  bearing  eatable  tubers.     Leaves  pinnately  5-7-foliate. 

A.  tubero'sa.  Stem  round,  twining  about  other  plants,  2-4f.  in  length.  Leaflets 
mostly  7,  narrow-ovate,  more  or  less  acuminate,  on  short  stalks.  Eaeeines 
axillary,  solitary,  dense-flowered,  shorter  than  the  leaves.  Flowers  dark  pur- 
ple. The  tubers  on  the  root  are  oval,  thick,  and  very  nutritious.  In  thickets 
and  shady  woods.     July.,  Aug. 

3.  ROBIN'IA.     Locust. 

Calyx  short,  bell-shaped,  5-cleft,  the  2  upper  divisions  more  or  less 
united.  Banner  large,  wings  obtuse.  Stamens  diadelphous  (9  &  1). 
Style  bearded  inside.  Legume  flattened,  long,  many-seeded. — Trees  and 
shrubs  with  stipular  spines.  Leaves  unequally  pinnate.  Flowers  showy, 
in  axiUary  racemes.     April.,  May. 

R.  visco'sa.     Clammy  Locust-tree.     Eacemes   rather   compact,   rose-white,    erect. 

Branchlets  and  stalks  sticky.     Leaflets  ovate.     In  parks.     Native  South. 
R   Pseudaca'cia.     Common  Locust-tree.     Eacemes    rather  loose,  drooping,  white, 

fragrant.    Leaflets  oblong-ovate,  smooth,  as  well  as  the  branchlets. 
R.  his'pida.     Ease  Acacia.     Shrub  4-9f.  high,  hispid,  with  clusters  of  large,  purple 

flowers.     Leaflets  5  or  6  pairs,  broadly  oval. 

4.  MELILO'TUS.     Melilot.     Sweet  Clover. 

Calyx  tubular,  5-toothed.  Keel  petals  completely  united,  shorter  than 
die  others.    Of  the  1 0  stamens  9  are  united  one  separate.     Pod  1  or  few- 


Order  46.— LEGUMINOUS  PLANTS. 


191 


Leaves  piiinately  trifoliate. 


seeded,  longer  than  the  permanent  calyx. 
Flowers  in  racemes. 

1  M.  officina'lis.    Yellow  M.    Leaflets  obovate-oblong,  obtuse,  dentate.     Calyx  half 

as  long  as  the  yellow  corolla.     Pod  2-seeded.     Stem  3f. 

2  M.  alba.    White  M.    Leaflets  ovate-oblong,  square  at  end.     Calyx  not  half  as  long 

as  the  white  corolla.     Pod  2-seedcd.     Height  d-fif.     Very  fragrant. 


5.  TRIFO'LIUM.     Clover.     Trefoil. 

Calyx  5-cleft,  with  bristly  teeth,  persist- 
ent. Petals  more  or  less  united  at  the  base, 
persistent  and  withering.  Banner  longer 
than  the  wings,  which  are  also  longer  than 
the  keel.  Stamens  10,  diadelphons  (9  &  1). 
Legume  short,  membranous,  often  included 
in  the  calyx,  1-6-seeded,  mostly  indehis- 
cent.  —  Herbs  with  palmately  trifoliate 
leaves.  Leatlets  straight-veined.  Flowers 
in  heads  or  spikes.     Apr.-Sejji. 

*  Flowers  yellow,  in  small,  dense,  oval  heads. 

Pod  1-seeded 1,  2 

*  Flowers  cyanic  (not  yellow). . .  .a 

a  Flowers    on    little  stalks   (pedicels)    and 

finally  deflexed b 

a  Flowers  nearly  or  quite  sessile,  never  de- 
flexed c 

b  Heads  small,  on  stalks  some  ten  times  longer 3,  4 

b  Heads  large,  on  stalks  two  or  three  times  longer 5,  6 

c  Calyx  teeth  feathery,  longer  than  the  whitish  corolla 7 

c  Calyx  teeth  shorter  than  the  purple  or  roseate  corolla S-10. 

1  T.  procum'bens.     Yelloio  C.     Stipules  much  shorter  than  the  petioles.     Style  3  or 

4  times  shortcrthan  thepod.    Heads  ovate,  4  in.  thick.    Stems  prostrate.    May. 

2  T.  agra'rium.     Larger  Yellow  C.     Stipules  longer  than  the  petiole.     Style  about 

as  long  as  the  pod.    Heads  oblong,  i  in.  thick.    Stems  ascending.    Jane^July. 

3  T.  Carolinia'num.     Southern  C.     Stipules  leaf-like.     Calyx  teeth  thrice  longer 

than  its  tube.     Legume  4-8eeded.     Scarcely  forms  a  turf.     W.  S. 

4  T.  repens.    White  C.     Shamrock.     Stipules   narrow,  scale-like.     Calyx  teeth 

shorter  than  its  tube.     Pod  4-seeded.     Forms  a  dense  turf.    Fls.  white,   e. 
T.  reflexum.     Bvffalo  C.     Lflts.  obovate.     Calyx  nearly  as  long  as  the  red  corolla. 
6  T.  stolon: 'fe rum.     Prairie  C.     Leaflets  obcordate.     Calyx  not  half  as  long  as  the 
white  corolla.     W, 


453  O 


Fig,  44".  Red  Clover,— a  head  of 
flowers.  Fig.  44S.  A  single  flower. 
Fig.  449.  A  pod,  with  a  part  of  the 
calyx.  Fig.  450.  A  sc-ed,  cut  open. 
See  also  Fig.  37. 


192  THE   FLORA. 


7  T.  arven'se.  Jiahhit-foot  G.  Heads  cylindrical,  very  hairy.   Lfts.  narrow  obovate. 

8  T.  praten''3e.     Rtd  C.     Leaflets  spotted,  oval.     Heads  roundish,  sessile.     Flowers 

rose-red,  or  white,     c.     \     (Figs.  447-456.) 

9  T.  me'dium.   Zigzag  0.   Lfts.  oblong.  Heads  roundish,  stalked.  Fls.  deep  purple,  r. 

10  T.  incarna'tum.   Rose  Trefoil.    Lfts.  round-ovate.    Heads  oblong.   Fls.  rose-red.   f 

6.  LUPI'NUS.     Lupine. 

Calyx  deeply  2-lipped,  upper  lip  2-cleft,  lower  entire  or  3-toothed. 
Wings  united  towards  the  top,  keel  acuminate.  Stamens  monadelphous, 
the  filaments  forming  an  entire  sheath.  Anthers  alternately  oblong  and 
globose.  Pod  leathery  and  knotted. — Herbs,  with  leaves  palmately  5-15- 
foliate,  rarely  simple. 

1  L.  peren'nis.     Common  L.     Root  creeping,   perennial.     Stem  erect,  l-2f.  high, 

hairy.  Leaflets  soft-downy,  7-11,  oblanceolate,  I5-2''  long,  broadest  above 
the  middle.  Flowers  alternate,  in  an  erect,  terminal  raceme,  blue,  varying  to 
white.  It  is  often  called  Sun-dial^  from  the  fact  of  its  leaves  turning  to  face 
the  sun  from  morning  till  night. — Several  other  species  are  cultivated  in 
gardens.     May,  June.     (Fig.  66.) 

2  L.  villo''sus.   Mullein  L.   Stem  erect,  l-2f.,  terminating  in  a  showy  raceme.   Leaves 

simple,  clothed  in  a  dense  coat  of  silky  wool  as  well  as  the  stem.     S. 

7.  LESPEDE'ZA.     Bush  Clover. 

Calyx  5-parted,  with  2  bractlets  at  base,  the  sepals  nearly  equal.  Keel 
very  obtuse,  on  slender  claws.  Stamens  diadelphous  (9  &  1).  Legume 
lens-sliaped,  small,  flattened,  unarmed,  one-seeded,  not  opening. — %  Leaves 
pinnately  trifoliate.     Flowering  in  Ang..^  Sept. 

T[  Flowers  in  dense  spikes,  whitish,  with  a  purple  spot  on  the  banner 1,  2 

TI  Fls.  racemed,  &c.,  violet  or  purple.     Some  of  the  fl*.  with  no  corolla.. .  .a 

a  Stem  prostrate,  trailing,  difl'use.     Leaflets  oval 3 

a  Stem  erect  and  mostly  branched,  l-3f.  high.. .  .4,  5 

1  L.  capita''ta.    Head  B.     Leaflets  elliptical,  silky.    Spikes  shorter  than  leaves. 

Stem  nearly  simple,  2-4f. 

2  L.  hirta.     Hairy  £.      Leaflets   roundish-oval.     Spikes   longer  than  leaves. 

Stem  branching,  very  hairy. 
8  L.  repens.    Creeping  B.    Downy  more  or  less,  except  the  upper  side  of  the  leaves, 
which  is  always  smooth.     Stems  slender,  many. 

4  L.  viola''cea.     Violet  B.     Smoothish.     Leaflets  oval,  varying  to  :)blong  and  linear 

obtuse,  mucronate.     Corolla  Z-i"  long.     Varies  greatly. 

5  L.  SteuM.     Plant  velvety  or  downy.     Lfts.  round'sh-obovate.     Variable. 


Order  46.— LEQUMINOUS  PLANTS. 


193 


'^ 


8.  PrSUA[.     Pea. 

Calyx  divisions  leaf-like,  2  upper  shortest. 
Banner  large,  reflexed.  Stamens  10,  diadelplious 
(9  &  1).  Style  flattened,  keel-shaped,  bearded  on 
the  upper  side.  Legume  oblong,  tumid.  Seeds 
globose. — Climbing  herbs.  Leaves  pinnate,  end- 
ing with  a  branching  tendril. 

P.  sati'vum.  Common  Garden  Pea.  Leaflets  usually  4, 
ovate,  entire.  Stipules  rather  larger  than  tlie  leaf- 
lets (2-3''  long),  ovate,  half- cordate  at  base.  Flow- 
ers 2  or  more  on  axillary  peduncles,  large,  white. 
Pods  2  or  3''  long,  5-9-seeded.  A  very  valuable 
leguminous  plant,  all  over  smooth  and  glaucous. 
There  are  many  varieties.     June.     (Also,  Fig.  443.) 

9.  BAPTIS'IA.     Wild  Indigo. 

Calyx  4-5-cleft  half  way.  Petals  of  about 
equal  length,  somewhat  united.  Banner  roundish, 
notched  at  the  end.  Stamens  10,  distinct,  decid- 
uous. Pod  inflated,  many-seeded,  raised  on  a 
stalk  in  the  persistent  calyx. —  u  Large  herbs 
with  leaves  palmately  3-foliate  or  simple.  Flowers  in  racemes, 
mostly  oblong,  broadest  above.     A2)7\-Sept. 

§  Leaves  simple.    Flowers  yellow.     (3  species  far  South,  omitted.) 
§  Leaves  3-foliate ...  .a  Flowers  blue,  in  a  few  long  racemes ...  .1 
a  Flowers  white,  in  a  few  long  racemes. . .  .b 
a  Flowers  yellow,  solitary,  or  in  short  racemes.... c 

b  Stipules  leaf-like,  longer  than  the  petioles 2,  3 

b  Stipules  much  shorter,  or  not  longer  than  the  petioles 4,  5 

c  Flower-stalks  not  longer  than  the  calyx 6,  7 

c  Flowcr-.^talks  much  longer  than  the  calyx.     S.     Omitted. 
1  B.  austra'lis.    Austral  W.   Smooth.   Lfts,  obovate  or  oblong.   Fls.  large.    \V.  S.  i 

2  B.  leucophoe'a.     Whitish  IV.     Stipules  large,  ovate.     Kacemes  nodding.     W. 

3  B.  villo'sa.     Wooll//  IV.     Stipules  small,  lance-linear.     Racemes  erect.     S. 

4  B.  leucantha.     Stipules  lancc-lincar,  about  as  long  as  petioles.     W.  S.     f 

5  B.  alba.     Stipules  and  bracts  minute,  early  falling  off.     S. 

G  B.  lanceola'ta.    Leaflets  narrow-elliptic.     Flowers  axillary.     S. 

7  B.  tincto'ria.     Leaflets  siiiiiU.  round-obovate.     Kacemes  terminal.     Common. 


Fii'.  451.  Con 
s,  the  large  8ti|iiili-s;  p,  tlie 
pod;  /  the  (lower;  t,  tbe 
tendrils  on  tlie  end  of  the-  li^af. 

Leaflets 


19^ 


THE   FLORA. 


10.  OAS'SIA.  Senna. 
Sepals  5,  scarcely  united  at  base,  nearly  equal.  Petals  5,  unequal,  but 
not  papilionaceous.  Stamens  10,  distinct,  3  upper  anthers  often  sterile,  3 
lower  ones  beaked.  Legume  long,  many-seeded. — Leaves  simply  and 
abruptly  pinnate,  mostly  with  a  gland  on  the  petiole.  Flowers  yellow. 
July^  Aug. 

1  Racemes  axillary.     3  of  the  anthers  imperfect,  7  of  them  perfect 1,3 

T[  R  acemes  above  the  axils.     Anthers  all  perfect.    Stem  l-2f.  high 4,  5 

1  C.  obtusifo'lia.     Blunt  S.     Leaflets  4-6,  obtuse.     Stem  l-3f.  high.     S. 

2  C.  occidenta'lis.      Western.  S.     Leaflets  6-12,  acute.     Stem  4-6f.  liigh.     S. 

3  C.  Marilan'dica.     American  S.     Leaflets  12-18,  mucronate.     Stems  of.  high. 

4  C.  Chamaecris'ta.    Sensitive  Pea.    Anthers  10,  unlike.    Fls.  large.    Lfts.  16-24. 

5  C.  nic'titans.     Sensitive  S.     Anthers  5,  alike.    Fis.  small.    Leaflets  12-30. 


Order  XLYII.   ROSACEA.     Roseworts. 

Trees.,  sJiruhs,  or  Jierhs  with  stipules  mostly,  and  alternate  leaves;  witli 
jiowers  regular,  commonly  showy,  perfect,  and  polyandrous ;  with 
5  sepals  united  at  base,  often  supported  by  as  many  dractlets  outside  ; 
5  petals  (rarely  0),  which  are  perigynous  as  well  as  the  stamens  ; 
1-co  2yi8tils,  which  are  distinct,  or  sometimes  united  and  adhering  to  the 
calyx  tube ;  fruit  various ;  seeds  with  no  albumen. 


Order  47.— ROSEWORTS. 


105 


457 


r,<"/P/ 


Fig.  4.V2.  Flowers  of  the  Gi  eat  lied  Clierry  :  5,  section, 
fliowing  tlie  periirynor.s  slaiiietis,  tlie  single  ovary,  &c. 
Fig.  453.  Section  (jf  tlio  cherry,  showing  the  seed  lying 
,  In  the  stone  and  jmlp.  Fig.  454.  Section  of  the  flower  of 
Lady's-niantle  (Class  Book,  p.  325),  with  the  simple 
ovary,  lateral  style,  Ac.  Fig.  455.  A  flower  of  Strawberry.  Fig.  456.  A  section  of  the  same, 
showing  the  pcrigynous  stamens,  the  many  simple  pistils  on  the  large  turns.  Fig.  457.  Section 
of  a  Hose,  showing  the  many  simple  pistils  sunk  in  the  hollow  toru.s,  &c. 

Analysis  of  the  Genera. 

%  Flowers  with  1  pistil  and  no  petals.     Herbs a 

§  Flowers  with  1  pistil  and  5  petals.     Shrubs  or  trees 2 

§  Flowers  with  2— oo  pistils 3 

2  Style  lateral,  i.  «.,  arising  from  the  side  of  the  ovary o 

2  Style  terminal,  i.  c,  arising  from  the  top  of  the  ovary c 

3  Pistils  (carpels)  2-5,  all  consolidated  with  the  calyx.     Fruit  a  pome....<l 

3  PiBtils  (carpels)  2-50,  free,  in  an  open  or  closed  calyx 4 

4  Carpels  1-seeded,  achenia  inclosed  in  the  calyx  tube....e 
4  Carpels  1-sceded,  achenia  dry  or  pulpy  in  an  open  calyx.... 5 

4  Carpels  several-seeded,  pods  in  an  open  calyx k 

5  Styles  persistent  on  the  dry  aclicnia f 

5  Styles  falling  off  with  the  rest  of  the  flower 6 

6  Calyx  entirely  bractlcss.     Flowers  never  yellow, ,  ..g 
6  Calyx  with  bractlets  bcneatli  it  as  if  double..  ..h 

a  Stamens  1-4.     Style  lateral.     Fls.  scattered.  LaJ yh-mantle.  Alciiemil'la. 

»  Stamens  4.     Style  terminal.     Fls,  in  dense  spikes.  ^«rne/.  S.xnguisor'ba. 

a  Stamens  od.     Style  terinin;d.     Flowers  in  spikes.  JBurnet.  Pote^kiuk, 

b  Stamens  about  20,     Drupe  1-seeded.    S.       Cocoa  Plum.  CniiYsoBALA^NU.-?. 

c  Stone  globular,  smooth.     Fruit  not  glaucous.  Chen-y.  CEK''ASfs.  1 

c  Stone  flattened,  smooth.     Fruit  glaucous  or  downy.  Plum.  Puu'nls. 

c  Stone  roughened  with  pits  and  furrows.     Fruit  pulpy.  Peach.  Peis'sica. 

c  Stone  roughened  with  pits  and  furrows.     Fruit  dry.         Almond.  Amyo'd.m.is. 
d  Petals  spat.-oblong.     Pome  with  5  dble.- cells.    Shad-hush.  AiUiLA.N'ciiiHi:.  2 
d  Petals  roundish.     Pome  with  bony,  1-sceded  cells.         Thorn.  Cratje'oi's. 
d  Petals  roundish.     Pome  with  thin,  2-seedod  cells'.  Apple.  Pyris.  3 

d  Petals  roundish.     Pome  with  5,  many  seeded  colls.  Quince.  Cydo'nia.  4 


106  THE   FLORA. 


e  Carpels  many,  in  the  fleshy  calyx.     Flowers  often  double.  Rose.  Eosa.     5 

e  Carpels  2  only,  in  the  dry,  fluted,  prickly  calyx.  Agrimony.  Agrimo^nia. 

f  Petals  and  sepals  8  or  9.     A  small,  rare  plant  on  mountains  Drtas. 

f  Petals  and  sepals  5.     Achenia  numerous.  Avem.  Geum.     6 

g  Sepals  equal.    Fruit  a  heap  of  pulpy  achenia.    Fls.  cyanic.     Bramble.   Rubus.     7 
g  Sepals  unequal.     Stems  creeping.   Flowers  white.     False  Violet.  Dalibak'da.     8 

h  Torus  small,  dry.   Flowers  yellow.   Bractlets  minute  or  0.   Waldstei^nia.     9 

h  Torus  small,  dry.    Fls.  mostly  yellow.    Bractlets  large. 

Cinqxiefoil.  Potentil'la.  10 

h  Torus  becoming  very  large  and  juicy  in  fruit.        Strawberry.  Fraga'kia.  11 

h  Torus  becoming  large  and  spongy.  Fls.  purple.  Lvs.  pinnate.   Com'arum. 
k  Petals  obovate,  not  yellow.     Stamens  very  long.  Steeple-bush.  Spir^'a.  12 

k  Petals  lance-linear,  not  yellow.  Stamens  very  short.  Indian  Fliysic.  Gille''nia. 
k  Petals  multiplied,  orange-yellow.     Pods  1-seeded.     Shrubs. 

Guelder  Rose.  Ker^eia. 

1.  CER'ASUS.     Cherry. 

Calyx  5-cleft,  regular,  deciduous.  Petals  5,  much  spreading.  Stamens 
15-30.  Ovary  with  2  ovules.  Drupe  globular,  very  smooth,  destitute 
of  a  glaucous  bloom.  Stone  also  globular  and  smooth. — Trees  or  shrubs. 
Leaves  folded  in  the  bud.     Flowers  early,  white.     May.     (Fig.  452.) 

g  Leaves  evergreen,  leathery,  entire 1 

§  Leaves  deciduous,  thin a 

a  Flowers  in  umbel-like  clusters  from  side  buds.     Drupes  red b 

a  Flowers  in  racemes  leafy  at  base.     Cherries  black  or  blackish 2,  3 

b  Shrubs  or  trees  growing  wild,  native 4,  5 

b  Trees  cultivated,  not  native G,  7 

1  C.  Oarolinia'na.     Cherry  Laurel.     Flowers  in  dense,  shurt  racemes.     Fruit  black, 
poisonous.     Splendid  in  cultivation. 

2  0.  sero'tina.      Wild  Black  C.     Trees  with  lance-oblong,  blunt-toothed  leaves. 

3  C.  Virginia'na.  Choke  C.  Shrubs  with  oval-obovate,  slender-toothed  leaves. 
4  O.  pum'ila.  Sand  C.  Shrubs  trailing,  with  lance-obovate,  acute  lvs.  Fr.  egg-shaped. 
6  0.  Pennsylvan''ica.  Wild  Red  C.  Trees.  Lvs.  oblpng-ovate,  acuminate.  Fr.  roundish. 

6  C.  A'vium.     Oxheart  C     Leaves  oblong-ovate,  acuminate,  hairy  beneath. 

7  0.  vulgaMs.     Great  Red  C.     Leaves  lance-ovate,  acute,  narrowed  to  base. 

2.  AMELAN'CHIER.     June-berry. 

Calyx  5-cleft.  Petals  5,  oblong-ovate  and  oblanceolate.  Stamens  sliort. 
Styles  5,  somewhat  united  at  base.  Pome  5-celled,  cells  cartilaginous, 
each  nearly  divided  into  two  1-seeded  divisions. — Small  trees  or  shrubs 
with  simple,  serrate  leaves,  and  white  early  flowers  in  racemes. 


Okdeu  47.— ROSEWORTS.  197 


A.  Canaden'sis.  Shad-berry.  June-berry .  A  small  tree  or  shrub  found  in  woods, 
with  a  dark-grayish  bark.  Flowers  large  white,  in  racemes  at  the  ends  of  the 
brandies,  appearing  in  April  and  Alay,  while  the  forests  arc  yet  naked.  Fruii 
round,  purplish,  well-flavored,  ripe  in  June.  The  plant  is  very  variable  in  size, 
and  in  the  leaves,  Ac. 

3.  PY'RUS.     Pear.     Apple. 

Calyx  urn-shaped,  limb  5-cleft.  Petals  5,  roundish.  Stamens  00.  Style* 
2-5.  Pome  fleshy  or  berry-like,  containing  2-5  cartilaginous  (thin  ana 
elastic)  carpels,  each  with  2  seeds. — Trees  or  shrubs.  Leaves  simple  or 
pinnate.  Flowers  showy,  white  or  rose-colored,  in  cyme-like  umbels. 
J/iry,  June. 

%  Leaves  pinnate.     Fruit  as  large  as  peas,  scarlet  when  ripe. . .  ,6,  7 

§  Loaves  simple a 

a  Wild  shrubs,  5-8f.  high.     Flowers  small,  in  compound  clusters 5 

a  Trees  wild  or  cultivated.     Flowers  large,  in  simple  clusters b 

b  Flowers  white.     Pome  bell-shaped,  acute  at  base. . .  .1 

b  Flowers  rose-white.     Pome  with  a  pit  at  base 2-4 

1  P.  commu''nis.    Pear.    Leaves  ovate-lanceolate.    Styles  5,  distinct,    t    (Fig,  280.) 

2  P.  malus.    Apple.    Leaves  ovate,  not  lobed,  the  veinlets  incurved.   (Fig.  183.) 

3  P.  corona'ria.  American  Crab.  Leaves  ovate,  often  lobed,  cut-serrate,  straight- 

veined.     (Fig.  454.) 

4  P.  angustifo'lia.    Narroio-leaved  C.    Leaves  lanceolate,  scarcely  veiny. 

5  P.  arbutifo'lia.     Choke-berry.     Leaves  obovate  or  oval,  with  glands  on  mid-vein. 

6  P.  America'na.     Mountain-Ash.     Leaflets  13-15,  lanceolate,  pointed. 

7  P.  Aucupa'ria.     English  M.    Leaflets  lance-ovate,  acute.    Fruit  larger. 

4.  CYDO'NIA.     Quince. 

Calyx  urn-shaped,  5-cleft.  Petals  5.  Styles  5.  Stamens  many.  Pome 
with  5  parchment-like  cells,  each  with  several  seeds.— Shrubs.  Leaves 
simple.     Flowers  solitary  or  few  in  a  cluster. 

1  0.  vulgaMs.     Common  Quince.    Leaves  downy  beneath,  broadly  ovate,  acute,  en- 

tire, with  small,  half-ovate  stipules.    Flowers  roseate,  solitary  terminal.    Fruit 
large,  obovate,  highly  esteemed  in  preserves,  &c.     (Fig.  1  ) 

2  C.  Japon'ica.    Japan  Quince.    Leaves  glabrous,  ovate-lanceolate,  acute  at  each 

end,  serrulate.    Stipules  reniform.    Flowers  red,  side  clusters,  opening  early. 

5.  RO'SA.     Rose. 

Calyx  tube  urn-shaped,  fleshy,  contracted  at  the  throat,  limb  5-cleft 
the  sepals  generally  with  a  little  leaf  at  tip      Petals  5  (greatly  multipliec" 


198  THE   FLOKA. 


by  culture);  aclienia  00,  bonj,  hispid,  included  in  and  attached  to  the  in 
side  of  the  fleshy  calyx-tube.— Shrubby  and  prickly  plants.  Leaves  un- 
e  lually  pinnate.     Stipules  attached  to  the  petiole,  or  often  free. 

In  the  table,  the  first  ten  species  are  found  growing  wild  in  this  country,  and 
Bometimes  also  cultivated.    The  other  species  never  grow  wild  here. 

§  Styles  growing  together  into  an  inserted  column.     Climbers h 

§  Styles  not  cohering  into  a  column a 

a  Stipules  nearly  free  from  the  petiole  and  falling  off g 

a  Stipules  adhering  to  the  petiole b 

b  Plant  armed  with  curved  or  hooked  prickles,  erect d 

b  Plant  armed  witli  straight  prickles c 

c  Wild,  native  Hoses,  1-3  f,  erect.... 5-7 

c  Cultivated  exotics  climbing  (No.  '20)  or  erect 21-23 

d  Leaflets  glandular  and  fragrant  beneath. . .  .f 

d  Leaflets  not  at  all  glandular.     Shrubs  erect e 

e  Wild,  native  Rose,  flowers  single 8 

e  Cultivated  exotics,  mostly  double-flowered 13,  M 

f  Flowers  single.     Wild.... 9,  10 

f  Flowers  double.    Exotic,  cultivated.. .  .15-17  ■ 

g  Leaflets  5-9.     Flower-stalk  enveloped  in  brncts 4 

g  Leaflets  3-5.     Flower-stalk  bractless,  very  smooth 2,  19 

h  Leaflets  3-5,  mostly  3.     Kative  and  cultivated 1 

h  Leaflets  5-9 k  Stipules  and  sepals  mostly  entire 11^12 

k  Stipules  fringed,  sepals  entire 3 

k  Stipules  entire,  sepals  pinnatifid 18 

1  R.  setig^era.     Michigan  R.     Flowers  iii  corymbs,  rose- colored,  changeable.     W.  f 
2  R.  l£eviga''ta.     Cherokee  E.    Lfts.  very  smooth,  ellip.    Fls.  solit.,  white.    S.  t 
3  R.  multiflo'ra.     Japan  B.     Lfts.  soft,  wrinkled.     Fls.  corymbed,  double.     S.  f 
4  R.  bractea''ta.  Macartney  R.  Fls.  solitary,  with  large  bracts  beneath  it.  S.-W.  t 

5  R.  lu'cida.     Shining  R.     Lfts.  5-9,  elliptic,  shining.     Prickles  few.     Calyx  hispid. 

6  R.  nit'ida.      Wild  R.     Leaflets  5-9,  narrow-lance,  shining.     Prickles  numerous. ' 

7  R.  blanda.     Bland  R.     Lfts  5-7,  oblong,  dull.     Prickles  very  lew.     Calyx  smooth. 

8  R.  Caroli'na.    Swamp  R.    Stems  4-7 f.  high.  Flowers  in  corymbs.   Dull  green. 

9  R.  rubigino'sa.     Sweet  Brier.     Sepals  persistent.     Some  of  the  prickles  awd-shaped. 

10  R.  micran''tha.    Eglantine.    Sepals  deciduous.    All  the  prickles  hooked  alike.    Fls. 

small. 

11  R.  sempervi''rens.  Evergreen  R.    Prickles  alike.    Lfts.  evergreen,  leathery,  f 

12  R.  arven'sis.     Ayrshire  R.     Prickles  unlike.     Lfts.  soft,  deciduous.     + 

13  R,  cinnamo''mea.     Cinnamon  R.     Stipules  broad,  pointed,  involute,  wavy,     f 

14  R.  cani'na.    Bog  R.     Stipules  broad,  serrulate.     Sepals  fall  off  after  flowering,  t 

15  R.  centifc'lia.     Cabbage  R.     Moss  R.     Sepals  spread  in  flower,  often  very 
glandular,     f 


Okdj:u    it.— ROSEWORTS.  109 


16  R.  damasce'na.    Damask  Ii.    Montlily  E.   Sepals  reflcxcd  in  flower.    Flo\vc)-3 

very  double,     t 

17  R.  alba.     White  R.     Sepals  piiinatifitl,  spreading.     Fls.  coryinbcd,  large,     t 
18  R.  moscha'ta.  Mash  E.  Leailcts  lanceolate,  pointed.  Fls.  panicled,  large,  white,  t 

19  B..  In' AicB..  Chinese  Monthly.  Bengal  R.   T:a  Rose^d:c.    Lfts.  ovate,  pointed,  t 
20  R  Alpi'na.   Boursaiilt  R.    Lfts.  5-11,  obovate,  sharp-serrate.   Stipules  narrow,  t 

21  R.  eglante'ria.    Fellow  Rose.    Lfts.  broad-oval.    Petals  obcordate,  fugacious,  -f 

22  R.  Gal'lica.     French  R.     Leaflets  elliptical.     Petals  large,  spreading,     t 

23  R.  Pimpinellifo'lia.    Burnet  R.     Lfts.  small,  roundish.     Flowers  small,     t 

6.  GE'UM.     Aveus. 

Calyx  5-cleft,  usually  with  o  alternate  bractlets  outside.  Petals  5. 
Stamens  many,  collected  on  a  dry  receptacle,  and  bearing  the  long,  per- 
sistent style. —  U  Leaves  pinnate  or  lyrate. 

§  Style  bent  and  jointed  near  the  middle ...  .a 

§  Style  straight  and  not  jointed,  wholly  persistent.     Kare  plants G,  7 

a  Head  of  fruits  quite  sessile,  with  the  styles  finally  hooked b,  1 

a  Head  of  fruits  stalked  in  the  calyx  more  or  less. . .  .4,  5 

b  Petals  yellow,  longer  than  the  calyx 2,  3 

1  G.  Virginia'num.     Petals  white,  as  long  as  the  calyx.     Receptacle  hairy. 
2  G.  macrophyl'lum.     Mountain  A.     Lvs.  ending  with  a  very  large  roundish  leaflet. 
8  G.  stric'tum.  Yellow  A.  The  end  leaflet  but  little  larger  than  the  rest.  Height  3-5f. 

4  G.  vemum.    Head-stalk  A.    Petals  yellow,  small.     Stalk  as  long  as  head.    W. 

5  G.  livable.     Water  A.     Whole  flower  dark  purple,  large,  nodding. 

6  G.  triflo'rum.    Bractlets  longer  than  the  calyx  or  jPu/p/wA  petals.     Fls.  3.     W. 

7  G.  Peck'ii.  Feck's  A.    Bractlets  minute.    Pet.  yellow.    Stem  almost  leafless.   Mts. 

7.  RU'BUS.     Bramble.     Blackberries  and  Raspberries. 

Calyx  5-parted,  without  bractlets.  Petals  5,  deciduous.  Stamens  oo . 
Ovaries  many,  becoming  many  pulpy,  drupe-like  achenia  (grahis)  united 
into  a  compound  fruit. — Ilalf-shrubby  plants  with  2^  roots  and  0  stems, 
armed  with  prickles.  Flowers  mostly  white.  In  the  Blackberries  the 
pulpy  receptacle  constitutes  a  part  of  the  fruit,  but  in  the  Easpberries  it 
does  not. 

*  Leaves  simple,  3-5-lobcd.     Flowers  large 1-3 

*  Leaves  compound,  of  3-7  leaflets a 

a  Stems  stout,  upright,  often  recurved  at  top b 

a  Stems  weak,  trailing  or  prostrate 7 

b  The  side  leaflets  stalked.    Prickles  strong,  recurved 8 

b  The  side  leaflets  sep^^ilc.     Prickles  weak,  nearly  straight.... 4 


200  THE  FLORA. 


Ri(fipherries. 

1  R.  odora'tus.     Roae  F,oivtri/i(/,     Petals  round,  purple.     Stalks  hairy-cIarnM>  . 

2  R.  Nutka^nus.     White-Jlowering.     Petals  broad-oval,  white.     Fls.  several.     JSf.-i» 

3  R.  Chamaemo'nis.     Cloud-levry.     Petals  obovate,  white.     Flower  only  one.     Mts. 

4  Petals  as  long  or  longer  than  the  calyx 5,  6 

4  R.  Idaeus.     Garden  Ras])herry.     Petals  shorter  than  the  calyx. 

5  R.  strigo''sus.     Wild  Bed  Raspherry.     Corolla  cnp-shaped,  single. 

6  R.  rosaefo'lius.     Bridal  Rose.     Corolla  spreading,  double.     Cultivated. 

7  Stems  prickly,  shrubby,  biennial.     Fruit  of  many  grains 11 

7  R.  triflo''rus.    Stems  entirely  unarmed,  green,  ©     Fruit  of  few  grain?. 
8  R.  occidenta'lis.  Thhnhle-herry .  PI.  glaucous.  Petals  shorter  than  sepals.   Fr.  dark, 

8  Plants  not  glaucous.     Petals  much  longer  than  the  sepals 9,  10 

Blackberries. 

9  R.  villo'sus.    High  Blackberry.     Flowers  in  racemes.     Leaflets  ovate. 

10  R.  cuneifo'lius.    Sand  Bl.    Fls.  1-3  together.     Lfts.  wedge-obovate.     M.  S. 
11  Prickles  many.     Flower-stalks  without  leaves  or  bracts 12,  13 

11  R.  Canaden'sis.     Dewherry.     Prickles  few.     Flower-stalks  with  leafy  bracts. 

12  R.  his'pidus.     Hispid^  Running  Bl.     Flowers  small,  with  spreading  sepals. 

13  R.  trivia'lis.     Low  Busk  Bl.     F'owers  large,  with  reflexed  sepals.     S. 

8.  DALIBAK'DA.     False  Violet. 

Calyx  deeply  5  or  6-parted,  8  of  the  segments  larger.  Petals  5.  Sta- 
mens many.  Styles  5-8,  long,  deciduous.  Fruit  5-8  dryish,  drupe-like 
achenia. — ii  Low  herbs  with  creeping  stems,  simple  leaves  and  1-2  white 
flowers  on  each  stalk.     Korth. 

D.  re'pens.  Creeping  F.  Found  in  damp  woods.  Creeping  stems  a  few  inches  to  a 
foot  in  length.  Leaves  roundish- cordate,  crenate.  Stipules  very  narrow-linear. 
Petioles  1-3'  long.     Scapes  1-flowered,  about  as  long  as  the  petioles.    June. 

9.  WALDSTEI'NIA.     Dry  Strawberry. 

Calyx  5-cleft,  with  5  alternate,  sometimes  minute  and  deciduous  bract- 
lets.  Petals  5  or  more,  sessile.  Stamens  many.  Styles  2-6.  Achenia 
few,  dry,  on  a  dry  receptacle. — U  Acaulescent  herbs  with  lobed  or  divid- 
ed radical  leaves  and  yellow  flowers  on  scapes. 

W.  fragarioi'des.  A  pretty  plant,  in  hilly  woods,  bearing  some  resemblance  to  the 
strawberry.  Koot-stock  thick,  scaly,  blackish.  Leaves  trifoliate,  on  petioles 
3-6'  long  ;  leaflets  broad-wedge-shaped,  cut-toothed,  of  a  shining  green  above. 
Scapes  about  as  high  as  the  leaves,  bearing  2-6  flowers,  which  are  h'  across. 
June. 

W.  loba'ta.    Lobed  D.     Along  rivers,  &c.     Leaves  simple,  roundish-cordate,  gener 
ally  3-5-lobed,  &c.     Jj^ril,  June.     S. 


Order  47.— ROSEWORTS.  201 


10.  POTENTIL'LA.     Cinquefoil. 

Calyx  deeply  4-5-cleft,  with  an  equal  number  of  alternate  bractlets 
outside.  Petals  4-5,  obcordate.  Stamens  co  .  Achenia  oo  ,  collected  in 
a  head  on  a  small,  dry  receptacle. — Herbs  or  shrubs  with  compound  leaves 
and  (mostly)  yellow  flowers.     (Figs.  70,  77.) 

*  Leaves  pahnatelj  compound a 

*  Leaves  pinnately  compound 6-8 

a  Leaflets  3  only  in  each  leaf. . .  .1 

a  Leaflets  5.     Stems  prostrate  or  inclining. . .  .4,  5 

1  Flowers  yellow.     Stems  herbaceous 2,  3 

1  P.  tridenta'ta.  Trident  C.  Fls.  white.  Lfts.  wedge-obov.,  o-toothedat  end.  N. 
"2  P.  Norve'gica.    Norway  C.    Erect,  many-flowered.    Petals  short.    N.  M. 
3  P.  min'ima.     T'my  G.     Low.     Stems  1-flowered.     Pet.  longer  than  sepals.    Mts 

4  P.  Canaden'sis.     Canada  C.     Leaflets  green  both  sides,  serrate,  oblong. 

5  P.  argen'tea.     Silver  G.     Leaflets  silvery-white  beneath,  pinnatifid. 

6  P.  frutico'sa.    Shrubby  G.     Erect,  shrubs  with  yellow  flowers.     Height  l-2f.     N. 

7  P.  Anseri'na.     Goose-gras$.     Stemlcss  herbs.     Leaves  and  peduncles  radical. 

8  Herbs  with  leafy  stems.     (3  rare  species  omitted.) 

11.  FRAGA'PJA.     Strawberry. 

Calyx  deeply  5-cleft,  with  an  equal  number  of  alternate  bractlets  out- 
side. Petals  5,  obcordate.  Stamens  oo .  Achenia  many,  fixed  to  the 
surface  of  the  large,  conical,  pulpy,  scarlet  or  white  receptacle. — Low  U 
plants  with  trifoliate  leaves.     (Figs.  2G5,  455,  456.) 

1  F.  Virginia''na.     Common  S.     Bractlets  under  the  calyx  entire.     Flowers  white,  on 
scapes.     Root-stock  sending  out  runners  which  take  root  and  form  new  plants. 

2  F.  In'dica.     Indian  Strawberry.     Bractlets  under  the  calyx  3-lobed.    Petals  yellow. 
Stems  trailing  on  the  ground.     Fruit  roundish,  bright  red,  tasteless.   S,   t   (272.) 

12.  SPIR^A.     Meadow-sweet.     Hard-hack. 

Calyx  5-cleft,  persistent.  Petals  5,  roundish.  Stamens  10-50,  exscrted. 
Carpels  distinct,  3-12,  forming  little  1 -celled,  several-seeded  pods.  Styles 
terminal. —  U  Beautiful,  unarmed  herbs  or  shrubs  with  alternate  leaves 
and  branches,  and  small  white  or  rose-colored  flowers.     May^  ^i(g- 

*  Shrubs  4-9  f.  high.... a 

*  Herbs  with  the  leaves  once  or  thrice  pinnate ...  .7 
a  Stipules  present 1,  2 

a  Stipules  none.     Leaves  simple  and  undivided. ..  .b 

9* 


203 


THE  FLORA. 


b  Flowers  in  panicles.     Leaves  lance-ovate 3,  4 

b  Flowers  in  corymbs  or  little  umbels.    Leaves  oval  or  ovate 5,  6 

opulifolia.    Kine-harh.     Leaves  simple,  3-lobed.     Corymbs  umbellate.     N. 
sorbifo'lia.     Sorb-leaved  M.     Leaves  odd-pinnate.     Flowers  in  panicles. 

3  S.  tomento^sa.     Hard-hack.     Lvs.  with  u  rusty  white  dense  wool  beneath. 

4  S.  salicifo'lia.      Willow -leaved.     Lvs.  nearly  smooth.     Shrub  3  or  4f.  high, 
corymbo'sa.     Corymb  very  large,  terminal,  flat-topped.     Height  l-2f.     S. 
hypericefo'lia.     St.  Petefs  Wreath.     Little  umbels  many,  lateral.     Cultivated. 
7  Leaves  once-pinnate.     Inflorescence  terminal,  on  a  long  stalk. . .  .8,  9,  10 

7  S.  Amn''cus.    GoaVs  Beard.    Lvs.  thrice-pinnate.    Fls.  in  slender  spikes.    M, 

8  S.  loba'ta.     Queen  of  the  Prairie.     Flowers  purple.     Side  leaflets  3-lobed.    W. 

9  S.  filipen'dula.     Dropwort.     Fls.  white.    Lfts.  pinnatitid-serrate.     Gardens. 

10  S.  Ulma^ria.     Meadoio-sweet.     Flowers  white.     Lfts.  doubly-serrate.     Gardens. 


1  S. 

2  S. 


5  S. 

6  S. 


Order  LII.   OXAGRA'CE^.    Evening  Primroses. 

Eerhs  with  alternate  or  opposite  lemes ;  and  with  the  parts  of  the 
flowers  generally  in  4's,  sometimes  in  3's,  2's,  or  I's ;  with  the 
scpah  united  below  into  a  tube,  valvate  in  the  bud ;  the 
'petaU  and  stamens  inserted  into  the  throat  of  the  caljx; 
ovary  coherent  with  the  tube  of  the  calyx ;  becoming  in  the 
fruit  a  2-4-celled  capsule  or  berry  with  many  seeds. 

3 


Fig.  ibS.  Flower  of  (Enothera  fruticosa.  9.  Plan  of  the  flower.  Fi ff.  i60.  Section  of  the 
4-celIecl  capsule  of  (E.  biennis.  1.  Hippuris  vulgaris.  2.  Its  flower,  with  1  stamen,  1  ovary, 
2  stj'le.  3.  Vertical  section  of  its  1-seeded  fruit.  4.  Circsea  Lutetiana.  5.  The  flower  en- 
larced.     6.  Plan  of  the  flower.    7.  Vertical  section  of  the  2-celled  and  2-seeded  fruit. 


Analysis  of  the  Genera. 

*  Flowers  4  or  5-parted  (that  is,  with  4  or  5  petak.,  sepals,  &c.) 2 

*  Flowers  3-parted,  i.  e.,  with  3  sepals,  3  stamens,  &c.  (no  petals). . .  .g 


OiiDEi;  52.— EVENING  PRIMROSES.  203 


*  Flowers  •2-piirled,  witli  2  sepals,  2  petals,  &c f 

*  Flowers  l-purte<l,  with  1  stamen,  1  pistil,  1  seed  (no  petal)...  .h 

2  Flowers  perfect  (that  is,  having  both  stamens  and  pistils) 3 

2  Flowers  monoecious  (some  with  stamens,  some  with  pistils) e 

3  Stamens  8,  twice  as  many  as  the  sepals 4 

3  Stamens  4,  same  number  as  the  sepals. . .  .d 

4  Calyx  tube  much  prolonged  above  the  ovary 5 

4  Calyx  tube  not  prolonged  above  the  ovary a 

5  Garden  exotics,  with  showy  purple  flowers c 

5  Wild,  native  herbs,  rarely  cultivated b 

a  Seed  comous  with  a  tuft  of  silky  hairs.  Fls.  purplish.     Willow  lie rl.  EpiLo'uruM.  1 
a  Seed  not  comous,  &c,  Fls.  large,  j^ellow.  Southern.        Yellow  Jessie.  JassijE^A. 
b  Petals  equal,  not  clawed,  yellow\    Pods  oo-seeded. 

Eve.nvig  Primrose.  (Exothe''iia,  2 

b  Petals  hardly  equal,  clawed,  red.     Pods  1-4-seeded.  Gaura.  Gaura. 

c  Herbs  from  California.   Calyx  tube  short.   Petals  clawed.      Glarkia.  Clar'kia. 

c  Shrubs  from  Chili.  Cal.  tube  long,  enlarged.   Fls.  hanging.  Ear-drop.  Yxi^w'^ix. 

d  Petals  yellow,  sometimes  minute  or  0.  Lvs.  entire.      Seed  Box.  Lcuwig'ia 

e  Petals  greenish  or  none.    Leaves  many-cleft.     Water-plants. 

Water  Milfoil..  MYRiopiiyL'LUM. 
-f  Delicate  herbs  with  small,  pale  flowers.      Enchanter'' s  Nightsliade.  Circ^'a.  8 
g  Small  herbs  in  wet  places,  with  pinnatifid  lvs.      Mermaid  Weed.  Proserpixa'ca. 
h  In  water,  rare.     Leaves  linear,  whorled.  Mare's  Tail.  IIippu'ris. 

1.  EPILO'BIUM.     Willow-herb. 
Calyx  tube  not  prolonged  above  the  ovaiy.     Limb  deeply  4-parted,  de- 
ciduous.    Petals  4.     Stamens  8.     Stigma  often  with  4  spreading  lobes. 
Ovary  and  capsule  linear,  4-cornered,  4-celled,  4-valved.     Seeds  crowned 
with  a  tuft  of  long  hairs. — U  Flowers  purplish  or  white. 
E.  angustifo'lium.    Karrow-leaved  Willow-herb.     Rose-hay.     A  tall,  showy  herb  (4- 
6f.  high),  common  at  the  North.    Leaves  narrow-lanceolate,  nearly  entire,  with 
a  vein  running  along  the  margin.     F'lowers  large,  all  parts  pale  purple  or  white, 
in  a  long,  terminal   spike.    Style  and  stamens  declined.     Stigma  with  4  long 
lobes.    Julu,  Aug.    Our  four  other  species,  with  small  flowers,  and  a  club- 
Bhaped,  undivided  pistil,  we  omit. 

2.  (ENOTHE'RA.  Evening  Primrose. 
Calyx  tube  prolonged  beyond  the  ovary,  deciduous:  segments  4,  re- 
flexed.  Petals  4,  equal,  obcordate  or  obovate,  inserted  into  the  top  of  the 
calyx  tube.  Stamens  8.  Capsule  4-celle(l,  4-valvcd.  Stigma  4-lobed. 
Seeds  not  tufted. — Ilcrbs  with  alternate  leaves,  and  yellow  flowers  (in  all 
the  following  species).     May ^  Aug. 


204 


THE  FLORA. 


§  Flowers  opening  by  night.     Pods  rounded  at  the  corners,  sessile 1,2 

§  Flowers  opening  by  day.     Pods  club-shaped,  sharply  4-cornered a 

a  Stems  erect,  1-3  feet  high.     Flowers  large  (1-2'  across) 3 

a  Stems  half-erect,  6-15'  long.     Flowers  small  (5-8^''  across) 6,  7 

1  CE.  bien'nis.     Lvs.  slightly  toothed.     Pods  oblong.     Fls.  1'  or  more  wide. 

2  CE.  sinua'ta.     Leaves  sinuate-toothed  or  pinnatifid.     Flowers  i'  wide.     S. 
0  Pods  scarcely  winged  on  the  4  sharp  angles.     Leaves  narrow 4,  5 

3  CE.  frutico'sa.     Pods  with  the  4  angles  distinctly  winged.     Leaves  lanceolate. 

4  CE.  ripa'ria.     Leaves  linear-lanceolate.     Flowers  finally  racemed.     S.  M. 

5  CE.  linea'ris.     Leaves  linear.     Flowers  on  the  ends  of  the  branches.     S.  M. 

6  CE.  pum'ila.    Flowers  straw-yellow.     Pods  almost  sessile.     Common.     N.  M. 

7  (E.  chrysan'tha.     Fls.  orange-yellow.     Pods  distinctly  stalked.     Pare      N.-W. 

3.  OIRCJi'A.     Enchanter's  Nightshade. 

Calyx  tube  a  little  prolonged  above  the  ovary,  lobes  2.  Petals  2,  ob- 
cordate.  Stamens  2,  opposite  the  sepals.  Fruit  reflexed,  inversely  egg- 
shaped,  with  hooked  hairs,  2-cellcd,  2-seeded. —  U  Small,  tender  herbs, 
with  opposite  leaves  and  terminal  racemes  of  small,  reddish-white  flowers. 

C.  Lutetia'na.  (See  the  figure.)  Stem  l-2f.  high,  sparingly  branched,  pub'»r>cent 
Leaves  dark  green,  ovate,  subcordate,  acuminate,  coarsely  toothed.  P'-idicel* 
without  bracts,  bent  down  after  flowering.  Frait  clothed  with  bristl,v  hook* 
June^  July. 

O.  alpi'na.  Stem  5-10''  high,  very  smooth.  Leaves  pale  green,  broad  corda  i",  tU-"L 
slightly  dentate.     Common  in  I'ocky  woods  at  the  North.     Julf/. 


Order  LY.— GIlOSSULAaE.    Currants 


Small  sJiruhs,   often    prickly,   with  alternate, 

lobed,  plaited  leaves; 
Jloioers  in  axillary  racemes,  regular,  4  or  5- 

parted,  small; 
petals  inserted  into  the  throat  of  the  calyx, 

small,  distinct,  and  the 
^ruit  a  1-celled,  many-seeded,  2-carpeled  berry. 


Fig.  468.  A  flower  of  the  Red  Currant  cut  open  ;  o,  the  ovary  and  ovules ;  5^, 
c,  the  calyx  tube;  p,  the  petals;  s,  the  stamens.  Fig.  469.  A  berry  cut  open,  show 
placentae  and  seeds.    Fig.  470.  A  seed  cut  open,  showing  the  little  embryo. 


ordeh  go.— the  HOUSELEEKS. 


205 


KI'HES.     Currants  and  Gooseberries. 

The  character  of  the  genus  is  about  the  same  as  of  the 
Order. 

§  Currants.     Steins  witliout  prickles  or  thorns a 

§  Gooseberries.     Stems  armed  witli  prickles  or  spines.. .  .c 

a  Leaves  rolled  in  the  bud  (convolute).     FIs.  bright  yel 1 

a  Lvs.  plaited  (plicate)  in  the  bud.    FIs.  not  yellow b 

b  Fruit  hairy 2,  3 

b  Fruit  smooth . . .  .4-6. 

c  Fruit  hispid 7,  3 

c  Fruit  smooth d 

d  Stalks  ofthe  flower  or  fruit  long....  11,  12 

d  Stalks  very  short 9,  10 

1  R.  au'reum.     Mlssouvi  Currant.     Shrub  6-Sf.,   with  smooth, 
3-lobed  leaves  (Fig.  471).     W.    f 

2  R.  sanguin''eum.     Oregon  C.     Flowers  bright  red,  showy. 

Leaves  o-5-lobed.     + 

3  R.  prostra'tum.    Skunk  C.    FIs.  striped  with  red.    Lvs.  5-7-lobed.    Mts.    N.  M. 

4  'R.  ru'brum.     Common  Red  G.     Leaves  not  dotted,  downy  beneath.     Berries  glob- 

ular, red  or  white,  in  pendulous  racemes  as  well  as  the  fls.     (Figs.  243,  261.) 

5  R.  flor'idum.     Flowering  C.     Leaves  yellow-dotted.     Berries  obovate,  black. 

6  R.  nigrum.     Black  G.     Leaves  yellow-dotted.      Berries  roundish,  black.     Petiole 

shorter  than  the  blade.     Eacemes  loose,  partly  nodding,     Gardens. 

7  R.  Cynos^bati.     Prickly  Gooseberry.     B:iccmc3  2  or  3-flowered.     Styles  united. 

(Fig.  2S1.) 

8  R.  lacus'tre.     Swainp  G.     Eacemes  5-S-flowered.     Style  2-cleft.     Berry  small. 

9  R.  hirtil^lum.    Smoothish  G.    Stems  not  prickly.    Calyx  tube  bell-shaped.     North. 

10  R.  oxycanthoi'des.    Hawtlwm  G.     Stems  very  prickly.     Calyx  tube  cylindric. 

North. 

11  R.  rotundifo'lium.     Round-leaved  G.     Calyx  cylindric.     Stalk  1-3-flowered. 

12  R.  Uva  Cais'pa.     Garden  G.     Calyx  bell-shaped.     Stalk  hairy,  1-flowered.    1 


Fig.  471.  Missouri 
Currant,— flower  di- 
vided. 


Order  LX.   CRASSULACE^.     The  Houseleeks. 

Thick,  juic7|^?«?z^  with  simple,  mostly  entire  leaves;  with 

flowers  perfectly  symmetrical  and  regular ;  the 

petals.,  sepals.,  and  pistils  being  of  the  same  number  (3-20) ;  and  the 

stamens  either  the  same  or  twice  as  many ;  the 

follicles  (as  many  as  the  ovaries)  distinct  or  somewhat  united. 


206 


THE  FLORA. 


Anal ij sis  of  the  Genera. 

Pistils  (follicles)  entirely  distinct  and  separate 2 

ristils  4  or  5,  united  into  a  4  or  5-celled  capsule 4 

2  Stamens  twice  as  many  as  the  pistils,  petals,  or  sepals 3 

2  Stamens  as  many  (3  or  4)  as  the  pistils,  &e.    Herb  1-3'  high.    r.   Tilljs'a. 

Flowers  5  (rarely  4)-parted.     Stamens  10  or  8.  Stone- crop.  Sk/dum. 

Flowers  12  (or  6-20)- parted.     Stamens  12-40.  Ilouseleek.  Sempervi'vum. 

4  0  Herb  2-4'  high,  fleshy,  with  4-parted  flowers.     S.  Diamor'pha, 

4  n  Herb  lO-lC  high,  not  fleshy,  with  5-parted  flowers,     c.      Pentho'kum. 


4T4 

Fig.  472.  A  flowering  branch  of  Sedum  acre.     Fig.  473.  A  flower  of  S.  acre, 
natural  size.    Fig.  474.  A  flower  (12-parted,  symmetrical,  regular)  o{  Semper-  ^^^^ 
v'tum  (Ilouseleek). 

1.  SE'DUM.  Stone- crop.     Orpine. 

Sepals  and  petals  5,  sometimes  4,  distinct.  Stamens  10  or 
8.  Pods  5,  sometimes  4,  distinct,  many-seeded,  with  an 
entire  scale  at  the  base  of  each. — ^Mostly  ii  herbs,  with 
5-parted  flowers  in  cymes,  or  in  one-sided  clusters. 

1  Flowers  Avhite,  or  purplish,  or  rose-colored 2 

1  S.  a'cre.  Iceland  Moss.    Fls.  yellow.     Plant  in  low  tafts.     Gardens. 

2  Leaves  scattered,  1-3'  long 3-5.     (Figs.  472,  473.) 

2  S.  terna'tum.    Stone-crop.    Leaves  in  whorls  of  3's.    Flowers 
white,  in  a  3-spiked  cyme. 

3  S.  telephioi'des.     False  0.     Leaves  lanceolate  or  obovate,  nearly  entire.     M.  S. 

4  S.  Tele'phium.     Common  O.     Leaves  oval,  serrate,  obtuse.     Flowers  purplish. 

5  S.  pulcherium.    Handsome  O.    Lvs.  linear.    Fls.  in  an  umbel  of  spikes,  purp.    S. 


Order  LXI.   SAXIFRAGACE^.     Saxifrages. 

Herbs  or  sliriibs  with  the  j^istils  fewer  than  the  sepals  of  the  flower ; 


the 


as  many  as  the  calyx  sepals  (4  or  5),  and  together  with  the 


Order  61.— SAXIFRAGES. 


207 


5-10  sta7n€ns  inserted  on  the  calyx;  tlie 

sfijles  2,  distinct,  with  their 

3  ovaries  more  or  less  united  below,  and 

either  free  or  adhering  to  calyx ; 
vod.^  capsular,  many-seeded ; 
emhryo  slender,  in  albumen. 


// 

475 
Fig.  4T5.  Section  of  flower  of  Early  Saxifraore 
(Class  Book,  page  371).  FigAlG.  Ovary  and  pistils, 
cut  across  to  show  the  two  cells.  Fig.  477.  Mitella 
diphylla;  S,  a  flower,  magnified;  9,  the  fniit  pods 
open,  showing  the  blaek  seeds.  Fig.  480.  Cross-sec- 
tion of  the  ovary;  1,  seed  cut  open,  showing  the  long 
embryo. 

Analysis  oftlie  Genera. 

%  Kerbs.     Petals  imbricated  in  the  bud a 

§  Shrubs.     Petals  valvate  or  convolute  (twisted)  in  bud. . .  .e 

a  Flowers  with  10  stamens b 

a  Flowers  with  5  stamens d 

b  Petals  4-6,  usually  5,  entire c 

b  Petals  5,  all  pinnatifid.     Stamens  10.  Mitreicott.  Mitel''la. 

b  Petals  0.     Low,  pro.^tvate,  in  wet  places.  Wafer  Carpet.  CnRYsos^L^/^'IUM. 

c  Pods  2-cellcd.     Leaves  simple,  mostly  radical.  Saxifrage.  Saxif'raoa. 

c  Pods  2-celled.     Leaves  bi-ternately  compound,  cauline.     S-  Astil''be. 

c  Pods  1-celled.    Leaves  palmately  lobed.  False  Mitrewort.  Tiarel'la. 

d  Styles  2,  pod  2-celled.     Scape  reclined,  8-1 2Mong.     W.  Sullivan^tia. 

d  Styles  2,  pod  1-celled.     Scape  erect,  a  foot  or  more.     M.  "W.  IIeu'chkra. 

d  Styles  3,  pod  1-celled.    Herb  in  tufts  4''  high.     S.  Lepukopet''alon. 

e  Leaves  opposite,  simple f 

e  Leaves  alternate.    Shrub  4-Sf  erect.     Eaccmes  white. 
f  Shrub  climbing  trees,  &c.     Flowers  white,  fragrant.     S. 
f  Shrubs  erect.     Cymes  not  radiate— all  the  flowers  perfect. 
f  Shrubs  erect.     Cymes  radiate.     Stamens  8-10. 


M.  S.  Ite'a. 

Deccma''kia. 

PuiLADEI.''rHUS. 

IIvdkan'gea. 


1.  MITEL'LA.     Mitrewort. 
Calyx  5-cleft,  bell-shaped.     Petals  5,  pinnatifid  with  linear  divisions, 


208 


THE  FLORA. 


inserted  on  the  throat  of  the  calyx.  Stamens  5  or  10,  included.  Styles 
2,  very  short.  Capsule  short,  2-beaked,  1-celled,  2-valved. — U  Small, 
slender  herbs,  with  roundish,  lobed,  and  cordate  leaves,  mostly  from  the 
root.     Flowers  small,  in  a  slender  raceme.     N. 

1  M.  diphyria.     Scape  12-20''  high,  with  2  opposite  leaves  nearly  sessile,  and  many 

white  flowers  above  with  cariously  cleft  petals.     Ma?/,  June.     (See  Fig,  477.) 

2  M.  nu'da.    Scape  leafless,  thread-like,  5-7 'high,  few-flowered.     May^  June. 

Both  species  send  out  runners  from  the  base. 


2.  TIAEEL'LA.     False  Mitrewort.     Gem-fruit. 


Calyx  5-parted,  lobes  obtuse* 
Petals  5,  entire,  the  claws  in- 
serted on  the  calyx.  Stamens 
10,  exserted.  Styles  2.  Cap- 
sule 1-celled,  2-valved,  1  valve 
much  larger. — if  Fls.  Avhite. 
N.  M. 

T.  cordifo'lia.  Scape  about  10' 
high,  sometimes  bearing  a  leaf, 
the  flowers  white  in  all  their 
parts,  forming  a  cylindrical  ra- 
ceme. In  rocky  woods,  with 
the  Mitrewort.,  veiy  common  at 
the  North.     May^  June. 

3.  PHILADELTHUS.   False 
Syringa. 

Calyx  4-5-parted,  tube  ad- 
herent to  the  ovary,  persistent. 
Corolla  4-5-petaled.  Styles  4, 
more  or  less  united.  Stamens 
20-40,  shorter  than  the  petals. 
Capsule  4-celled,  4-valved, 
.-nany-seeded.  —  Handsome 
flowering  shrubs,  with  opposite 
leaves.  Petals  convolute  in 
the  bud. 


Fig.  4S2.  "Radiant"  panicle  of  Oak-le:ivcd  Ilydran 
gca;  the  larger  flowers  neutral. 


Okdki!  G:J.-THE   UMBEl.WORTS.  209 


P.  grandiflo'rus.  Large-Jloivertd  StjriiKja.  A  very  sliowy  shrub,  6f.  liigb.  Leiives 
ovate,  acumhuite,  3-veined.  Stiffiiias  4,  styles  united  into  1.  Flowers  large,  in 
umbels  of  2-7,  white  nearly  inodorous.  Cultivated,  but  wild  at  the  South.   June. 

P.  corona'rius.  Mock  Orange.  Steins  5-8f.  high.  Leaves  oval  and  ovate,  short- 
pointed,  feather-veined.  Styles  and  stigmas  4,  distinct.  Flowers  numerous, 
white,  handsome,  very  fragrant.     Cultivated.     June. 

4.  IIYDRAN'GEA.     Hydrangea. 
Flowers  in  cymes,  the  marginal  ones  generally  barren,  with  the  sepals 
much  enlarged  (that  is,  the  cymes  are  radiant).    The  fertile  flowers  are 
small,  calyx  about  4-toothed,  petals  4,  stamens  8  or  10;  capsule  2-beaked, 
many-seeded. 

1  H.  arbores'cens.     Big  Wild  H.    Leaves  ovate,  obtuse  or  cordate  at  base,  nearly 

smooth.     Cymes  fiat.     Shrub  4  to  6  feet  high,     M.  W.     Cultivated. 

2  H.  quercifo'lia.    Oak-leaved  II.     Leaves  deeply  sinnatc-lobed.     Cymes  in  the  form 

of  a  panicle.     South.     Cultivated.     (See  i^/<7.  482.) 

3  H.  radia'ta.    Silver-leaved  H.    Leaves  ovate,  clothed  with  a  silvery-white  down 

beneath.     Cymes  flat.     Shrub  6-8f.  high.     S.    t 

4  H.  horten'sis.     Changeable  H.     Leaves  elliptical,  narrowed  at  each  end,  smooth. 

Cymes  mostly  all  barren,  changing  from  green  to  white,  pink,  blue,  &c. 


Order  LXIII.   TJMBELLIFERiE.     The  Umbelworts. 

Eerls  with  hollow,  furrowed  stems,  simple  or  compound  leaves; 
no  stipules^  but  with  a  broad  sheathing  base  to  the  petioles  ; 
the  ^maW  flowers  in  umbels,  and  the  calyx  wholly  adherent  to  the  ovary; 
thej?)e^«?s  and  stamens  5,  standing  on  the  top  of  the  ovary; 
the  styles  2,  and  the  fruit  dry,  its  2  carpels  seed-like  and  separating, 
marked  outside  by  ribs  and  farrows  rimning  lengthwise. 

Analysis  of  the  Genera. 

*  Plants  growing  wild,  some  of  them  cultivated  for  the  eatable  root 2 

*  Plants  never  wild,  but  cultivated  for  their  fruit,  &c q 

2  Flowers  white,  rarely  rose-colored  or  cream-colored 3 

2  Flowers  yellow,  or  (in  one  instance)  dark  purple 4 

3  Umbels  simple,  leaves  simple.     Little  creeping  wet  plants a 

3  Umbels  regularly  compound,  th.e  flowers  not  sessile c 

3  Umbels  irregular,  flowers  in  crowded  heads,  sessile. ...b 

4  Fruit  decidedly  flattened  on  the  back p 

4  Fruit  flattened  on  the  sides  or  not  at  all o 


210  THE   FLORA. 


a  Fruit  flattened.     Leaves  roundish.  Pennywort.  Hydkoco'tyle.  -. 

a  Fruit  globular.    Lvs.  linear.    Fls.  pedicelled.    Height  1-2'.    r.     Crant'zia. 
b  Fruit  clothed  with  hooked  prickles.   Heads  small,  2-4.   c.     Sanicle.  Sanic'ula.  1 
b  Fruit  clothed  with  scales.     Heads  often  near  V  thick.     "W.  S.     c.     Eryn'oidm. 

c  Umbels  not  radiate  (§  255,  a,  outer  flowers  not  larger  than  the  rest) d 

c  Umb.  rad.,  very  large.  Huge  herbs,  4-Sf.  high.  c.  Cow  Parsnip.  JIkuxc'l-ev^. 
d  Leaves  simple  Ihiear  petioles  without  blades.     S.  Tiedman'nia. 

d  Leaves  only  once  divided,  pinnately  or  ternately . . .  .e 
d  Leaves  twice  or  thrice  compounded g 

e  Fruit  flattened  or  contracted,  more  or  less,,  on  the  sides f 

e  Fruit  much  flattened  on  the  back.     M.  S.  ArcJiemore.  Archemo'ra. 

f  Leaflets  3,  ovate,  doubly  serrate.     Stem  l-2f.  high.      Honewort.  Ckyptot^'nia.  2 
f  Leaflets  3,  long,  linear,  grass-like.     Eare.     S.  KerveUaf.  Neurophyl'lum. 

f  Leaflets  5-11,  lanceolate  or  lancc-linear.     2-6f.  Water  Parsnip.  Si'um. 

f  Leaflets  5-9,  oblong.     Stem  procumbent.    S.         Marsh  Umbel.  Helosciad'ium. 

g  Bracts  of  the  involucre  (not  involucel)  entire h 

g  Bracts  of  the  involucre  cleft  and  divided k 

g  Bracts  of  the  involucre  none  or  almost  none m 

h  Fruits  bristly,  club-shaped,  few.     Stem  l-2f.  high.  Cicely.  Osmoriii''za.  3 

h  Fruits  smooth,  flattened  on  the  sides,  ribs  wavy.         Poison  Hemlock.  Coni'um.  4 
h  Fruits  smooth,  flattened  on  the  back,  ribs  winged,  straight,  r.  CoNiosELi''NrM. 
h  Fruit  smooth,  terete,  not  flattened,  ribs  straight.  Lavage.  Ligus'ticum. 

k  Fruits  bristly,  short,  numerous.     Often  cultivated.  Carrot.  Dau'cus. 

k  Fruits  smooth.     Stems  and  leaflets  thread-like.     Eare.  Discopleu'ra. 

k  Fruits  smooth.    Stem  3-6''  erect,  bulbous.  W.    Pepper-and-Salt.  Eriqem''a. 
m  Fruit  flattened  on  the  back.     Stems  large,     c.  Angelica.  Archangel'ica. 

m  Fruit  flattened  on  the  sides n 

in  Fruit  terete,  not  flattened.     Poison.     N.     Eare.  FooVs  Parsley,  ^thu'sa. 

n  Calyx  5-toothed.     Stems  difl"use,  slender.    "W".       Chervil.  Ch^rophyl'lum. 

n  Cal.  5-toothed.  Umbels  stalked.  Sts.  erect,  very  slender.    S.    Leptocau'lis. 

n  Calyx  teeth  none,  fruit  strongly  ribbed.    Poison.    Water  Hemlock.  Cicu'ta.  6 

n  Calyx  teeth  none,  fruit  scarcely  ribbed.  W.  Eare.    Crest  Umbel.  Eu''lophus. 
o  Livolucels  leafy.     Leaves  perfoliate,  simple,  entire.  Modesty.  Buplec'ritm. 

o  Involucels  minute.     Seed  with  5  winged  ribs.      Golden  Alexanders.  Thas'pium.  7 
o  Involucels  minute.     Seed  with  5  ribs  not  winged.  Alexanders.  Ziz'ia.  8 

p  Involucels  minute.     Fruit  corky.     Leaves  bi-pinnatifid.  Polytje'nia.  -^ 

p  Involucels  none.     Fruit  thin.     Leaves  pinnate.  Parsnip.  Pastixa'ca. 

q  Flowers  white.    Involucre  0  or  of  1  entire  bract r 

q  Flowers  white.     Involucre  of  a  few  cleft  bracts.  Parsley.  PETR0SELi''NnM:. 

q  Flov/ers  yellow.     Leaf  segments  very  narrow  and  many.     Fennel.  FosMC'uLnu:. 

r  Umbellets  radiate.  Fruit  round.  Lvs.  finely  cut.     Coriander.  Corian'drum. 

r  Umbellets  not  radiate  (the  flowers  all  similar) s 

s  Fruit  flattened  on  the  sides,  roundish.  Lf.  segin.  wedge-form.  Celery.  A'picir. 
s  Fruit  flattened  on  the  sides,  oval.  Leaf  segments  linear.  Caraway.  Ca-'rum.  . 
s  Fruit  egg-shaped,  not  flattened.     Loaf  segments  linear.       Anise.  Pjmpinrl'la. 


Order  67.— THE  UMBELWORTS. 


211 


Fig.  4S3.  Golden  Alexanders,  with  its  compound,  naked  umbel,  &m.  i.  A  flower  enlarged. 
5.  The  fruit  with  its  thread-shaped  ribs  and  two  persistent  styles.  6.  Cross-section,  showing  tlie 
two  carpels  with  the  oil-tubes  and  flat  inner  face.  7.. Umbel  of  Sweet  Cicely,  in  fruit.  S.  A 
flower  enliirgod.  9.  The  fruit  with  the  two  carpels  separating  from  the  base  and  supported  by  a 
two-clift  stalk.  Fig.  490.  Summit  of  the  fruit  of  Biiter  Cicely.  1.  Fruit  of  Poison  Ileiiilock. 
with  the  undulate-fienulate  ribs.  2.  Cross-section,  showing  the  grooved  inner  face  and  invohile 
albumen.  3.  Radiate  flower  of  Coriandrum.  4.  Vertical  section  of  the  globose  fruit,  showing 
the  minute  embryo. 


1.  SANIC'ULA.     Sanicle. 

Flowers  polygamous.  Calyx  teeth  leafy,  tube  bristly.  Petals  obovate, 
erect,  with  the  point  inflected.  Fruit  roundish,  armed  with  hooked 
prickles.  Carpels  without  ribs. — n  Plants  l-2f.  high.  Umbel  with  a  few 
capitate  umbellets.  Involucre  of  few  cleft  bracts,  involucel  of  several, 
entire.     June- Aug. 

1  S.  Marylan'dica.    Long-styled  S.    Sterile  flowers  many,  pedicellate  ;  fertile  flowers 

sessile.     Styles  slender,  conspicuous,  recurved.    Leaves  5-7-parted.    Common. 

2  S.  Canaden'sis.    IShort- styled  S.    Sterile  fltiwers  few,  much  shorter  than  the  fertile. 

Styles  shorter  than  the  prickles.     Leaves  5-parted,  upper  8-parted.     Unibeld 
(or  heads)  small.     Woods.     Common. 


212  THE  FLORA. 


2.  CRYPTOT^E'NIA.     Hone-wort. 

Calyx  teeth  obsolete.  Petals  with  an  inflexed  point.  Fruit  linear-ob- 
long or  ovate-oblong.  Seeds  with  5  obtuse  ribs,  contracted  at  the  sides. 
— If  A  smooth  herb  with  3-parted  leaves.  Umbels  compound,  with  very 
unequal  rays,  white  flowers,  no  involucre,  and  few-leaved  involucels. 

O.  Canaden'sis.  St.  l-2f.  high,  erect.  Leaflets  large,  the  side  ones  often  2-parted 
or  lobed.     Common  in  moist  woods.    July. 

8.  OSMORHI'ZA.     Cicely. 

Calyx  teeth  obsolete.  Fruit  linear-oblong,  club-shaped,  tapering  to  the 
base,  crowned  with  the  conical  styles ;  carpels  each  with  5  equal,  acute, 
bristly  ribs,  and  a  deep  groove  on  the  face. — %  Leaves  bi-ternately  divid- 
ed, with  the  umbels  opposite.  Involucre  few-leaved ;  involucel  4-7- 
leaved.  Flowers  white.  Fruit  an  inch  in  length.  Height  about  2f. 
May,  June.     (Figs.  244,  487-9.) 

O.  longis''tylis.    Sweet  G.    Styles  thread-like,  nearly  as  long  as  ovary.     Plant  downy. 

The  root  has  an  agreeable  spicy  flavor. 
O.  brevis'tylis.    Bitter  G.     Styles  conical,  5  times  shorter  than  ovary.     Plant  hairy. 

Less  interesting  than  No.  1.     (See  Fig.  490.) 

4.  CONPUM.     Poison  Hemlock. 

Calyx  teeth  obsolete.  Fruit  ovate,  flattened  on  the  sides,  each  carpel 
with  5  wavy-crenulate  ribs  on  the  back,  and  a  deep  narrow  groove  on  the 
inner  face. —  (D  Herbs  with  large,  decompound  leaves,  with  very  many 
leaflets.  Involucre  and  involucels  of  3-5  leaves,  the  latter  one-sided. 
Flowers  white.     (Figs.  65,  491,  492.) 

C.  macula'tum.  Stem  spotted  with  purple,  glaucous,  about  4f.  high.  Leaves  bright 
green,  leaflets  small,  lanceolate,  pinnatifid.  Umbels  terminal,  the  involucels 
with  the  inner  half  wanting.    June,  July. 

5.  EPJGENPA.     Pepper-and-salt. 

Calyx  limb  wanting.  Petals  flat,  entire.  Carpels  (half-fruits),  8-ribbed, 
contracted  on  the  face,  forming  together  a  fruit  much  broader  than  long. 
—  y  Root  tuberous.    See  Fig.  338. 


Okder  G3.— the   UMBELWORTS,  213 


£.  bulbo'sa.  A  small,  early-flowering  herb,  Western  N.  Y.  to  Mo.  Stem  arises 
from  a  roundish  tuber  deep  in  the  ground.  The  root  leaf  is  thrice  ternate.  The 
involucrate  leaf  twice  ternate.  The  dark-brown  stamens  with  the  little  whito 
petals  suggest  its  common  name. 

6.  CICU'TA.     Water  Hemlock. 

Calyx  5-toothed.  Petals  with  the  point  inflected.  Fruit  roundi.sh,  a 
little  contracted  on  the  sides  so  as  to  appear  somewhat  double.  Seeds 
with  5,  flattish,  equal  ribs,  2  of  them  on  the  margin. — U  Poisonous  herbs 
with  compound  leaves  and  perfect  umbels  of  white  flowers.  Involucre 
few-leaved  or  1.     Involucels  many-leaved. 

1  C.  macula'ta.     Spoiled    Water- Hem  lock.     Stem  streaked  with  purple,  3-Cf.  high, 

smooth,  striate,  hollow.  Lower  leaves  triternate  and  tripinnate,  segments  lan- 
ceolate, serrate.  Umbels  2-4'  broad.  Fruit  10-ribbed.  Involucels  of  5  or  6 
short,  slender,  acute  bracts.     Common  in  wet  meadows.    Jul?/,  Aug. 

2  C.  bixlbi'fera.     Karroiv-leaved  Water- Hemlock,     Stem  green,  striate,  slender,  Avith 

little  bulblets  in  the  axils  of  the  branches.  Leaves  bi-ternately  divided.  Leaf- 
lets linear  or  lance-linear,  2-4'  long,  with  distant  teeth.  In  wet  meadows  and 
swamps.     Aug. 

7.  TIIAS'PIUM.     Alexanders. 

Calyx  minutely  5-toothed.  Fruit  elliptical,  roundish  across,  not  flat- 
tened either  way,  seeds  each  with  5  winged  ribs. — u  Leaves  divided. 
Involucre  none,  involucels  few-leaved.  The  species  resemble  the  Zizias 
except  in  their  fruit.     Mat/,  June.     (Figs.  483-6.) 

1  Root  leaves  simple,  cordate,  stem  leaves  once-ternately  divided 2 

1  T.  barbino'de.     Leaves  bi-  or  tri-ternate,  Ifts.  cut-serrate.     St.  hairy  at  joints. 

2  T.  au'reum.     Golden  A.     Fruit  oval.     Flowers  yellow.     Stem  2-3f.  high. 

2  T.  atropurpu'reum.    Purple  A.    Fruit  roundish.    Flowers  dark  purple.    Stem  2-8f. 
high.     S.  M. 

8.  ZIZ'IA.     Alexanders. 

Calyx  minutely  5-toothed.  Fruit  oval  or  ovate,  flattened  at  the  sides 
so  as  to  appear  somewhat  double.  Seeds  each  with  5  ribs  which  are  not 
winged,  but  thread-like. —  U  Smooth,  with  divided  leaves  and  yellow 
flowers.     Umbels  compound,  with  no  involucre  or  involucels. 

Z.  integer'rima.  Entire-leaved  A.  Koot  and  stem  leaves  bi-  and  tri-ternate,  lualKta 
entire.    Plant  l-2f.  high,  in  rocky  woods.     May-July. 


2U 


THE   FLORA. 


Order  LXY.     CORNACE^.     Cornels. 

Trees  and  sJiruhs,  seldom  Iierds^  with  sim- 
ple, mostly  opposite  leaves;  with 

-^.owers  d-parted,  arranged  in  cymes ;  the  4 

petals  valvate  in  the  bud ;  and  with  the  4 

stamens  standing  on  the  top  of  the  2- 
celled 

ovary^  which  is  adherent  to  the  calyx- 
tube  ;  styles  united ; 

fruit  a  1  or  2-seeded  drupe. 

Fig.  495.  Low  Cornel;  ?>,  the  4-lcavcd  involucre 
surrounding  the  head  of  flowers. 

Analysis  of  the  Genera. 

%  Flowers  perfect,  4-parted.     Petals  4.     Drupe  2-celled.  Corneil.  Cornus.  1 

§  Flowers  imperfect,   5-parted.     Petals  often  0.     Drupe  1-celled.     Trees 

with  small,  green  flowers  in  side  clusters.    Fruit  plum-like.    Tupelo.  Ntssa. 


CORNUS.     Cornel.    Dogwood. 

Trees,  shrubs,  or  perennial  herbs.     Flowers  in  cymes.     Sepals,  petals, 
and  stamens  each  4,  with  a  double  pistil. 

1  C.  Canaden'sis.     Low  Cornel.     A  small  herb,  with  a  creeping,  woody  root-stock 

sending  up  annually  its  stems  4-6'  high.  Some  stems  bear  only  4  whorled 
leaves,  others  bear  6  leaves  at  top  and  an  umbellate  cyme  of  small  white  flowers 
supported  by  a  large,  white,  4-leaved  involucre.  The  whole  resembles  a  single 
white  flower.     May.,  June.     (Fig.  495.) 

2  O.flor'ida.  Flowering  Dogwood.   A  small  tree,  20-30f.  high,  with  opposite,  ovate, 

pointed,  entire  leaves.     The  cyme  of  small  greenish  flowers  is  supported  by  a 
very  large,  white,  4-leaved  involucre  in  May. 
Six  other  species,  Avithout  involucres,  grow  in  the  country  - 


Order  OC.—HONEYSUCKLES.  215 


COHORT    II. 

THE    GAMOPETALOUS   EXOGENS. 

Essentu.l  Character.  —  Flowering  plants  (Pii^nogamia) 
-with  their  stems  growing  by  additions  to  the  outside  in  lay- 
ers (ExoGENs),  their  seeds  inclosed  in  a  seed-vessel  or  pericarp 
(AngIospekms),  their  flowers  with  a  double  perianth  and 
tlieir  petals  nnited  (Monopetal^:). 

Order  LXYI.   CAPRIFOIJACE.E.     Honeysuckles. 

Slirubs  and  Aer5s,  often  twining,  with  opposite  leaves  ;  -with 

flowers  clustered  and  often  fragrant,  5-parted  and  often  irregular; 

corolla  monopetalous,  tubular  or  rotate  ; 

stamens  on  the  tube  of  the  corolla,  often  one  less  than  its  lobes  ; 

ovary  adherent  to  the  calyx ;  style  1 ;  fruit  a  berry,  drupe,  or  capsule  ; 

embryo  small,  in  fleshy  albumen. 

Analysis  of  the  Genera. 

1  Corolla  tubular.    Stigma  capitate,  on  u  slender  style 2 

1  Corolla  rotate,  deeply  5-lobed.     Stigmas  3,  rarely  5,  sessile.     Shrubs c 

2  Herbs a 

2  Shrubs.... b 
a  Stamens  4,  capsule  3-celled.     A  trailing  evergreen.  Tivin-Jluuer.  Linn^'a.  1 

a  Sta.  5,  drupe  bony,  3-5-celled.     Erect,  unbranched.        Fever-root.  Thios'tetm. 
b  Cor.  bell-shaped,  reg'r.     Berry  glob.,  4-colled,  2-seeded.   SvMrnoniCAit'pus.  2 
b  Cor.  tubular,  lobes  unequal.     Berry  2-3-cclled,  few  seeded,  c.    Lonice'ra.  S 
b  Corolla  funnel-shaped.     Capsule  2-eelled,  many-seeded,     c.      Diervil'la.  4 
c  Leaves  pinnate.     Berry  globose,  pulpy,  3-seeded.  Elder.  Sambu'ccs.  5 

c  Leaves  simple.     Drupe  flattish,  1-soeded.     Handsome  shrubs.  Viuun'M-M. 

1.  LlNNiE'A.  Twin-flower. 
Calyx  tube  ovate,  limb  5-parted,  deciduous,  with  2  bractlets  at  base. 
Coroha  bell-shaped,  limb  a  little  irregular,  5-lobed.  Stamens  4,  2  longer 
than  the  other  2.  Capsule  3-celIed,  but  only  1 -seeded,  2  of  the  cells  being 
empty. — A  trailing  evergreen  herb,  dedicated  to  Linr.;cus,  the  first  and 
greatest  of  botanists. 


'21  i] 


THE   FLORA. 


L.  borea'lis.  The  only  species,  a  fine  little  plant,  found  in  moist  woods  in  cool  cli- 
mates. It  has  long,  thread-like,  creeping  stems,  rooting  at  the  joints,  the  up- 
right branches  about  S''  high.     Leaves  small,  roundish.     Flowers  in  pairs,  rose- 


Leaves  smal 
colored,  nodding,  r.t  the  top  of  the  slender  stalk.     June. 


2.  SYMPHORIOAETUS.    Snow  berry. 

Calyx  tube  globose,  limb  4-5-tootlied.  Corolla  bell-shaped,  4-5-lobed, 
regular.  Stamens  4-5,  short.  Fruit  a  globose  berry,  4-celled  but  only 
2-seeded,  2  cells  being  empty. — Small  erect  shrubs  with  oval,  entire  leaves, 
rose-white  flowers  in  short  clusters. 

♦  Stamens  and  style  included  (i.  e.,  not  longer  than  the  corolla) 1,  2 

*  Stamens  and  bearded  style  exserted  (extending  out  of  the  corolla) 3 

1  S.  racemo-'sus.     Cult.     Fls.  in  loose,  leafy  racemes.     Berries  snow-white,  large. 

2  S.  occidenta'lis.    Wolf-berry.    Fls.  in  dense,  nodding  spikes.  Berries  white.  N.-W. 

3  S.  vxilga''ris.     Coral-berry.     Fls.  in  axillary  heads.     Berries  red.     M.  S.  W. 

3.  LONICE'RA.     Honeysuckle. 

Calyx  tube  globular,  limb  5-toothed, 
very  short.  Corolla  tubular  or  funnel-form, 
jinib  5-cleft,  irregular  or  almost  regular. 
Stamens  5.  Ovary  2  or  3-celled.  Berry 
few-seeded. — Climbing  or  erect  shrubs, 
with  opposite  and  often  connate  leaves 
(that  is,  their  bases  growing  together 
around  the  stem),  entire  on  the  margins. 

§  Stem  climbing,  flowers  sessile,   whorled   (in 

pairs  in  one  species) a 

§  Stem   mostly    erect,    leaves    never    connate, 

flowers  in  pairs 2 

a  Upper  pair  or  pairs  of  leaves  united  (con- 
nate) at  base b 

a  Leaves  all  distinct,  corolla  ringent,     (In 

gardens  only.) 7,  8 

b  Corolla  tube  gibbous  (swelled  out  on  one  side) 

at  base,  limb  ringent 5,  6 

b  Corolla  tube  equal  and  slender  (not  gibbous) 

at  the  base 1 

1  Corolla  ringent,  lower  lip  linear,  upper  4-lobed 2-4 

1  L.  sempervi'rens.     Trumpet  II.     Cor.  trumpet-shaped,  nearly  regular,  scarlet. 


Fig.  496.  Trumpet  Honeysuckle. 
Flowers  and  the  connate  leaves. 


Order  71.— HONEYSUCKLES.  21 


2  L.  flava.     Wild-ydlow  H.     Flowers  in  a  terminal,  2  (or  morc)--\vhor)ed  spike,  pnl« 

yellow.     Leaves  glaucous.     W.  S. 

3  L.  grata.      WUd-siveet  H.     Fls.  in  terminal  and  a.\illary  whorls,  reddish  white. 

4  L.  Caprifo'lium.    Italian  H.     Fls.  in  a  single,  terminal  whorl,  red,  yel.,  and  white. 

5  L.  parviflo'ra.    SmaU-ji.  II.    Leaves  oblong,  smooth  and  glaucous  beneath. 

Flowers  V  long,  yellowish  and  purplish,  or  crimson. 

6  L.  hirsu'ta.     Hairy  H.     Leaves   broad-oval,  hairy  and   downy,   green    (not 

glaucous).     Flowers  sulphur-yellow.     N. 

7  L.  Periclym'enum.      Woodbine  II.     Fls.  whorled,  capitate,  red  and  yellow,  sweet- 

scented.    Leaves  deciduous.     Berries  red.   + 

8  L.  Japon'icum.    Japan  II.     Flowers    in    pairs,    axillary,   sweet-scented,  deeply 

two-lipped,  reddish.     Leaves  evergreen,    t 
9  Corolla  gibbous  at  base,  lobes  more  or  less  irregular.     Wild. . .  .10-12 
9  L.  Tartar'icum.     Tartarian  B..     Corolla  scarcely  gibbous,  lobes  spreading, 

equal,  rose-color,  handsome.    Leaves  cordate,  obtuse.     \ 

10  L.  cilia'ta.    Fly  H.     Corolla  lobes  short,  erect,  nearly  equal.     Berries  red. 

11  L.  oblongifo'lia.  Swamp  Fly  H.     Corolla  deeply,  ringent.    Pedicels  long.    Berries 

double,  purple.     Shrub  3-4f.  high,  swamps.     N. 

12  L.  ccEru^lea.    Blueberried  II.    Corolla  lobes  short,  subcqual,  yellow.     Pedicela 

very  short.    Berries  double,  blue.     N. 

4.  DIERYIL'LA.     Bush  Honeysuckle. 

Calyx  tube  oblong,  limb  5-cleft.  Corolla  twice  as  long,  limb  5-cleft  and 
nearly  regular.  Stamens  5.  Capsular  fruit  2-cellcd,  many-seeded. — 
Small  erect  shrubs  with  opposite  leaves  and  axillary  tiowers. 

D.  trif'ida.  Stem  about  2f.  high,  branching.  Leaves  ovate,  serrate,  ending  in  a 
long,  narrow  point.  Peduncles  1-3-flowered,  the  ovaries  slender,  about  half  as 
long  as  the  greenish-yellow  corolla.    Hedges  and  woods.    June. 

5.  SAMBU'CUS.     Elder. 

Calyx  small,  5-parted.  Corolla  regular,  rotate,  5-cleft  into  obtuse  lobes. 
Stamens  5.  Stigmas  sessile.  Berry  globose,  pulpy,  3-seeded. — Shrubs 
(5-6f.  high)  or  perennial  herbs  with  pinnate  or  bi-pinnate  leaves.  Flowers 
(white)  in  cymes. 

S.  Canaden'sis,    Su-eet  E.    Leaflets  7-11.     Cymes  flat.    Berries  dark-purple.    June. 
S.  pu'bens.    Bed  E.    Leaflets  5-7.    Cymes  oblong,  panicled.    Berries  red.    May. 

10 


21S 


THE   FLORA. 


Order  LXVII.   IIUBIACEJE.    The  Madderworts. 

Plants  witli  opposite,  sometimes  whorled,  entire  leaves ;  the 
sllpulcs  between  the  petioles  ;  the  cahjx  adherent  to  the  ovary; 
corolla  regular,  inserted  on  the  calyx  tube; 
stamens  inserted  on  the  corolla  and  as  many  as  its  lobes ; 
ovaries  2,  nnited  ;  with  the  2  styles  more  or  less  united. 

Analysis  of  the  Genera. 

§  Leaves  ^YllOl•led.     Herbs  ^vitll  square  stems a 

§  Leaves  opposite,  with  small  stipules  between  the  petioles 2 

2  Herbs,  with  the  flowers  habitually  4-parted  ...  .3 

2  Shrubs  or  trees d 

3  FIs.  twin  (always  in  pairs) b 

3  Flowers  single  (not  twin) c 

a  Flowers  5-parted.     Fruit  twm, 

fleshy,  berry-like.    Madder.  Ru'bia. 
a  Flowers  4-parted.  Fruit  twin,  dry, 

separable  nuts.   JSedstraw.  Ga'lium. 
b  Two  fls.  on  one  ovary.  Creeping 

stems.  Partridge-leri'y.  Mitchkl'la.  1 
c  Carpels  2,  1-seeded,  both  never  open- 
ing.    Fls.  axillary,  solitary.    Dio'dia. 
c  Carp.  2,  1-seeded,  one  never  opening. 

Fls.  axillary,  clustered.    Spermaco'ce. 
c  Carpels    2,    few-seeded.     Corolla 

much  exscrted.       Bluets.  Housto'nia.  2 
c  Carpels  2,  mauy-soeded.     Cor.  scarce 
exscrted.       Greenhead.  Oldenlan'dia. 
d  Flowers  4-parted,  in  globular 

hds.    Button-hush.  Cephalan'thus. 
d  FIs.  5-parted,  cymes  radiant 

with  scarlet  sepals.     S.  Pinckne'ya. 

X.  MITCIIEL'LA.     Partridge-berry. 

Flowers  2  on  each  double  ovary.  Ca- 
hx  4-parted.  Corolla  funnel-shaped, 
iiairy  within.     Stamens  4,  short,  insert-       Fig.  497.  Mitcheiia  rcpcns,  ^vhoie 

,  ,,  n  Oi.  ,        -r>        •  plant,  with  flowers  and  fruit,     o,  cross- 

ed  on  the  corolla.     Stigmas  4.^  Berries    Ltion  of  ibe  double  fruit,  showing  ti.e 
composed  of  the  2  united  ovaries.     Jn,     two  ovaries. 


Order  TO.— ASTERWORTS.  219 


M.  re 'pens.    Common  in  woods.    Leaves  round-ovate.     Flowers  white  or  pinkish. 
Berries  red,  remaining  througli  the  winter, 

2.  liOUSTO'NIA.     Bluets. 

Calyx  tube  round  egg-shaped,  4-cleft,  persistent.     Corolla  tubular,  much 
exceeding  the  calyx,  limb  4-lobed,  spreading,  filaments  4,  on  the  corolla. 
Style  1.     Capsule  2-lobed,  half-free. — Herbs.     Stipules  connected  to  th 
petiole.     Flowers  never  yellow. 

§  Corolla  .'^alver-form,  glabrous.    Pedunelos  1-flowered a 

§  Corolla  funnel-form.     Peduncles  many-flowered,  cyinou3....b 
a  Flowers  terminal.     Small,  delicate  herbs....!,  2 
a  Flowers  axillary.     Small,  delicate  herbs. . .  .3,  4 
b  Leaves  lance-ovate.     Cymes  terminal..  ..5 
b  Leaves  lance-linear.     Cymes  terminal. . .  .0,  7. 

1  H.  coeru'lea.     Dxcarf  PiTik.     Stems  very  numerous,  upright,  S-G'.     Eoot  leaves 

ovate- spatulate.    Flowers  pale  blue.     May^  June. 

2  H.  serpyllifo'lia.    Thyme-Uaxied B.    Stems  thread- form,  decumbent,  6-12'.     Leaves 

round-ovate,  petiolate,  fringed.     Flowers  on  long  stalks,  pale.     S, 

3  H.  minima.     Tiny  B.     Leaves  linear-spatulate.     Stems  1-3' high.     Prairies. 

4  H.  rotundifo'lia.     Round-leaved  B.     Lvs.  roundish.     Stems  2-5'.     S.     Mts. 

5  H.  purpu'rea.    Prairie  Innocence.   Stems  upright,  much  branched,  If.,  with  numer- 
ous clusters  of  roseate  or  white,  very  delicate  flowers.     W.  S. 

6  H.  loiigifo'lia.     Long-leaved   I.      Stems  4-10',   erect.     Leaves  oval-elliptic, 

narrowed  to  end. 

7  H.  angustifo'lia.    Narrow-leaved  I.     Stems  l-2f.  erect.     Lvs.  linear.     Flowers 

numerous.     "W.  S. 


Order  LXX.— COMPOS'IT.E.     Asterworts. 

An  immense  family  of  lierhs  or  shrubby  plants,  with  comjio.und  Jloicers, 
that  is,  the  Jiowers  {or  florets)  collected  into  close  heads  upon  a  common 
receptacle,  and  surrounded  by  an  involucre  of  many  bracts  (called  scales), 
with  5  stamens  which  have  their  anthers  united  into  a  tube  around  the 
style,  with  the  calyx  tube  closely  adhering  to  the  1-celled  ovary  (an  aohe- 
niuin  in  fruit),  and  the  calyx  limh  crowning  the  ovary  in  tlie  form  of  a 
papp^is  consisting  of  scales,  awns,  bristles,  or  hairs,  or  else  entirely  want- 
ing; the  corolla  consisting  of  5  united  petals,  eitlier  strap-shaped  (ligulate 
or  tubular,  and  the  style  2-cleft  at  the  top. 

In  this  Order  the  pupil  will  remember  that  the  heads  are  called  radiate, 
when  the  outer  florets  only  have  rays  or  are  Vigulate  (see  Fig.  498);  radi- 


220 


THE   FLORA. 


ant,  when  all  the  florets  areligulate  (Fig.  504)  ;  discoid^  when  all  the  florets 
are  tubular,  there  being  no  rays  (Fig.  509).  The  receftade  is  the  broad 
top  of  the  stalk  on  which  the  florets  sit  (Fig.  499).  It  is  chaff ij  when  there 
are  scales  or  bracts  growing  among  the  florets,  and  naked  when  none. 

The  tubular  florets  constitute  the  di&\  and  the  ligulate,  if  any,  the  ray  ; 
the  disk  is  generally  yellow^  while  the  ray  is  about  as  often  cyanic  (that  is, 
blue,  red,  white,  or  any  color  except  yellow)  as  yellow. 


Fig  4riS.  A  Sunflower, — bead  radiate.  9.  Vertical  secition  of  the  head,  showing  the  scales  of 
the  involucre,  and  a  single  disk-flower  remaining  upon  the  convex  receptacle.  Fig.  b\)\).  A  per- 
fect disk-flower  magnified,  showing  the  achenium,  the  2  awns  of  tlie  pappus,  the  5-toothed  tu- 
bular corolla,  the  5  stamens  united  around  tlie  brimched  style,  and  the  chafif-scale  at  base.  1.  lie  id 
(radiate)  of  Solidago  caesia,  2.  A  pistillate,  ligulate  flower  of  the  ray.  8.  A  perfect  disk-flower. 
4  A  (radiant)  head  of  Dandelion.  5.  A  perfect,  ligulate  flower.  6.  Achenium,  with  its  long 
beak  and  feathery  pappus.  7.  A  (radiant)  head  of  Nabalns  altissimus.  8.  A  flower.  9.  Luppa 
(Burd  ck),  head  discoid.  10.  A  flower.  11.  One  of  the  hooked  scales.  13.  A  (discoid)  head  of 
Eupatoriuni  purpureum.  13.  A  flower.  14.  ^w&rcs/a  (Pigweed).  15.  Staminate  head  enlarged. 
16.  Pistillat    involner<i  enlarged.     17.  The  fertile  flower. 


Order  70.— TUBULIFLOR^.  221 


Analysis  of  the  Genera, 

Sub-order  First,  TUBULIFLOK^, 
having  all  the  perfect  flowers  tubular  (§  05),  the  ligulate  flowers,  if  any,  imperfect. 

§  Heads  of  flowers  radiate,  with  yellow  rays. , .  .2 

§  Heads  of  flowers  radiate,  the  rays  not  yellow 3 

§  Heads  of  flowers  discoid  (no  rays).  These  genera,  about  50  in  number,  such  aa 
the  Tansy,  Jl'onmvood,  Boiies^t,  Ironweed  (Figs.  24S-250),  Everlasting,  Burdock 
(Fig.  50y),  Thistle,  Jlogiveed  (Fig.  514),  and  even  Bachelor'' s-hutton,  are  all,  for 
want  of  room,  omitted.    (See  Class  Book  of  Botany,  p.  410,  &c.) 

2  Leaves  alternate  or  scattered  on  the  leafy  stems 4 

2  Leaves  opposite  or  whorled  on  the  stems,  or  all  radical. . .  .6 
3  Leaves  alternate  or  scattered  on  the  I'eafy  stem. . .  .7 

3  Leaves  opposite  or  whorled  on  the  leafy  stem x 

3  Leaves  all  radical  and  the  flowers  on  a  scape y 

4  Eeceptacle  chaify  (with  bracts  growing  among  the  florets) 5 

4  Keceptacle  with  deep,  horny  cells,  like  a  honeycomb e 

4  Keceptacle  not  chafty,  flat  or  merely  convex a 

4  Eeceptacle  not  chafly,  conical  or  globular.. .  .f 

5  Kays  sterile,  disk  fertile.     Eeceptacle  conical  or  columnar g 

5  Kays  sterile,  disk  fertile.  Keceptacle flattish.  Fruit  flattened  on  the  sides. . ,  .h 
5  Kays  fertile,  disk  sterile.  Keceptacle  flat.  Fruit  flattened  same  way  as  scales. ,  ..k 

6  Keceptacle  chaffy.     Kays  sterile,  disk  fertile.... o 

6  Keceptacle  chaffy.     Kays  fertile,  disk  sterile p 

6  Keceptacle  chaffy.     Kays  fertile,  disk  perfect q 

6  Keceptacle  naked  or  destitute  of  chaffy  scales m 

7  Keceptacle  not  chaffy,  naked  of  scales. . .  .8 

7  Keceptacle  chaffy  with  scales  among  the  florets.     Lvs.  finely  divided t 

7  Keceptacle  chaffy  with  scales,  &c.     Lvs.  undivided,  merely  toothed.... w 

8  Pappus  of  numerous  bristly  hairs 9 

8  Pappus  of  2  or  3  awns  and  minute  hairs.     Glabrous  plants t 

8  Pappus  wholly  wanting,  or  only  a  membranous  margin.... u 

9  Involucre  of  unequal  scales,  imbricated  in  several  rows.... 10 
9  Involucre  scales  nearly  equal,  narrow,  and  almost  in  one  row..  ..t 

10  Pappus  simple,  the  bristly  hairs  abundant  and  about  equal r 

10  Pappus  double,  the  outer  row  of  hairs  extremely  short s 

a  Involucre  scales  imbricated  in  several  rows. . .  .b 

a  Involucre  not  imbricated,  the  outer  scales  very  short  or  none  Sexe'cio. 
a  Invol.  not  imbr.,  outer  scales  equal  to  the  inner.  Marigold.  Calen^ddla. 
a  Involucre  not  imbricated,  outer  scales  longer  than  inner.    S.    Gaillak'dia 

b  Pappus  simple,  the  bristles  all  equal  and  of  one  kind o 

b  Pappus  double,  the  outer  very  short  and  chaffy.  Lvs.  entire.  W.  S.  Chrysop'sIs 

b  Pappus  double  in  the  disk,  none  in  the  rays.     Lvs.  toothed.  S.  IIeterotue'ca 


222  THE   FLORA. 


c  Heads  small,  rays  few  (2-15) d 

c  Heads  quite  large,  rays  narrow,  about  30.  Tall.  c.  Elecampane.  In'cla. 
d  Pappus  scaly,  very  short.  Koot  Ivs.  cordate.  Eays  4  or  5.  S.  Bjiachych^'ta, 
d  Pappus  abundant  bristly  hairs.  Eoot  Ivs.  not  cordate.  Goldenrod.  Soliua'go.  1 
d  I'ap.  of  a  single  row  of  equal  bristly  hairs.  Ped.  long,  slender.  S.  Isopap''pus. 
e  Involucre  about  4-rowed.  Kays  20-80.  Head  solitary.  S.  Baldwin''ia. 
e  Involucre  about  2-rowed.  Eays  8-10.  Heads  corymbed.  S.  Actinosper'mum. 
f  Kay  florets  pistillate.    Leaves  decurrent.  Sneezewort.  Hele'nium. 

f  Kay  florets  neutral.  False  Sneezewort.  Leptop''oda. 

g  Fruit  (achenia)  4-angled.     Heads  large,  showy.      Gone-flower.  Kudbeck'ia. 
g  Fruit  flattened,  winged.     Heads  showy.     Eays  droop.     W.  S.    Lep'achys. 
h  Achenia  wingless.     Pappus  of  2  deciduous  scales.        Sunflower.  Helian'thus.  2 
h  Achenia  winged.     Pappus  of  2  persistent  awns.  Lvs.  often  decurrent.     W. 

Rag-Sunflower.  Actinom''ekis. 
k  Achenia  wingless,  in  more  than  1  row.     Coarse  herbs  with  large  heads. 

M.  W.     Leaf-cup.  SiL^PHiuM. 
k  Ach.  winged,  in  only  1  row.    Small,  with  middling  hds.  S.  BePvLandie'ka. 

m  Stems  leafy,  erect,  about  2f.  (or  l-3f.)  high n 

m  Stemless  plants,  leaves  radical,  appearing  after  heads.  GoWs-foot.  Tussila''go. 
n  Scales  5,  united  in  1  row.  Leaves  pinnate.  French  Marigold.  Tage''tes. 
n  Seal,  in  2  rows,  the  out.  united.  Lvs.  pinn.  W.  S.  FaUo.  Dog-fennel.  Dyso'dia. 
n  Scales  in  1  or  2  rows,  all  distinct.     W.  S.  Arnica.  Ar^nica. 

o  Involucre  imbricated  in  3  or  more  rows  of  scales.  Sunflower.  Helian''thus.  2 

o  Invol.  2-rowed.    Pappus  of  downwardly  hispid  awns.    Burr  Marigold.  Bi'dens.  3 
o  Invol.  2-rowed.    Pappus  upwardly  hispid  if  at  all.     Tick  Sunflower.  Coreop'sis.  4 
p  Achenia  wingless.    Eays  5-12.    Herbs  viscid,  2-lOf.  high.    S.    Polym'nia. 
p  Achenia  wingless.    Eays  5.   Herbs  2-10^  high,  at  first  stemless.    Flowers 

early  in  Spring.     W.  S.  Chrysog'onum. 

p  Achenia  broadly  winged.    Eays  12-25.     Coarse,  tall  herbs.     M.  S.  W. 

Resin  Weed.,  Polar  Plant.  Sil'phium. 

q  Herbs  3-6f.  high.     Kays  1-5.     Keccpt.  flat.     S.-W.    Grown  Beard.  Verbesi^na. 

q  Herbs  2-3f.  high.     Eays  6-9.     Eeceptacle  convex.     S.-W.      Tetragonothe'ca. 

q  Herbs  2-6f.  high.    Eays  10-15,    Eecept.  conical.      False  Sunflower.  Heliop'sis. 

q  Shrubs  3-lOf.  high,  with  solitary  heads.     S.  Borrich''ia. 

r  Ach.  very  silky,  biggest  at  top.   Eays  about  5.    False  Aster.  Sericocar''pus. 

r  Achenia  smooth  or  smoothish,  flattened.     Eays  6-100.        Starwoj't.  Aster.  5 

s  "Wild  plants  l-4f.  high,  with  middle-sized  heads  (about  1'' broad).  Diplopap''pus. 

s  Garden  plants  l-2f.  high,  with  very  large  heads.        China  Aster.  Callis'tephus. 

t  Herbs  2-3f.  high,  very  smooth.    Leaves  lanceolate,  entire.  W.    Bolto'inia. 

t  Herbs  i-9f.  high,  hairy  or  rough.     Eays  20-200.        White-weed.  Ehig'eron.  6 

u  Involucre  bread  and  flattish.   Pappus  0.   Eays  white.    Ox-eye.  LEucAN''THEMtJM. 

u  Involucre  hemispherical.    Pappus  a  membranous  margin.    Cult.    Pyre'thrum. 

a  Involucre  hemispherical.  Pappus  0.  Lvs.  lobed.  Cultivated.  Chrysan'themum. 

u  Inv.  bell-shaped.  Pappus  0.  Lvs.  entire.  Kays  violet-purp.  W.  +  i)ai5y.  Bel'lis. 


Order  70.— LIGULIFLOR.E.  223 

V  D\.k  florets  yellow,  perfect.     Kays  pistillate.  Camomile.  Anthem'is. 

V  Disk  florets  yellow,  perfect.     Euys  neutral.  Mai/-weed.  Mahu'ta 

V  Disk  florets  white,  perfect.     Rays  pistillate.  Yarrow.  Achil'i.ea:  7 
w  Rays  short,  white,  3  or  4.     W.  S.  Crown-beard.  Vkuhes.'na. 
w  Rays  very  short,  white,  5,  ear-shaped.     W.  M.  Pai'ti.e'nium 

w  Rajs  very  lar^.e,  purple,  pendulous.  J>u>:ple  Cone-jlower.  Ecmina'cea' 

X  Leaves  pmnately  divided.    Inner  involucre  of  8  united  scales,  f    Daii'iia 

X  Leaves  simple.    Receptacle  conical  with  large  chaff.    \  Zin'ma 

X  Leaves  simple.     Receptacle  flat.     Rays  rose-color.      Tick-seed.  Cou^^^'^,^ 

X  Leaves  smiple.    Receptacle  flat.    Rays  white,  short.     W.  Eciip'ta 

}•  Heads  in  corymbs.     Disk  florets  regularly  5-toothcd.    r.  Nardos'mia" 

y  Heads  solitary.    Disk  florets  regularly  5-tootlied.     S,  i^a^BEL'ns 

y  Hds.  solitary.    Disk  flts.  2-lipped,  outer  lip  3-toothed,  inner  2.    S.    Chapta'lia! 

Suh-order  Second,  LIGULIFLOR^, 

having  all  the  florets  ligulate  (§  06)  and  perfect,  i.  e.,  the  heads  radiant. 

2  Flowers  bright  yellow 3 

2  Flowers  cream-color  or  purplish 5 

2  Flowers  blue.     Stems  leafy,  erect . . . .  e 

8  Pappus  none.     Involucre  of  about  8  equal  scales. . .  .a 
3  Pappus  double,  the  outer  of  scales,  inner  of  bristles! . .  .b 
3  Pappus  wholly  of  feathery  bristles.. .  .f 

8  Pappus  wholly  of  hair-like  bristles,  generally  abundant. . .  .4 
4  Fruit  bearing  the  pappus  on  its  slender  beak....c 
4  Fruit  not  lengthened  into  a  beak,  pappus  sessile. . .  .d 
5  Pappus  consisting  of  equal,  feather-like  bristles. .".  .f 
5  Pappus  of  simple,  hair-like  bristles,  abundant        g 
a  Leaves  all  alternate.     Heads  panicled.     ;•.  ' " ' "  Kipplewort.  Lxmpsa'v. 

a  Leaves  partly  opposite.     Heads  solitary  or  umbeled.     Pappus  0.    S.    ApoW 
b  Leaves  all  radical,  pinnatifid-toothcd.     Pappus  scales  5,  with 

5  bristles,    c.  Dwarf  Dandelion..  Kuro'iA. 

b  Lvs.  all  or  mostly  rad.,  seldom  pinn.    Pap.  seal,  and  bn.t.  manv.    Cyn'thia 

c  Stemless  leaves  runcinate.     Pappus  white.  Dandelion.  "Tarax^cum'  8 

c  Stems  eafy  or  not.     Pappus  reddish  or  tawny.     S.  Pvruuopap'pus: 

c  Stems  leafy,  leaves  runcinate.     Pappus  silky-white,     c.  lettuce.  Lxctv^c.k 

d  Pappus  brownish.    Stems  mostly  leafy,  with  many  heads,     c. 

,  p         ...         ,  .         ^  Hawkweed.  Hiera'cium.  9 

a  1  ap.  silky  white.    Stemless;  scapes  each  with  one  head.    W.    Trox'imon 
d  Pappus  silky  white.   Stems  bear  prickly  leaves,   c.    Sow  Thisile.  So^'chvs 
e  Pappus  of  many  small  scales.     Branched  stems  2f.  high.     Heads  axillary 

large.     Common.     Eastward.  Succor^j.  Cicno'niVM. 

e  Pappus  of  many  hair-like  bristles.     3-8f.  Blue  Lettuce.  Mulge^dum 

f  Leaves  on  the  stem  linear,  entire.   Purpl.  f   Veffetahle  Oyster.  Tragopo'gon. 
f  Leaves  all  radical,  toothed.     Flowers  yellow.     Fruit  taper-beaked. 

IlaiL'khit.  L^on'todow 


224 


THE  FLORA. 


g  Ach.  wit)i  alongbeak,  pap.  silk-wliite.  Heads  erect,  c.  Wild  Lettuce.  "Lkcrv^cx. 
g  Acheniu  not  bciiked,  pnppns  dull-white.  Hds.  nod.  c.  Drop-flower.  Nab'altjs.  10 
g  Achenia  not  beaked,  pap.  dull-white.   PIds.  erect,  purple.   S.  r.   Ltgodes'mia. 


521  523  519  520 

Achenia  of  Asterwovts,  showing  the  varying  pappus.  Fig.  518.  Acjenium  of  Eclipta,  w 
pappus.  Fig.  519.  ITorseweed  (^Amlrosia  trifida).  Fig.  520.  Sunflower;  pappus  2  teeth 
Fig.  521.  Ageratum,— 5  scales.  Fig.  522.  Blue  Lettuce,— many  hair-like  bristles.  Fig.  523.  Wild 
Lettuce,  pappus  raised  on  a  beak. 

1.  SOLID A'GO.  Goldenrod. 
Heads  few-flowered,  the  rays  1-15,  pistillate,  disk  florets  perfect.  In- 
volucre oblong,  imbricate,  witli  close-pressed  scales.  Receptacle  alveo- 
late, narrow.  Pappus  simple,  of  equal,  hair-like,  rougii  bristles. — Herbs, 
very  abundant  in  the  United  States.  Stem  erect,  branching  near  the  top. 
Leaves  alternate.  Heads  small,  florets  all  yellow  (in  S.  bicolor,  whitish), 
opening  from  August  to  October.     (See  Figs.  501-503.) 

H  Shrub  woody,  l-3f.  high.     Heads  with  1-3  rays.     S 1 

TI  Herbs.    Heads -without  rays  (discoid).     S 2,3 

^   Herbs.     Heads  with  rays  (1-15,  generally  small) a 

a  Scales  of  the  involucre  with  recurved,  leafy,  green  tips 4,  5 

a  Scales  of  the  involucre  erect,  tips  scarcely  at  all  green . . .  .b 

b  Herbs  (white  or  yellow)  in  axillary,  close  clusters  or  short  racemes 6-9 

b  Heads  in  terminal  racemes  forming  a  close  or  a  spreading  panicle c 

b  Heads  in  terminal  compound  corymbs. . .  .n 

c  Eacemes  erect,  not  one-sided.     Leaves  feather-veined d 

c  Eacemes  spreading  or  recurved,  the  flowers  all  on  one  side f 

d  Alpine  species  (growing  only  on  mountains).     Heads  quite  large. . .  .10-12 

d  Not  alpine — growing  in  plains  or  low  grounds.     Heads  not  large . . .  .e 

e  Plants  very  smooth,  at  least  the  stem  and  leaves.     Eays  4-7 13-15 

e  Plants  downy  or  hoary  with  very  close  soft  hairs.     Eays  9-12. . .  .16, 17 
Leaves  3  or  1-veined,     Very  smooth  salt-marsh  herbs 18, 19 

f  Leaves  evidently  3-veined.     Herbs  inland,  &c g 

f  Leaves  not  veiny,  thick,  subcutive 27-29 

f  Leaves  evidently  feather-veined,  mostly  serrate k 


Order  70.— ASTERWORTS. 


g  Leaves  entire  or  very  nearly  so 20,  21 

g  Leaves  serrate.     Stem  smooth  and  glabrous 22-24 

g  Leaves  serrate.     Stem  roughi3h-pubescent....25,  26 

k  Stem  downy  or  hairy.     Leaves  rough  or  not 80-32 

k  Stem  smooth  and  glabrous.     Leaves  smooth  or  rough m 

m  Kays  G-12.     Eacemes  close,  forming  a  compact  panicle 38-40 

m  Kays  6-12.     Kaeemes  distant,  loosely  or  scarcely  panicled 86,  37 

m  Kays  2-5.    Eacemes,  or  the  panicle,  long  and  slender. . .  .33-35 

n  Leaves  lanceolate,  large.     Stem  smooth 44-46  . 

n  Leaves  lanceolate,  large.     Stem  rough-downy 41-43 

n  Leaves  linear,  entire.    Stems  much  branched,  smoothish....47,  48 

I  S.  pauciflosculo'sa.    Shimhby  Goldenrod.     Bush  2f.  high,  very  smooth,  with 

lanceolate  leaves  and  the  5-flowered  heads  in  erect,  panicled  racemes.     S. 

2  S.  discoi'dea.    Rayless  G.    Disk  florets  10-15.    Eacemes  erect,  panicle  slender.    S. 

3  S.  brachyphyl'la.    Chajjnian" s  G.    Florets  5-7.    Eacemes  spreading,  one-sided.    S. 

4  S.  squarro'sa.     Bagged  S.     Eays  10-15.     Scales  stiflf,  with  spreading,  green 

tips.     Heads  large.     N. 

5  S.  squarrulo'sa.    Hough  S.     Eays  6-10.     Scales  awl-shaped,  with  slender, 

loose  tips.     S. 

6  S.  bi'color.    Creamy  S.    Eays  about  8,  creamy-white.    Plant  hairy.    Lvs.  elliptic. 

7  S.  Buck'lyi.    Buckly''s  S.     Eays  4-0,  yellow.    Plant  woolly.     Leaves  oblong.     S. 

8  S.  latifo'lia.    Broad-leaved  S.    Eays  yellow.    Plant  smoothish.    Leaves  broad 

lanceolate,  coarse-toothed.     Seed  downy,     c. 

9  S.  cse'sia.    Polished  S.    Eays  yellow.     Plant  smooth  and  glaucous.    Lvs.  lin. -lance- 

olate.   Stem  fiexuous,  tall,  slender.    A  beautiful  Goldenrod.    Woods,    c. 
10  S.  thyrsoiMea.     Thyrse  G.    Leaves  ovate,  long-stalked.     Tall,  l-3f.  high. 
Heads  large.     Coarse,  showy.    In  mountain  woods. 

II  S.  Vu-gau'rea.    True  G.    Leaves  oval,  short-stalked.    Low,  2-3' high.    Heads 

about  30-flowered,  few,  often  only  one. 
12  S.hum'ilis.  i/b?mi!<n'/i  (?.  Lvs.  oblanceolate.  High  6-12'.  Heads  about  12-flwd. 

13  S.  virga'ta.     Virgate  G.     Heads  all  in  one  raceme  at  top. 

14  S.  stric'ta.     Upright  G.     Heads  in  a  panicle,  which  is  narrow  and  erect. 

15  S.  specio'sa.    Showy  G.     Heads  in  a  thyrse-like  panicle,  large  and  very  showy. 

Pedicels  shorter  than  the  involucre,  pubescent.     Leaves  very  broad. 
16S.  verna,     Farly  S.     "Whitish-downy.     Lower  leaves  ovate.    May,  June.   S. 
17  S.  puber'ula.    I>iisty  S.     Dusty-puberulent.     Lower  leaves  oblanceolate. 
Panicle  long,  compound,  dense.     Scales  acute.     Aug.     N. 

18  S.  sempervi'rens.     Eoergreen  S.     Lvs.  lanceolate,  thick,  obscurely  3-veined.      E. 

19  S.  angustifo'lia.    Karrow-lv.  S.    Lvs.  lance-lin.    1-veined,  thick.    Hds,  small.    S 

20  S.nemora'lis.    WoodS.    Plant  dusty,  roughish.    Lvs.  acute.    Eays  showy,    c 

21  B.  nipes'tris.  ^oci-.9.    Plant  smooth.    Lvs.  acuminate.    Eays  very  short.  W 

22  S.  Missourien'sis.    Missourie  G.     St.  l-2f.     All  glabrous.     Panicle  dense.     W. 

23  S.  sero'tina.     Late  G.     Stem  3-6f.     Leaf  veins  hairy  beneath.     Panicle  loose. 

24  S.  gigan'tea.     Giant  G.     Stem  3-8f.    Branchlets  hairy.    Leaves  Innceolnte. 

10* 


226  THE  FLORA. 


25  S.  Canaden'sis.     Canada  G.     Leaves  pointed,  rough.     Panicle  broad,     e. 
2G  S.  Short^ii.  Shores  G.  Leaves  acute,  very  smooth.  Panicle  long,  narrow.  W. 

27  S.  pilo'sa.   Hairy  S.    Hairy,  4-7f.  high.   Leaves  remotely  serrulate.  N.-J.     S. 

28  S.  odo^ra.    6"w€et  S.    Stem  downy  in  lines,  slender,  2-3f.  high.     Leaves  very  en- 

tire, smooth,  punctate  with  pellucid  dots.    Fragrant,     c. 

29  S.  tortifo^lia.    Twist-lv.  S.    Stem  rough.    Lvs.  often  twisted,  not  punctate.    S. 

80  S.  altis'sima.    Tall  S.    Stem  hairy,  4-6 f.   Lvs.  veiny,  rough.  Scales  acute.  <?, 

81  S.HTmaTiion^dM.  Drummond''sS.  Stem  l-2f.  Lvs.  velvety.  Scales  obtuse.  W. 
32  S.  rad'ula.     Basp-lv.  S.     Stem  rough-downy.    Lvs.  oblong-spatulate.     W. 

83  S.  ulmifo'Ua.     Mm  S.     Branchlets  hairy.     Scales  acute.    Eays  3  or  4,  disk  flow- 

ers 3  or  4.    N.  W. 

84  S.  Boot'ii.    BooWs  S.     Branchlets  hairy.     Scales  obtuse.    Kays  2-5,  disk  flowers 

8-12.     S. 
35  S.  linoi'des.    Flax  S.     Smooth  all  over.     Scales  obtuse.    Eays  1-4.     12-20'.     N. 

36  S.  Muhlenber'gii,     Muhlenberg's  S.     Lvs.  large,  thin,  notched,  smooth  both 

sides.     Heads  15-flowered.     N. 

37  S.  pat'ula.     Spreading  S.     Lvs.  large,  thick,  very  rough  on  the  upper  side. 

Stem  2-4f,  branches  leafy.    Heads' 20-flowered.     N. 
88  S.  ellip'tica.     Mars/i  S.     Very  leafy.      Lvs.  elliptic.    Panicle  dense,  pyramidal, 

39  S.  argu'ta.     Saio-lv.  S.     Leaves  few,  elliptic,  sharply  serrate.     Panicle  spreading. 

40  S.  neglec'ta.     Neglected  S.    Leaves  few,  serrate,  lin. -lanceolate.    Panicle  narrow. 

41  S.  Ohien'sis.    Ohio  S.  Smooth  all  over.    Lvs.  obtuse,  flat.    Corymbed.    W. 

42  S,  Riddel'lii.    BiddeWsS.   Branches,  &c.,  dust-downy.  Lvs.  acute,  concave. 

Heads  corymbed.     W. 

43  S.  corymbo'sa.     Corymbed  S.    Branches  corymbed,  hirsute.    Outer  secund. 
44  S.  Houghto'nii.  Houghton''s  S.  Hds.  few,  very  large.  Otherwise  like  No.  41.  N.-W. 
45S.  rig'ida.     Stiff  S.     Lvs.  rigid.     Heads  very  large.     Scales  obtuse.    Height  3-5f. 
46  S.  Spithamae'a.    Dwarf  S.    Leaves  thin,  sharp-serrate.     Scales  acute.    Height 

6-1 2^     Mountains.     S. 

47  S.  lanceola'ta.    Lance-lv.   S.    Leaves  linear-lanceolate,   3-5-veined.     Eays 

minute,  about  17.     Corymbs  crowded,  fragrant,    c. 

48  S.  tenuifo^lia.    Linear-lv.  S.    Leaves  narrow-linear,  one-veined.    Eays  short, 

about  10.    More  slender,  with  thinner  clusters,     c. 

2.  HELIAN'THUS.     Sunflower. 

Heads  many-flowered,  rays  neutral,  disk-florets  perfect.  Scales  of  the 
involucre  in  several  rows,  more  or  less  imbricated.  Torus  flat  or  convex, 
the  chaff  persistent,  embracing  the  4-sided,  flattened  achenia.  Pappus  of 
2  chaffy  awns,  deciduous. — Herbs,  mostly  if,  rough.  Leaves  opposite,  the 
upper  often  alternate,  mostly  3-veined.  Heads  mostly  large,  the  disk 
from  half  an  inch  to  If.  broad.  Eays  yellow,  disk  yellow  or  purple.  July- 
Oct.    (Tigs.  498,  (fee.) 


OuDEK  70.— ASTERWORTS.  227 


§  Disk  with  its  corollas  and  pales  dark  purple a 

§  Disk  with  its  corollas  and  pales  yellow c 

a  Herbs  annual.     Leaves  ehiefly  alternate 1,  2 

a  Herbs  perennial.    Leaves  opposite b 

b  Scales  of  the  involucre  acuminate 3-5 

b  Scales  of  the  involucre  obtuse 6,7 

c  Leaves  chiefly  alternate  and  feather-veined 8-11 

c  Leaves  ehiefly  opposite  and  3- veined  or  triple- veined.  ...d 

d  Scales  of  involucre  erect,  closely  imbricated e 

d  Scales  loosely  spreading.    Heads  large,  9-15-rayed.. .  .f 
d  Scales  loosely  spreading.     Heads  small,  5-S-rayed...  .22-25 

e  Plants  green,  rough 12,  13 

e  Plants  whitish,  downy,...  14,  15 

f  Scales  lance-linear,  longer  than  disk.     Leaves  thin 16,  17 

f  Scales  lanee-ovate,  as  long  as  the  disk.    Leaves  thick 18-21 

1  H.  an'nuus.     Common,   S.     Stout  and  tall  (3-lOf.).      Heads    large    6-10  across, 

nodding.     Achenia  (seeds)  glabrous.     A  variety  has  all  the  flowers  ligulate. 

2  H.  deb 'ills.    Slender  S.     Slender,  decumbent.     Heads  small.     Seeds  downy.     S. 

3  H.  Rai'vLla.  B(i.tp-lv.  S.  Leaves  roundish,  rough,  obtuse.  Eays7-10ornone.  S. 

4  H.  heterophyrius.    Leaves  oval,  lanceolate,  &c.    Eays  12-18.    Pales  acute.    S. 

5  H.  angustifo'lius.    Leaves  lance-linear,  pointed.     Pales  3-toothed.     N.-J.     S. 

6  H.  rigidus.    Rigid  S.  Lvs.  lanceolate,  pointed.  Scales  ovate,  acute.  Es.   12-20.  W. 

7  H.  atrorubens.     Livid  S.     Leaves  ovate,  obtusish.     Scales  oblong,  obtuse.     S. 

8  H.  gigan'teus.     Tall  S.     Hairy,  rough.     Lvs.  lanceolate,  pointed,  serrate,  c. 

9  H.  tomento'sus.  Velvets.    Very  downy.  Lower  lvs.  ovate,  nearly  entire.  W.  S. 

10  H.  grosse-serra'tus.    Coarse-toothed  S.    Stem  smooth.     Leaves  lance-pointed, 

sharp-serrate.     Eays  15-20.     W. 

11  H.  tubero'sus.     Artichoke.     Cultiv.     Lvs.   3-veined,  lower  cordate-ovate. 

12  H.  laetiflo'rus.      Laughing  S.     Branched.     Leaves  lance-oval,  short  petioled. 

13  H.  occidenta'lis.     Western  S.     Stem  slender,  simple,  nearly  leafless  above. 

14  H.  moriis.    Srft  S.     Leaves  ovate,  cordate,  sessile.     Plant  woolly.     W. 

15  H.  cine'reus.  Ashy  S.  Lvs.  ovate-oblong,  tapering  to  base.  Ashy-downy.  0. 

16  H.  decapet'alous.   Ten-rayed  S.    Eays  9-12.  Leaves  all  opposite.  Stem  3-4f,  N.  M. 

17  H.  tracheliifo'Uus.  Trach-leaved  S.    Eays  12-15.    Branch  lvs.  alternate,    4-Sf.  W. 

18  H.  doronicoi'des.     False  Tiger-bane.     Leaves  petiolate,  ovate,  and  lance- 

ovate,  upper  alternate.     Scales  longer  than  disk.     Eays  12-15.     W.  S. 

19  H.  strumo'sus.     Warty  S.     Leaves  short-petioled,   lance-ovate,   all  alike. 

Scales  equalling  the  disk.    c.     A  double-flowered  variety  is  cultivated, 

20  H.  hirsu'tus.   Hairy  S.    Leaves  petiolate,  hairy  beneath.    Scales  hairy.     W. 

21  H.  divarica'tus.  Forked  S.  Leaves  sessile,  very  rough,  opposite  or  ternate.  c. 

22  H.  nxicroceph'alus.     Small  S.     Stem  smooth,  much  branched,     Lvs.  narrow.    W. 

23  H.  Schweinit'zii.  Schiveinitz' s  S.  Stem  downy,  rough.  Leaves  white,  downy.  Car. 

24  H.  lajviga'tus.  Polished  S.  Stem  and  leaves  very  smooth.  Not  branched.  S.  Mts. 

25  H.  longifo'lius.  Long-lvd.  S.  Leaves  lancc-lincar,  acute,  smooth.   Eays  8-10.    Ga. 


5228  THE  FLORA. 


3.  BI'DENS.     Burr-Marigold. 

Involacre  scales  nearly  equal,  double,  the  outer  generally  large  and 
leafy.  Eays  few  (3-8,  or  sometimes  none),  neutral,  disk  perfect.  Kecep- 
tacle  chaffy,  flat.  Achenia  flattened  or  4-sided,  crowned  with  2-4  awns 
which  are  hispid  backwards. — Leaves  opposite.     July-Oct. 

*  Eays  inconspicuous  or  none a 

*  Buys  quite  showy,  yellow 4,  5 

a  Achenia  flattened,  broadest  at  top. . .  .1-3 
a  Achenia  slender,  4-sided. . .  .6,  7 

1  B.  frondo'sa.     Leafy  B.     Leaves  pinnately  3-5-fol.,  divisions  distinct.     Eays  0. 

2  B.  conna-'ta.    Leaves  simple,  lower  ones  sometimes  3-parted.     Eays  0. 

3  B.  cer'nua.    Nodding  B.     Leaves  simple,  scarcely  connate.    Eays  few  or  0. 

4  B.  clirysanthemoi''des.    Mud,  B.     Lvs.  narrow-lance.,  equally  serrate,  connate. 

5  B.  Beck'ii.    BecTc's  B.     Lvs.  mostly  under  water  and  very  finely  divided.    M. 

6  B.  leucan'tha.    White  B.   Heads  small,  with  white  rays.   Lvs.  pinnate.   S. 

7  B.  bipinna'ta.   Spanish  Needles.    Eays  very  short,  yellow.  Lvs.  bi-pinnate. 

4.  COREOP'SIS.     Tick-seed. 

Involucre  many-flowered,  double,  each  of  8-13  scales,  the  outer  leafy, 
the  inner  membranous.  Receptacle  flat,  the  chaff  falling  with  the  fruit. 
Achenia  flattened,  often  winged,  emarginate,  each  commonly  with  2  teeth 
or  awns  which  are  not  hispid  downwardly  as  in  Bidens. — Leaves  gener- 
ally opposite.     Heads  showy  (rarely  without  rays). 

*  Heads  discoid  (without  rays) 1,2 

*  Heads  radiate,  rays  showy a 

a  Disk  yellow,  rays  also  yellow,  mostly  entire b 

a  Disk  yellow,  rays  rose-colored,  3-5-toothed  at  the  end 20,  21 

a  Disk  purple,  rays  yellow  with  a  purple  base,  toothed. . .  .18,  19 
a  Disk  purple,  rays  wholly  yellow,  toothed  at  the  end. . .  .14-17 

b  Leaves  petiolate,  compound,  with  lanceolate,  toothed  divisions 3-5 

b  Leaves  petiolate,  compound,  with  linear,  entire  divisions.. .  .6,  7 

b  Leaves  petiolate,  simple,  or  some  of  them  eared  at  base 8-10 

b  Leaves  sessile,  3-parted,  divisions  entire  or  not  often,  seeming  whorled 11-13 

1  C.  discoi''dea.     Mayless  T.     Leaves  on  long  petioles,  ternately  divided.     "W. 

2  C.  bidentoi'des.    Leaves  on  short  petioles,  toothed,  lance-linear.     Penn.     r. 

8  O.  au'rea.  Golden  T.   Leaflets  3-5.   Outer  scales  about  8.    Achenia  2-4-toothed.  S. 

4  C.  trichosper'ma.     Leaflets  5-7.     Outer  scales  about  8.     Ach.  slender,  2-toothed. 

5  C.  aristo'sa.    Leaflets  5-7.     Outer  scales  10-13.     Achenia  2  or  4-awned.    W. 

6  C.  trip'teris.  Stem  4-8f.  high.  Hds.  on  short  stalks.  Eays  2'  long,  entire.  W.  S 

7  O.  grandiflo'ra.  St.  l-2f.  high.  Heads  on  long  stalks.  Enys  1'  long,  4-5-oleffe.  8 


Order  TO.— ASTERWORTS. 


229 


8  C.  latifo'lia.    Stem  4-Gf.  liigh.     Eiiys  entire.     Leaves  ovate,  serrate.     S. 
I)  C  auricula'ia.     Stem  l-3f.  high.    Eays  2-5-toothecl.    Lvs.  often  eared  at  base.    S. 
10  C.  lanceola'ta.     Stem  2-of.  high.    Euys  4-5-toothed.    Lvs.  lanceolate,  entire.     S. 
n  C.  senifo'lia.     Leaf  divisions  all  entire,  appearing  in  6-leaved  whorls.     S. 

12  C.  verticilla'ta.   Leaf  divisions  all  again  divided  into  narrow-linear  lobes.  \V. 

13  C.  palma'ta.   Lvs,  deeply  3-eleft,  wedge-shaped,  lobes  linear,  not  whorled.  W. 

14  C.  delphinifo'lia.     Leaves  sessile,  3-parted,  the  divisions  often  lobed.     S. 

15  C.  gladia'ta.  Sword-lv.  G.    Leaves  petioled,  lance- 

olate, sometimes  divided.     Stem  round.    S. 

16  C.  angustifo'lia.    Karrow-lv.  G.     Leaves  petioled, 

narrow-spatulate,  entire.     Stem  square.     S. 

17  C.  CEm'leri.    (Einler''s  G.     Leaves  petioled,  lance- 

ovate,  entire.     Stem  round  below.     S. 
13  O.  Drummon'dii.   Drummond''8  G.     Lvs.  pin- 

nately   3-5-foliate,    divisions    oblong- oval, 

entire,     f 
19  C.   tincto'ria.     Byer'^s   G.     Leaves   pinnatcly 

much  divided,  divisions  linear,  entire,     t 

20  C.  ro'sea.     Rose  G.     Stem  leafy,  leaves  narrow- 

linear,  entire.    Eays  rose-white.     E. 

21  0.  nuda'ta.     Leafless  G.     Stem  few-leaved,  leaves 

awl-shaped,  entire.     Rays  rose-red.     S. 


5.  ASTER.     Starwort. 

Heads  many-flowered.  Scales  of  the  invo- 
lucre generally  imbricated  in  two  or  more 
rows,  and  with  green  tips.  Disk  florets  tubu- 
lar, perfect,  rays  fertile,  in  one  row,  oblong, 
revolute  when  old.     Receptacle  flat,  marked  ^'^-  ^-^-  ^^^''  ^^^""^ 

with  pits.  Pappus  simple,  hair-like,  rough.  Achenium  usually  flattened. 
— A  large  genus  of  11  herbs,  very  abundant  in  the  United  States,  flower- 
ing in  late  summer  and  autumn.  Leaves  alternate ;  disk  florets  yellow, 
changing  to  purple ;  rays  blue,  purple,  or  white,  never  yelloAv. — The  spe- 
cies are  very  variable,  and  many  of  them  are  hard  to  distinguish. 

*  Eadical  and  lower  leaves  cordate  and  petiolate a 

*  Radical  leaves  never  cordate c 

a  Heads  in  loose  corymbs.     Rays  white  or  whitish 1,2 

a  Heads  in  racemes  or  panicles,  blue  or  bluish b 

b  Leaves  evidently  serrate ;  rays  light  blue,  about  12,  spreading  i'  . .  .3,  4 
b  Leaves  entire  or  nearly  so  ;  rnys  bright  blue,  spreading  near  1' 5-7 

c  Involucre  scales  tipped  with  green,  or  the  outer  ones  wholly  green d 

c  Involucro  scales  with  searious  margins  or  wholly  scarious. . .  .f 


230  THE  FLORA. 


d  Stem  leaves  clasping-,  with  a  cordate  or  auricleJ  base e 

d  Stem  leaves  sessile,  rarely  claspinof,  never  cordate  or  auriclcd. .  ..19 

e  Involucre  scales  close,  in  several  rows,  outer  ones  gradually  shorter 8,  9 

e  Involucre  scales  loose,  nearly  equal,  outer  ones  often  wholly  green . . .  .10-12 

f  Leaves  lanceolate  and  linear-lanceolate,  more  or  less  rough 13-15 

f  Leaves  linear,  fleshy,  very  smooth,  entire.     Salt-marsh  herbs 16-18 

1  A.  corymbo'sus.    Corymbed  S.     Slender,  with  thin,  serrate  leaves. 

2  A.  macrophyrius.  Big-lvd.  S.  Stout,  with  large,  thick,  ser.,  rough  Ivs.  13-rayed. 
8  A.  cordifo'lius.  Heart-leaved  S.  Involucre  scales  close,  obtuse.  Lvs.  sharp-serrate. 
4  A.  sagittifo'lius.  Arrow-leaved  S.  Scales  awl-shapcd,  long,  loose.  Lvs.  blunt-serrate. 

5  A.  azu'reus.     Azure  S.     Stem  leaves  sessile,  rough,  lanceolate,  and  linear. 

6  A.  undula'tus.    Stem  lvs.  on  winged  stalks,  with  rounded  clasping  bases,  wavy.  " 

7  A.  Shor'tii.  SJiorfs  S.   Stem  leaves  on  naked  stalks,  all  cordate,  pointed,  entire. 

8  A.  patens.     Patent  S.     Plant  rough-downy.     Leaves  entire.     Scales  pointed. 

9  A.  laevis.     Polished  S.     Plant  smooth  and  glaucous.     Scales  broad,  acute. 

10  A.  prenanthoi'des.    Lvs.  sharply  cut-serrate,  with  a  long,  slender,  entire  base. 

11  A.  punic'eus.   Red-st.  S.   Lvs.  sparingly  serrate,  lance.    Stem  hairy,  often  red. 

12  A.  Novce-Angliae.    Kew-England  S.     Leaves  entire,  rough,  numerous.     Kays 

nearly  100,  %'  long.     Stems  4-6 f.  high.     A  fine  species,  often  cultivited. 

13  A.  acumina''tus.  Pell  S.  Leaves  coarsely-toothed,  broad-lanceolate,  long-pointed, 

often  clustered.     Kays  white.     In  dark  woods.    N. 

14  A.  nemora''lis.     Wood  S.     Leaves  narrow-lanceolate,  nearly  entire,  acute,  with 

edges  revolute.     Heads  1-3.    In  damp  woods.     N.  M. 

15  A.  ptarmicoi'des.     Sneezewort  S.     Leaves  entire,  stiff,  acute.     Heads  corymbed. 

16  A.  flexuo'sus.     Zigzag  S.     Heads  large,  with  showy  rays.     Stem  flcxuous. 

17  A.  linifo''lius.     Flax  S.     Heads  numerous,  with  very  short  rays  in  2  rows. 

18  A.  subula'tus.    Heads  with  showy  blue  rays.     Scales  in  2  or  3  rows.     S. 
19  Many  species,  very  variable,  here  omitted.     (See  p.  420,  Class  Book.) 

6.  ERIG'EROK    Fleabane.     Whiteweed. 

Heads  many-flowered,  mostly  hemispherical,  rays  very  numerous 
(20-  200),  narrow,  linear,  pistillate  ;  disk  flowers  perfect.  Receptacle  flat, 
naked  (no  chaff  or  pits).  Scales  of  the  involucre  nearly  equal  and  in  one 
row.  Pappus  generally  simple. — Herbs  with  alternate  leaves.  Rays 
white,  blue,  or  reddish.    Flowering  from  May  to  September. 

*  Rays  showy,  longer  than  the  involucre.     Heads  large  (i-V  broad) a 

*  Kays  obscure,  shorter  than  the  involucre,  whitish.     Heads  very  small 1,  2 

a  Kays  purple,  very  numerous.    Heads  loosely  corymbed. . .  .3-5 
a  Rays  white  or  whitish.     Heads  loosely  panicled 6-8 

1  E.  Canaden'se.     Canada  F.     Erect,  hairy.     Leaves  lanceolate.     Heads  panicled. 

2  E.  divarica'tum.     Prostrate  F.    Low,  diffuse.    Lvs.  linear.    Heads  corymbed.   W. 


Order  70.— ASTERWORTS.  231 


8  E.  bellidifo'lium.     Daisy  F.     Leaves  nearly  entire.     Kays  50-80,  bluish -p. 

4  E.  Fhiladel'phicum.     Leaves  nearly  entire.     Eays  150-200,  reddish-purple. 

5  E.  quercifo'lium,   Oak-lv.  F.  Lvs.  sinuate-pinnatifid-toothed.  Eays  100-200.  S. 

6  E.  an'nuum.     Annual  F.     Stem  leafy,  3-5f.  high.     Leaves  coarse-toothed. 

7  E.  strigo'sum.     Rough  F.     Stem  leafy,  2-3f.  high.     Leaves  nearly  entire. 

8  E.  nudicau'le.     Naked  F.     Stem  leafless,  l-2f.  high.     Kays  about  SO.     S.  "^ 

7.  ACIIILLE'A.     Yarrow.     MillfoiL 

Heads  many-flowered,  rays  few,  fertile;  receptacle  flat,  chaff*y  ;  achenia 
flattened,  margined,  without  a  pappus. — U  European  herbs  with  small, 
4-12-rayed  heads  in  corymbs.     June-Sept. 

1  A.  millefo'lium.     Leaves  twice  pinnatifid  with  fine  segments.     Kays  4  or  5.     c. 

2  A.  Ptar'mica.  Sneezewort.     Leaves  undivided,  lance-linear,  serrate.  Kays  8-12.  r. 

8.  TARAX'ACUM.     Dan'delion. 

Involucre  many-flowered,  double,  the  outer  of  small  scales  much  shorter 
than  the  close,  erect  row  of  the  inner.  Receptacle  naked.  Achenia  pro- 
duced into  a  long  beak  crowned  with  copious  white,  hair-like  bristles  of 
the  pappus. — Acaulescent  herbs  with  runcinate  leaves.     (Figs.  504-506.) 

T.  Dens-leo'nis.  Dan'delion.  Outer  scales  of  the  involucre  reflexed.  Leaves  run- 
cinate, smooth,  dentate. — In  all  open  situations,  blossoming  at  all  seasons  ex- 
cept winter.  Scape  round,  hollow,  lengthening  after  flowering,  and  bearing  a 
globular  head  of  seeds  and  seed-down,  whose  light  and  airy  form  is  i  very  famil- 
iar sight  to  all. 

9.  HIERA'CIUM.     Hawkweed. 

Involucre  more  or  less  imbricated,  egg-shaped,  many-flowered.  Ache- 
nia not  prolonged  into  a  beak,  striate.  Pappus  of  rough,  brittle,  numerous 
tawny  bristles  in  a  single  row. — U  Leaves  alternate,  entire,  or  toothed, 
Florets  yellow.     July-Sept. 

*  Involucre  and  stalks  smooth  or  nearly  so. . .  .a 

•  Involucre,  stalks,  Ac,  rough  with  glandular  hairs.... b 

a  Heads  with  50  to  60  florets 1 

a  Heads  with  10  to  20  florets 2,  8 

b  Heads  with  40  to  50  florets. . .  .4 
b  Heads  with  20  to  SO  florets 5,  6 

1  H.  Canaden'se.     Canada  II.     Stem  leafy,  corymbed  at  top.     Leaves  sharp- 
toothed.     N. 


232  THE  FLORA. 


2  H.  panicula^tum.     Panicled  H.  Stem  leafy,  widely  panicled.    Leaves  fine-toothed 
8  H.  veno'sum.     Euhin's  Plantain.     Stem  almost  leafless,  corymbed,     Lvs.  entire. 

4  H,  scabrum.     Rovgh  II.     Heads  corymbed.     Plant  stiff,  rongh-liairy. 
5  H.  longip'ilum.     Long-haired  II.    Plant  clotlied  with  straight  bristles  V  long.  "W. 
fi  H.  Grono'vii.     Gronovius'  H,     Plant  slender,  quite  hairy  below. 

10.  NAB'ALUS.     Lioii's-foot. 

Involucre  cylindrical,  double,  the  inner  of  many  linear  scales  in  one 
row,  the  outer  of  a  few  short  scales  at  base.  Receptacle  naked.  Achenia 
smooth,  striate,  not  beaked,  crowned  with  a  copious,  straw-colored  or 
brownish  hair-like  pappus. — ^Erect  herbs,  with  a  thick,  tuberous,  bit- 
ter root.  Heads  5-18-floAvered,  white  or  straw-colored,  often  purplish. 
Aug. -Oct, 

*  Heads  glabrous,  pendulous.     Leaves  multiform  in  the  same  plant a 

*  Heads  hairy,  erect  or  nodding.     Leaves  reniform,  undivided . . .  .7-9 

a  Tall  (2-4f,  high).     Hea,ds  (8-12-flowered)  in  a  corymb-like  panicle 1,  2 

a  Tall  (2-6f.  higli).     Heads  in  a  long,  raceme-like  panicle 3,  4 

a  Low  (5-10''  high).    Heads  raeemed.     Found  only  on  high  mountains.... 5,  6 

1  N.  al'ba.      White  L.    Pappus  cinnamon-color.    Leaves  hastate,  often  lobed. 

2  N.  Fra'seri.     Frasev^s  L.     Pappus  straw-color.     Leaves  deltoid,  often  cleft. 

3  N.  altis'simus.  Tall  L.    Heads  5-flowered.  Leaves  divided,  or  cleft,  or  entire. 

4  N.  virga'tus.     Rod  L.     Heads  8-12-flowered.     Lowest  leaves  pinnatifid. 

5  N.  na'nus.     Dwarf  L.     Outer  involucre  of  sliort-ovate,  close  scales. 

6  N.  Boot'tii.     BootVs  L      Outer  involucre  of  linear,  loose  scales. 

7  N.  racemo'sus.     Raeemed  L.     Heads  nodding,  9-12-flowered.    W.  M. 

8  N.  crepidin'eus.     Grepis  L.     Heads  nodding,  25-35-flowered.     W.  S. 

9  N.  as'per.     RovgJi  L.    Heads  erect,  ll-14-flo\vcTed.     Panicle  raeemed.    W, 


Order  LXXI.   LOBELIACEJE.     Lobeliads. 

Herbs  with  alternate  leaves,  scattered ^(?w?er5,  and  often  m\]kj  juice ; 
calyx  superior ;  corolla  irregular,  5-lobed,  tube  split  down  to  the  base  ; 
stamens  5,  united  into  a  tube  both  by  the  filaments  and  anthers ; 
ovarij  adherent  to  the  calyx  tube  ;  styles  united  into  one ; 
stigma  fringed  ;  fruit  a  2-3-celled,  many-seeded  capsule. 

LOBE'LIA.     Cardinal-flower.     Indian  Tobacco. 

The  two  upper  lobes  of  the  irregular  corolla  are  smaller  than  the  three 


Okdeii  72.     BELLWORTS.  233 


lovv'er.  Stamens  united  into  a  curved  tube.  Stigma  2-lobed.  Capsule 
opening  at  top.  Seeds  very  small. — Flowers  axillary,  generally  forming 
leafy  or  bracted  racemes.    July-Sept. 

§  Stems  leafy a 

§  Stems  leafless,  leaves  nearly  nil  crowded  at  the  root,  under  water 11,  12 

a  Flowers  bright  red  or  scarlet,  largo  and  showy 1,2 

a  Flowers  blue,  varying  to  bluish-white.. .  .b 

b  Stem  stout,  2-3  or  4f.  high.     Flowers  large,  about  V  long 3-5 

b  Stem  slender,  6''-2f.  high.    Flowers  small  (i-s'  long) c 

c  Stem  branched,  racemes  several,  loose,  or  flowers  scattered fi,  7  • 

c  Stem  generally  simple,  bearing  a  single  raceme.. .  .8-10 

1  L.  cardina'lis.     Cardinal-flwr.     Stem  smooth.     Leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  acute. 

2  L.  ful'gens.     Mexican.     Stem  downy.    Leaves  linear-lanceolate,  long-pointed,    t 

3  L.  puber'ula.     Leaves  obtuse,  denticulate.     Eaceme  one-sided.    Plant  downy. 

4  L.  sjrphilit'ica.    Blue  C.    Lvs.  acute,  slightly  toothed.     Kacemes  equal,  hairy. 
.5  L.  amoe'na.     Pretty  C.     Leaves  acuminate,  toothed.     Eacemes  one-sided, 

smoothish.     S. 

6  L.  iixfla''ta.    Indian  Tobacco.    Hairy.  Lvs.  ovate-lanceolate,  toothed.  Pod  inflated. 

7  L.  Kal'mii.    KalmU  C.    Smooth.  Leaves  linear-spatulatc,  entire.  Fls.  blue-white. 

8  L.  Nuttal'lii.    NuttaWs  L.     \    Pedicels  twice  as  long  as  the  flowers.    Leaves 

linear,  extremely  slender.     S.  M. 

9  L.  spica'ta.    Spiked  L.     Pedicels  as  long  as  the  flowers.    Eacemes  dense. 

Leaves  oblong. 
10  L.  leptostach'ya.    Slender- spiked  L.    Pedi.  none.   Lvs.  lance-oval,  smooth.  "W 

11  L.  Dortman'na.     Water  L.  Root  leaves  linear,  terete,  hollow,  fleshy.  Scape  long. 

12  L.  paludo'sa.    Marsh  L.     Eoot  leaves  linear-oblong,  flat.    Stem  tall.     S. 


Ordek  LXXII.   CAMPANULACE.E.     Bellworts. 

Herls  witb  a  milky  juice,  alternate  leaves; 
flowers  mostly  blue  and  sliowy,  with  a  superior 

calyx;  a  regular  and  mostly  campanulate  5-lobed  corolla  ;  with  the  5 
stamens  usually  separate,  and  ovary  adherent  to  the  calyx  tube ;  and  witli 
the  2-5-celied  i^od  crowned  with  the  remains  of  the  calyx. 

Analysis  of  the  Genera. 

Calyx  tube  very  short  (below  the  flower).  Campanula.  1 

Calyx  tube  long  and  three-angled.  Speccla'uia. 


234: 


TPIE   FLORA. 


CAMPAN'ULA.     Bell-flower.     HarebeU. 


Calyx  5-cleft.  Corolla  bell-shaped, 
funnel-shaped,  or  wheel-shaped,  its 
5  lobes  valvate  in  the  bud,  closed  at 
the  base  inside  by  the  valve-like 
bases  of  the  5  stamens.  Pod  open- 
ing on  the  sides. — U  Herbs  with 
axillary  or  terminal  flowers.  June- 
October, 


Fig.  526.  The  Harebell,  the  whole  plant 

7.  Ovary  of  Canterbury  Bells,  withyj  a  broad 
filament,  s,  an  anther,  and  .p,  the  hairy  stylc.^ 

8.  A  cross-section  of  the  curious  5-ceiIed  seed- 
vessel,  2  placentje  in  eacli  cell.  9.  Seed  cut 
open,  showing  the  large  embryo.  Fig.  530. 
Flower  of  American  Bellwort.  Fig.  531. 
Flower  of  Patent  Bellwort. 

§  Corolla  wheel- shaped,  flat,  in  leafy  spikes 1,  2 

§  Corolla  bell-shaped,  &e.,  broadly  or  narrowly ...  .a 
a  Flowers  on  slender  pedicels,  solitary  or  panicled. . .  .b 
a  Flowers  sessile  or  nearly  so.     Stem  erect.     Gardens 7-9 

b  Flowers  large  (6-12''''  broad).     Eoot  leaves  unlike  the  stem  leaves. . .  .8,  4 

b  Flowers  small  (2-5''''  broad).     Leaves  all  similar  in  form ...  .5,  6 

1  C.  America''na.     Americaii  B.    Stem  tall  (2-4f,).  Leaves  pointed  at  ends,  smooth. 

2  C.  planiflo'ra.  Stem  low  (7-12'),  simple.    Lvs.  thick,  shininof,  obtuse,  or  acute.    + 

3  0.  rotundifo'lia.     Harebell.    Stem  weak.     Root  lvs.  roundish,  stem  lvs.  linear. 
<t  C.  persicifo'lia.     Feach  B.     Stem  erect.     Leaves  lance-linear.     Flowers  very 
broad,     f 

5  C.  aparinoi'des.     BeJstraw  B.     Stem  reclining,  rough  backwards.    Flowers  white. 

6  C.  divarica'ta.     Patent  B.     Erect,     Panicle  wide.   Leaves  toothed.    Fls.  blue,    S. 

7  O,  glomera''ta.     Flowers  crowded  above,  funnel-shaped.     Plant  smooth,     t 

8  0.  me''dium,     Canterbury  B.     Flowers  distant,  very  large,  obtuse  at  base,     t 

9  0.  lanugino''sa,      Woolbj  B.     Flowers  scattered,  rather  large,  acute  at  base,     + 


Order  73.— HEATIIWORTS. 


285 


Order  LXXIII.   ERICACEJ3.     Heathworxs. 

Hcrls^  or  more  generally  shrubs^  with  simple,  often  evergreen  leaves  ; 
flowers  regular  or  nearly  so,  4  or  5-partc(l;  'petals  rarely  almost  distinct; 
stamens  as  many  or  twice  as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the  corolla,  and  the 
anthers  oddly  appendaged  and  generally  opening  by  two  terminal  pores;  the 
style  1,  and  the  ovary  4-10-celled,  with  albuminous  seeds. 
6  5 


Fig.  532.  Azalea  procunibens.  8.  A  flower  enlarged.  4.  A  stamen,  much  enlarged,  showing 
the  lengthwise  opening  of  each  of  tlio  cells.  5.  Cross-section  of  a  5-ce!le(l  capsule  of  Rhododen- 
dron, showing  the  inflexed  margins  of  the  valves.  6.  Pyrola  secunda.  7.  A  flower  enlarged. 
8.  A  stamen  enlarged,  showing  the  terminal  tubes  and  pores.  9.  Cross-section  of  a  5-celled, 
many-seeded  capsule.  Fig.  540.  Checkerberry  {Gaultheria).  1.  A  flower  enlarged.  2.  A  berry. 
8.  Vertical  section  of  the  ovary,  showing  the  free,  fleshy  caly.v.  4  Anther  of  the  Vaccinium 
Vltis-IdcsB.  5.  Stamen  of  Bcarberry  {Arctv)>t<iphylos).  6.  Awned  stamen  of  a  Blueberry  (  VcM- 
cinium). 


236  THE  FLORA. 


Analysis  of  tfie  Genera. 

§  Shrubs  or  trees,  or  shrublets 2 

§  Herbs  evergreen,  with  green  herbage  and  leaves m 

§  Herbs  leafless,  without  verdm-e.     Bracts  scale-like n 

2  Calyx  adherent,  crowning  the  berry  in  fruit. . .  .a 

2  Calyx  free  from  the  ovary,  or  inferior 3 

8  Petals  united  into  a  gamopetalous  corolla 4 

3  Petals  entirely  or  very  nearly  separate  and  distinct. . .  .5 

4  Flowers  4-parted.     Stamens  8 b 

4  Flowers  5-parted.     Stamens  5  or  10. . . . 

5  Pods  2  or  3-celled,  cells  only  1-seeded.     Southern k 

5  Pods  3-celled,  cells  many-seeded g 

5  Pods  5  or  7-celled,  cells  many-seeded h 

6  Corolla  urn-shaped  (oval  or  globular),  lobes  small c 

6  Corolla  not  urn-shaped,  open  or  spreading e 

a  Erect  shrubs  with  5-parted  flowers  and  10-seeded  berries. 

Huckleberries.  Gaylussa'cia. 
a  Erect  shrubs  with  5-parted  flowers  and  oo-seeded  berries. 

Blueberties.  Vaccin'ium. 
a  Trailing  shrublets.  Corolla  4-cleft,  reflexed.  Fr.  red.  Cranberry.  Oxycog'cus.  1 
a  Trailing  shrublets.     Corolla  4-cleft,  spreading.     Fruit  white. 

Boxberry.  Chiog'enes.  2 
b  Leaves  linear-acerose,  whorled  or  crowded.     Cultivated.  Heath.  Eu''ica. 

b  Leaves  oval-lanceolate.  Shrub,  4f.  high.  Penn.  S.  )  ^^^^^^^.^^^^^^^^_  Mekzie'sia. 
c  Pod  dry,  opening  bet.  the  cells.  Lvs.  lin.   N.  ) 

c  Pod  dry,  opening  into  the  cells d 

c  Drupe  fleshy,  5-seeded.     Shrubs  trailing.        Bearberry.  AncT0STAPH''TL0S. 
c  Berry  fleshy,  many-seeded.    Little  shrublets.     ChecJcerberry.  Gaulthe''ria.  8 
d  Shrublet  moss-like,  on  high  Mts.    Leaves  linear.     Moss  Andromede.  Cassi''ope. 
d  Shrubs  with  ample  leaves.     Pod-valves  entire.  Andromede.  ANDKoii''EDA. 

d  Tree  with  ample  leaves  and  slender  racemes.  Sorrel-tree.  OxYDEN^DRuar. 

e  Corolla  saucer-form,  holding  the  anthers  in  10  pits.  Laurel.  Kal'mia.  4 

e  Corolla  salver-form,  very  fragrant.     Trailing.  May-flower,  Epig^''a.  5 

e  Corolla  funnel  or  bell-form,  with  spreading  lobes f 

f  Stamens  5,  included.   Plant  and  leaves  very  small.   Mts.  N.  H.   Leioseleu'kia. 
f  Stamens  5  (rarely  more),  long-exserted.     Corolla  funnel-form.  Aza''lea.  6 

f  Stamens  10  (rarely  fewer),  exserted.    Corolla  bell-form.    Bay.  Khododen''dron.  7 
g  Leaves  alternate,  deciduous,  serrate.    Flowers  racemed.  Cle^thra. 

g  Leaves  mostly  opposite,  evergreen,  entire.    Flowers  umbeled. 

Sand  Myrtle.  Leiophyl'  lum. 
h  Flowers  5-parted.     Corolla  regular.  *  Labrador  Tea.  Le'dtjm. 

h  Flowers  5-parted.     Corolla  irregular.  Khodo^ra. 

h  Flowers  7-parted,  regular.    Stamens  14.    S.  Befa'ria. 


Order  73.— HEATHWORTS. 


k  Flowers  4-partcd,  with  8  stamens  and  a  3-scedcd  pod.     S.  Elliot'tia. 

k  Flowers  5-parted,  with  5  stamens.   Leaves  lanceolate,  entire.  S.  Cvryl^la. 

k  Flowers  5-parted,  with  10  stamens.  Lvs.  lancool.,  entire.  S.  MyLocA''nYUM. 
m  Flowers  racemed,  many.     Perennial,  low,  smooth,  erect.  Pyr^ola.  8 

m  Flower  solitary,  one  only.     Perennial,  small.     N.     r.  Moxe'ses. 

m  Flowers  eorymbed,  few.    Leaves  evergreen,  thick.    Fipsisshca.  Chimaph^ila.  9 

n  Corolla  polypetalous.   Plant  white,  reddish,  &c.    Indian  Pipe.  Monot'ropa.IO 

n  Corolla  gamopetalous,  bell-shaped,  in  a  short  spike.     S.        Schweinit'zia. 

n  Corolla  gamop.,  egg-shaped,  in  a  loose  rac.  Albany  Beechdrops.  Pteros'pora. 

1.  OXYCOC'CUS.     Cranberry. 

Calyx  superior,  3-cleft.  Corolla  4-parted,  with  lance-linear,  reflexed 
segments.  Stamens  8,  anthers  tubular,  2-parted,  opening  by  oblique 
pores.  Berry  globular,  4-celled,  many-seeded. — Trailing  and  very  slen- 
der, with  woody  stems,  alternate,  thick,  narrow,  entire  leaves,  and  acid, 
eatable  fruit.     Flowers  purplish.     June. 

1  O.  palus'tris.    Bog   C.     Stems  thread-form,  trailing.     Leaves  ovate,  2-4''  long. 

Pedicels  terminal,  1-flowered. 

2  O.  macrocar'pus.     MarTcet  G.     Stems  thread-form,  trailing.     Leaves  oblong,  4-6" 

long.     Pedicels  axillary,  1-flowered. 

3  O.  eryihocar'pus.    Bush  C.     Stems  l-3f.  high,  erect.     Leaves  oval,  pointed,  ser- 

rulate.    Petals  not  reflexed  at  first.     S.     Mountains. 

2.  CHIOG'ENES.     Boxberry. 

1  C.  hispid'ula.  Run7iing  B.  A  little  woody  creeper,  4  to  6'  long,  in  old  woods, 
northward.  Leaves  many,  small,  oval.  Flowers  white,  4-parted.  Berry  white. 
Plant  tastes  like  Checkerberry.     (Fig.  5i7.) 


Fig.  547.  Boxbci  ly,  the  entire-plant. 

3.  GAULTHE'RTA.     Checkerberry. 

Calyx  5-cleft,  with  2  bractlets  at  base.  Corolla  urn-shaped,  the  limb 
of  5  short,  re  volute  lobes.  Stamens  10.  Capsule  5-celled,  invested  by 
the  calyx,  which  becomes  a  pulj)y  berry. — Little  shrubby  or  half'-shrubby 
plants,  with  alternate,  evergrocu  leaves.     (Figs.  540-543.) 


238  THE   FLORA. 


G.  procum'bens.  Common  Ghecherlerry^  or  Wintergreen.  Branches  ascending  Z' 
from  the  prostrate,  slender  root-stock,  which  is  usually  concealed.  Leaves 
obovate,  and  few  nodding  flowers,  all  clustered  at  top  of  the  stem,  and  spicy  in 
flavor.     Berries  scarlet.     Flowers  in  Summer,  white. 

4.  KAL'MIA.     Calico-bush.     Mountain  LaureL 

Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  with  10  prominences  beneath,  and  10  corre- 
sponding pits  within,  holding  the  10  anthers.  Filaments  recurved.  Bor- 
der with  5  shallow  lobes.  Capsule  5-celled,  many-seeded. — Beautiful 
shrubs,  with  entire,  evergreen,  leathery  leaves.  Flowers  white  and  red, 
in  racemed  corymbs.     May- June. 

1  Flowers  in  terminal  corymbs.     Leaves  smooth,  thick 2,  3 

1  Flowers  in  lateral  corymbs.     Leaves  rusty  or  downy  beneath. . .  .4,  5 
1  K.  hirsu'ta.     Hairy  L.     Flowers  axillary,  solitary,  stalked,  red.     Plant  hairy. 
Leaves  mostly  scattered,  acute,  sessile.     l-2f.     S. 

2  K.  latifo'lia.     Great  L,     Leaves  scattered,  green  both  sides.     Corymbs  large,  rose- 

white,  numerous  and  very  showy.     3-20f. 

3  K.  glau'ca.     Polished  L.     Leaves  opposite,  glaucous-white  beneath,  revolute  on 

the  margin.     Corymbs  small,  lilac.     2-3f. 

4  K.  cunea'ta.      Wedge-leaved  L.     Leaves  scattered,  wedge-oblong.     Corymbs 

small,  roseate,  each  of  4-6  flowers.     Plant  3-5f.     S. 

5  K.  angustifo'lia.   Sheep-poison.     Leaves  opposite  and  in  3's,  blunt  at  each  end. 

Corymbs  small,  deep  purple.     3-4f. 

5.  EPIG^'A.     May-flower. 

Calyx  large,  5-parted,  with  3  bracts  at  base.  Corolla  salver-form,  tube 
hairy  within,  limb  of  5  spreading  lobes.  Stamens  10.  Anthers  open  by 
slits.    Capsule  5-celled,  5-valved. — Little  trailing  shrubs. 

E.  repens.  Trailing  Arhutus.  Leaves  cordate-ovate,  entire.  Corolla  tube  cylin- 
drical. Stems  slender,  flat  on  the  ground,  lO-lS'  long.  Leaves  evergreen, 
rounded  at  the  end,  2''  or  more  long.  Flowers  tinged  with  red,  very  fragrant. 
April,  May. 

6.  AZA'LEA.     Azalea. 

Calyx  small,  5-parted.  Corolla  funnel-form,  somewhat  irregular,  with 
5  spreading  lobes.  Stamens  5,  and,  with  the  1  style,  long  exserted, 
curved  toward  the  lower  side,  Anthers  open  by  pores.  Capsule  5-celled, 
5-valved. — Erect  shrubs.  Leaves  alternate,  deciduous,  entire.  Flowers 
large,  showy,  fragrant,  clustered.     April-July. 


Order  T3.— HEATHWORTS.  239 


§  Lobes  of  the  calyx  all  (rarely  1  excepted)  very  short  or  minute 1,2 

§  Lobes  of  the  calyx  all  oblong,  and  of  conspicuous  lcn<(th S-5 

1  A.  visco'sa.     Clammy  Swamp  Pink.     Flowers  very  viscid,  appearing  with  the 

full-grown  leaves,  the  tube  much  longer  than  the  segments.     Shrub  4-7f. 
White  or  roseate. 

2  A.  nudiflo'ra.    Finxter  Bloom.     Clusters  naked,  appearing  with  or  before  the 

young  leaves.     Corolla  tube  downy,  scarcely  longer  tlian  the  segments. 

Branches  often  whorled.     Colors  pink,  purple,  white,  buff,  &c.     t 
8  A.  calendula''cea.     Flaming  Finxter.     Young  branchlets  downy,  corymbs  nearly 
or  quite  leafless.     Tube  of  the  corolla  hairy,  shorter  than  the  ample  lobes. 
Common.    Penn.  S.  &  "W.    Flowers  very  many,  flame-color,  bright  red,  saffron- 
yellow,  iSzc.     t 

4  A.  arbores'cens.      Tree  Azalea.     Branches  smooth.     Leaves  glaucous  beneath. 

Corymbs  leafy  with  full-grown  leaves.     Corolla  tube  longer  than  the  lobes,  not 
viscid.    Height  10-20f.     Mountains.     S. 
6  A.  Pon'tica.    Asiatic  A.     Flowers   viscid,  witli  full-grown  leaves.     Tube  wide- 
mouthed,  as  long  as  segments.     All  colors,     t 

7.  RnODODEN'ORON".     Rose  Bay. 

Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  broad,  campanulate,  regular  or  slightly  irreg- 
ular, 5-lobed.  Stamens  ]0,  mostly  declined,  anthers  opening  by  pores. 
Capsule  5-celled,  5-valved. — Shrubs  with  alternate,  entire,  evergreen 
leaves.     Flowers  umbeled,  splendid. 

§  Calyx  lobes  large,  leaf-like.     Exotic 7 

§  Calyx  lobes  small,  scale-like a 

a  Leaves  small,  obtuse  at  each  end.     Mountains 1,2 

a  Leaves  large,  acute,  rusty  or  silvery  beneath 5,  6 

a  Leaves  large,  acute,  glabrous  beneath 3,  4 

1  R.  Lappon'icum.     Lapland  R.     Shrub  5-10'  high.     Lvs,  scaly,  elliptic.     N. 

2  R.  Catawbien'se.     Catawba  R.     Shrub  3-5f.  high.     Leaves  smooth,  oval.     S. 

3  R.  max'imum.     Great  R.     Leaves  oblanceolate,  acute,  paler  beneath.     Flowers 

in  large  unibels,  white,  with  yellow  dots.     Eocky  woods. 

4  R.  Pon'ticum.    Asiatic  R.    Leaves  lanceolate,  acuminate,  not  paler  beneath. 

Flowers  large,  purple,  variegated. 

5  R.  puncta'tum.    Dotled-lf.  R.    Lvs,  with  rusty,  resinous  dots  beneath.     Mts.     S. 

6  R.  arbo'reum.     Tree  R.     Leaves  with  silvery  spots  beneath.     Asia,     t 

7  R.  In^dicum,     Indian  R.     Leaves  rough,  wedge-lance.     Fls,  few  together,     f 

8.  PYR'OLA.     False  "Wintergreen. 

Calyx  5-parted,  Petals  5,  equal.  Stamens  10,  anthers  large,  turned 
outwards,  opening  by  2  pores  at  the  obtuse  top.     Style  thick,  long;  stig- 


240 


THE   FLORA. 


mas  5,  often  projecting  like  rays.  Pod  5-celled,  5-valved,  opening  into 
the  cells,  many-seeded. —  if  Low,  evergreen  herbs,  almost  woody,  with  the 
leaves  generally  radical,  and  the  scape  bearing  a  raceme  of  nodding  flow- 
ers.    Mostly  northern.     June^  July. 

§  Stamens  ascending,  style  declined  and  curved a 

§  Stamens  and  style  straight  and  erect 5,  6 

a  Leaves  thick  and  shining.    Flowers  white  or  :ose-colored. . .  .1,  2 
a  Loaves  green,  not  shining.     Flowers  greenish-white 3,  4 

1  P.  rotundifo'lia.   Bound-leaved  F.    Lvs.  orbicular.    Mostly  white  petals.    (Fig.  14.) 

2  P.  asarifo'lia.     Heart-leaved  P.     Leaves  round-cordate.     Kose-colored  petals. 

8  P.  ellip'tica.     Pear-leaved  P.     Leaves  large,  thin,  elliptical,  on  short  petioles. 
4  P.  chloran'tha.   Green-Jl.  P.    Lvs.  small,  thick,  roundish,  shorter  than  petioles. 

5  P.  secun'da.     One-sided  P.     Kaceme  with  the  green- white  flowers  all  on  one  side. 

6  P.  minor.    Lesser  P.     Eaceme  ppike-forra,  with  small,  globular,  white  fls.     Mts. 

9.  CHIMAPH'ILA.  Pipsissiwa. 
Calyx  5-parted.  Petals  5,  spreading,  round. 
Stamens  10.  Anther  cells  lengthened  above 
into  tubes.  Style  very  short,  thick.  Capsule 
5-celled. — Small  evergreens,  with  oblong,  ser- 
rate, clustered  leaves,  and  terminal  flowers. 
June^  July. 


Leaves  wedge-lance- 
4-7-flovvered,   on  an 


1  0.  umbella'ta.    Prince'' s  Pine. 

olate,   in   4's-6's.      Umbel 
erect  stalk.    July. 

2  0.  macula'ta.   Spotted  P.    Leaves  lanceolate,  acumi- 

nate,  marked  with  whitish  streaks    along  the 
midvein.    Flowers  2  or  3.     (See  Fig.  548.) 

10.  MONOT'ROPA.  Pine  Sap. 
Calyx  of  1-5  bract-like  sepals.  Petals  4  or  5, 
connivent  in  a  bell-shaped  corolla.  Stamens 
8-10.  Capsule  4-5-celled,  4-5-valved.~Low 
herbs  growing  on  the  juices  of  other  plants,  all 
white  or  tawny,  with  scales  instead  of  leaves. 

1  M.  uniflo^ra.     IndiaK  Pipe,     Sepals   1-3,      Flower 

solitary,   scentless.     Stem   6''  high,  common  in 
woods.     Whole  plant  white.     Summer. 

2  M.  Hypop'itis.    Pine  Sap.    Downy,  tawny.    Sepals  4,  5. 

grant.    Stem  G-S' high.     Root  a  tangled  ball  of  fibres. 


548 

Flowers  racemed,  fra- 

Au(/. 


Order  78.— PRIMWORTS. 


241 


Order  LXXYIII.   PRIMULACE^.     Primworts. 


Fig.  549.  Primula  Mistassinica,  the  whole  plant.  Fig.  550.  The  corolla  cut  optn,  showing 
the  stamens  on  the  tube.  1.  The  plan  of  the  flower,  showing  the  stamens  opposite  the  petals. 
2.  The  calyx  and  ovary.  3.  The  fruit  cut  open,  showing  the  seccls  on  the  central  jilaccnta. 
Fig.  554.  Dodecatheon  Meadiii,  whole  plant  5.  A  single  flower,  natural  size.  Fig.  556.  Fruit 
(py.xis)  of  Anagallis,  with  its  lid  open,  showing  the  seeds. 


Jlcrls  low,  with  the  leaves  either  radical  or  mostly  opposite ;  with  the 
/lowers  5  (rarely  4  or  G)-parted ;  the  corolla  monopetalous,  regular ;  the 
stamens  inserted  on  the  corolla-tnhe  and  opposite  to  its  lobes ;  the 
ovary  1-celled,  with  a  free,  central  placenta ;  style  1 ;  stigma  1 ;  the 
capsule  1-celled,  many-seeded;  seeds  with  fleshy  albumen. 

11 


242  THE   FLORA. 


Analysis  of  the  Genera. 

*  Stemlcss.     Leaves  all  radical,  scape  bearing  an  nmbel a 

*  Steins  leafy.    Flowers  yellow,  corolla  -wheel-form  (tube  none) . . .  .b 

*  Steins  leafy.    Flowers  white,  red,  &c.,  never  yellow 2 

2  Leaves  Avhorled,  at  least  those  near  the  flowers.     Corolla  white. . .  .c 
2  Leaves  opposite,  entire.     Flowers  axillary,  solitary.... d 
2  Leaves  alternate,  entire.     Flowers  white e 

a  Cor.  tube  egg-shaped,  lobes  short,  spread.     Dicarf  Primrose.  Anpkosa\;k. 

a  Corolla  tube  cylindrical,  lobes  spreading.  Primrose.  Pkim'ula.  1 

a  Corolla  tube  cylindrical,  lobes  refiexed.    Aino'ican  Cowslip.  DoDECATii'toN.  2 
b  Corolla  5- parted,  without  intermediate  teeth.  Loose-strife.  Lysimach'ia.  3 

b  Corolla  G-parted,  with  6  intermediate  teeth.     Kaceines  axillary.     NAUMBiip/GiA. 

c  Fls.  7-part.  Lvs.  entire,  in  a  singleVhorl.   CMchWintergreen.  Trienta^lis.  4 

c  Fls.  5-parted.     Leaves  finely  pinnatifid,  in  water.    Feather-fnU.  Horro'xiA. 
d  Plant  prostrate,  with  scarlet  corollas.  Pimpernel.  Anac.ai/i.is.  I 

d  Plant  erect,  with  no  corolla,  but  white  calyxes.  Blach  SalUvort.  Glai:x. 

e  Fls.  5-parted,  panicled.     Plant  8-1  SMiigh.  Water  Pcmpernel,  Sam'olus. 

e  Fls.  4-parted,  axillary.   Plant  1-2'  high.   P war/ Pimpernel.  Centux'cuujs. 


1.  PPJM'ULA.     Primrose.     Auricula. 

Calyx  angular,  5-cleft.  Corolla  salver-shaped,  or  often  rather  funnel- 
shaped,  with  5  entire,  or  notched,  or  bifid  lobes.  Stamens  5,  included. 
Pod  opening  at  the  top,  many-seeded. —  U  Herbs  with  the  leaves  all  rad- 
ical, and  the  flowers  showy,  in  an  umbel  on  a  scape. 

*  Corolla  salver-fonn,  limb  abruptly  spreading.     Plants  wild,  rare 1,2 

*  Corolla  salver-form,  limb  abruptly  spreading.     Plants  cultivated S,  4 

*  Corolla  funnel-form,  limb  gradually  spreading.     Cultivated a 

a  Leaves  hairy,  rugose,  toothed,  or  crenate,  or  wavy  at  edge 5,  6 

a  Leaves  smooth,  plane,  entire,  or  sometimes  crenate.. . .7,  8 

1  P.  Mistassin'ica.     Midassins  P.     Smooth,   green,   S-S'   high.     Flowers   1-8, 

flesh-colored.     On  lake  shores.     N.     First  seen  on  L.  Mistassins. 

2  P.  farino'sa.     Bird'' s-eye  P.     Mealy,  3-10'  high.     Flowers  3-20,  lilac-yellow 

Shores  of  the  great  lakes.     N. 
8  P.  gTandifio''ra.     Common  P.     Petals  obcordate,  notched,  yellow,  purple,  &c.     \ 
P.  purpu'rea.     Purple  P.     Petals  obtuse,  entire,  dark-violet,  never  yellow,     f 

5  P.  ofiicina''lis.    Cowslip  P.    Lvs.  hairy.    Outer  fls.  nodding,  border  concave,    t 

6  P.  ela'tior.   Odip  P.     Leaves  smooth  above.     All  fls.  nodding,  border  flat,    t 
7  P.  Auric'ula.     Auricula.     Lvs.  and  calyx  mealy-glaucous.     Bracts  very  short,     t 
3  P.  calyci'na.     Cup  P.     Lvs.  white-edged,  calyx  inflated.     Bracts  long.     Purpl.   f 


Order  78.— PRIMWORTS.  2-13 


2.  DODECATII'EON.     American  Cowslip. 

Calyx  S-parted,  reflexed.  Corolla  tubo  very  short,  limb  rotate,  5-parted, 
with  the  limb  reflexed.  Stamens  5,  inserted  into  the  throat  of  the  corolla, 
Olaments  short,  anthers  long,  acute  connivent  at  apex,  but  shorter  than 
the  style. — u  Leaves  all  radical,  oblong,  scape  erect,  bearing  an  umbel  of 
nodding  rose  or  white  flowers.  May,  June,  (Fig.  554.) 
D  Mea'dia.  P/ide  of  Ohio.  A  striking  and  elegant  plant,  in  prairies  througljout  the 
"Western  States.     Seape  l-2f.  high.     Petals  wliite  or  pink.     Stamens  yellow.    \ 

8.  LYSIMACIl'IA.     Loose-strife. 

Calyx  5-parted.     Corolla  tube  very  short,  limb   5-parted,   spreading. 

Stamens  5,  on  the  base  of  the  corolla,  filaments  often  united.     Pods  5-10- 

valved.     Seeds  several  or  many. —  If  Leaves  opposite  or  whorled,  entire. 

Flowers  mostly  yellow.     June,  July. 

%  Erect      Peduncles  several-flowered,  or  flowers  panicled. . .  .a 

§  Erect.     Pedicels  1-flowered,  flowers  racemed 8,  9 

§  Erect.     Pedicels  ] -flowered,  flowers  axillary 1 

§  Prostrate,  creeping.     Pedicels  (or  umbels)  axillary 10,  11 

a  Leaves  thick,  rather  obtuse,  with  the  edges  rolled  back. . .  .4,  5 

a  Leaves  thin,  acuminate,  Avith  the  edges  not  rolled. . .  .6,  7 

1  Leaves  mostly  opposite,  on  petioles  fringed  with  hairs 2,  3 

1  L.  quadrifo'lia.      Whorled  L.     Leaves  whorled  in  3's,  4'8,  and  5's,  sessile. 

2  L.  cilia'ta.    Fringe-lf.  L.     Leaves  ovate,  often  cordate.     Stems  mostly  branched. 

3  L.  hib'rida.  JJijhr'id  L.    Lvs,  lance-oblong,  opposite  or  wliorled.     Stems  branched. 

4  L.  asperifo'lia.  Kough-lf.  L.     Leaves  oblong-lanceolate.     Panicle  bracted.     S. 

5  L.  longifo 'lia.     Long-lf.  L.     Lvs.  lance-linear.     Fls.  large,  scarcely  pan.     W. 

6  L.  lanceola'ta.    Lance-lf.  L.     Lvs.  whorled  in  4's,  lance.     Upper  fls.  racemed.     S. 

7  L.  Fra'seri.  Frai<ir''8  L.    Leaves  opposite,  ovate,  often  cordate.     Panicle  large.     S. 

8  L.  stric'ta.    Strkt  L.     Leaves  nearly  opposite,  narrow-lance.,  with  bull.lets. 

9  L.Herbemon'ti.  I [r rbemnnt' s  L.  Lvs.  whorled,  in  4's  or  5's,  lance.,  acuminate.  S. 

10  L.  rad'icans.     RixA'auj  L.     Branches  rooting  at  the  end.     Leaves  lanceolate. 

11  L.  Nummula'ria.     Moneywort.     Stem  simple.     Leaves  roundish,  very  obtuse 

4.  TRIENTA'LIS.     Chick-wintergreen. 

Calyx  and  corolla  7-parted.     Stamens  7.     Pod  many-seeded. — y   Stem 

low,  simple.     Pedicels  l-flowered. 

T  America'na.  American  C.  A  pretty  little  plant,  common  in  woods  northward. 
Stem  3-5'  bigh,  bearing  several  lanceolate  leares  in  a  sort  of  whorl  at  top,  and 
from  their  midst,  1  or  more  white,  stnrlikc  flowers.     May,  June. 


2U 


THE   FLORA. 


5.  ANAGAL'LIS.     Pimpernel. 

Calyx  and  corolla  5-parted,  wheel-shaped.  Stamens  5.  Pod  globular, 
opening  by  a  lid  all  around  (i.  e.,  a  pyxis). — Herbs  with  square  stems  and 
opposite  leaves.     (Fig.  556.) 


A.  arven'sis.  Scarlet  P.  Poor-mari' s-weather- glass.  A  small,  trailing  plant,  in  fields, 
roadsides,  &c.  Leaves  sessile,  broad-ovate.  Pedicels  1-flowered,  axillary. 
Flower  red,  rarely  blue.  Openino:  at  8  a.  m.,  closing  at  2  p.  ii.,  and  in  damp 
-weather  not  opening  at  all.    (See  the  figure,  557.) 


Order  LXXXIII.  BIGNONIACE^.     Trumpets. 

Plants  with  opposite  leaves^  destitute  of  stipules,  often  climbing; 
flowers  gamopetalous,  irregular,  5-parted,  showy ; 
stamens  5,  but  only  2  or  4  of  them  perfect,  and  didynamous ; 
ovary  2-celled,  with  1  style,  forming  a  dry  pod  with  winged  seeds. 


Analysis  of  the  Genera. 


Stamens  4.     Pod  valves  and  partition  contrary.     Leaves  pinnate. 
Stamens  4.     Pod  valves  and  partition  parallel.     Leaves  binate. 
Stamens  2.     Pod  straight,  cylindric.     Trees.     Leaves  simple. 


Teco'mia.  1 
Bigxo''nia. 
Catal'pa.  .2 


1.  TECO'MA.     Trumpet  flower. 

Calyx  bell-shaped,  5-toothed.  Corolla  trumpet-sbaped,  with  a  5-lobed, 
nearly  regular  limb.  Stamens  didynamous,  4,  with  the  5th  a  small  rudi- 
ment. Pod  with  the  partition  contrary  to  the  valves. — Trees  or  shrubs, 
ofton  climbing.     Leaves  digitate  or  pinnate.     Flowers  red. 


Okdeii  83.— trumpets. 


245 


5G0 


. .  e,    ^. 


^ 


DOl 


WW 

559 
Fiff.  55S.  Flower  of  Ciitalpa. 

Fig.  559.  The  Corolla  cut  open,  showing  the  2  perfect  ttamens  and  the  3  rudiments  of  stametia. 
Fig.  560.  A  2-winged  seed  of  Catalpa.  Fig.  661.  Flower  of  the  Trumpet  Creeper. 


T.  rad'icans.  Trumpet  Creepei'.  Climbing  by  radicating  tendrils.  Leaflets  9-11, 
ovate,  acuminate,  toothed.  Corollatube  thrice  longer  than  the  calyx.  Stamens 
included.     A  well-known,  splendid  climbing  vine.     Summer. 

T.  Capen'sis.  Cape  T.  Climbing.  Leaflets  7-0,  round-ovate,  serrate.  Stamens 
and  stylo  exerted.     Corolla  tube  curved,     f     S.  Africa. 

T.  grandiflo'ra.  Chinese  T.  Climbing,  Leaflets  9-11,  pointed,  ovate,  toothed. 
Two  glands  on  the  nodding  pedicels.     Corollatube  scarce  longer  than  calyx.    + 


CATALTxV.     Catalpa. 


Corolla  unequally  bell-shaped,  4  or 
5-lobed.  Stamens  2  perfect,  with  3 
rudiments.  Capsule  long,  cylindric, 
with  a  thick  partition. 

C.  bignonioi'des.  Trees  with  large,  broad- 
ovate,  cordate,  velvety  leaves,  and  ter- 
minal panicles  of  showy,  white,  varie- 
gated flowers.     Common. 

Fig.  562.  A  panicle  (size  much  diminished) 
of  Catalpa. 


240 


THE   FLORA. 


Order  LXXXY.  LOGANIACE.E. 

Eerls  or  shruds  witli  opposite  leaves,  with  the 

stipules  small  or  mere  ridges  connecting  the  base  of  the  petioles ; 

flowers  4  or  5-parted,  gamopetalous,  regular  ; 

ovary  free  ;  fruit  2-celled,  many-seeded,  or  few-seeded. 

Analysis  of  the  Genera. 

%  Corolla  tubular,  lobes  5,  valvate  in  the  bud a 

§  Corolla  bell-shaped,  lobes  4  or  5,  imbricate  in  the  bud b 

a  Styles  wholly  united  into  1.     Corolla  tube  long.     W.  S.  Spige'lia.  1 

a  Styles  distinct,  with  the  stigmas  united.     Fls.  small,  white.  S.  Mitre'ola. 

b  Flowers  4-parted.    Diffuse,  low  herbs.     M.  S.  Fulyprenum.  Polypre''mum. 

b  Flowers  5-parted.     Slender  climbing  slirubs.     S.  Gelsem'inum.  2 


1.  SPIGE'LIA.     Pink-root. 

Calyx  segments  linear-subulate.  Corolla  narrowly  funnel-form.  Stamens 
5.  Capsule  2-celled,  few  seeded. — Herbs  with  the  flowers  sessile  in  a 
terminal  one-sided  coiled  spike. 

S,  Maryland'ica.     Maryland  P.     Stem  square,  erect.     Leaves  sessile,  ovate-lanceo- 
late.    Corolla  4  or  5  times  longer  than  the  calyx,  scarlet.     Jane. 


Fig.  568.  Spigelia ;  the  spike  uncoils  as  the  flowers  open.      Fig.  564.  A  flower,  natural  filzft 


Orukii  80.— fig  worts. 


247 


2.  GELSEMrNUM.     Yellow  Jessamine. 
Calj'X  lobes  oblong.     Corolla  fiinnel-bcll-form,  with  5  short,  roundish 
lobes.     Filaments  5,  on  the  corolla.     Stvle  thread-form  \vith  2  double 
stigmas. 

G.  sempervi'rens.  A  .^lirub  very  common,  Soutli  ;  with  lon<r,  wiry,  twining  stems, 
nscendin;^  buslics  and  Ledges.  Leaves  evergreen,  shining,  lanceohite.  Corollu 
tube  1  inch  long,  golden-yellow. 


Order  LXXXYI.   SCROPIIULARIACE^.    Figworts. 


Fig.  .5C5.  The  Yellow  Foxglove  {Danystnma  pjihescens).  6.  Xrature  fruit.  7.  Cross-section 
of  the  2-celle(l  capsule.  8.  A  stamen  enlarged.  9.  Monkoy-flowcr  {Mimulufi  tingens).  Fig.  570. 
Calyx  Willi  the  corolla  partly  removed,  showingtlie  didynomous  stamens  in  pairs,  with  the  stigma 
above  the  highest  pair.  1.  Sections  of  the  2-celk-d,  many-seeded  capsule.  2.  Plan  of  the  flower, 
showing  the  position  of  the  fifih  rudimentary  filament.  3.  Linaria  vulgaris,  loaf,  and  personaie, 
W-lahiate,  spurred  flower.     4.  A  winded  seed. 


248  THE  FLORA. 


Plants  mostly  herbaceous,  witli  unsyrametrical^M/:^/"^;,  without  fragrance ; 
calyx  mostly  S-parted,  free  from  the  ovary,  persistent ; 
corolla  bi-labiate  or  otherwise  irregular,  lobes  imbricated  in  the  bud ; 
stamens  on  the  corolla  tube,  1  or  3  of  the  5  usually  imperfect  or  minute ; 
ovary  2-celled;  style  1;  stigma  2-lobed;  capsule  2-celled,  many-seeded. 

Analysis  of  the  Genera. 

*  Herbs  with  the  leaves  alternate  or  all  radical. . .  .2 

*  Herbs  with  the  leaves  opposite  or  sometimes  whorled 4 

*  Trees  with  large  cordate  leaves  and  large  blue  panicles. . .  .a 

2  Flowers  diandrous,  having  but  2  perfect  stamens. . .  .c 

2  Flowers  didynamons,  having  4  stamens,  2  of  them  longei ...  .3 

2  Flowers  pentandrous,  having  the  5  stamens  all  perfect b 

3  Corolla  bi-labiate,  with  the  throat  closed  (personate)..  ..d 
3  Corolla  bi-labmte,  throat  open,  upper  lip  arched, . .  .e 

S  Corolla  rather  bell-shaped,  with  5  nearly  equal  lobes f 

4  Flowers  with  only  2  perfect  stamens g 

4  Flowers  with  4  perfect  stamens,  the  5th  scarcely  appearing 5 

4  Flowers  with  4  perfect  stamens  and  a  5th  sterile  distinct  filament. . .  .n 

5  Corolla  2-lipped,  the  limb  quite  irregular G 

5  Corolla  limb  nearly  regular,  with  4  or  5  plain,  spreading  lobes o 

6  Stamens  included  in  the  tube  of  corolla,  generally  in  pairs k 

6  Stamens  ascending  beneath  the  arched  upper  lip. . .  .m 

6  Stamens  descending  into  the  sack-shaped  lower  lip h 

a  Corolla  trumpet-shaped,  stamens  arched  downwards.  Fragrant,  t   Paulow'xia. 

b  Corolla  wheel-shaped,  stamens  declinate.    Scentless.    J/w^(fei/'?.VERBAs'cuM.  1 
c  Corolla  4-lobed,  minute,  white.   Plant  small.   Lvs.  radical.    S.     Amphian^thus. 
c  Corolla  4-lobed.  Fls.  spiked.  Lvs.  mostly  radical.  Scape  If.  N.-W.  Synthi^kis. 
c  Corolla  deeply  many-cleft,  variously  colored.    Lvs.  cleft,     t         Schizan'thus. 
d  Corolla  protracted  into  a  spur  behind.  Racemes  leafy.  Toad-jiax.  LrN-A''RiA.  2 
d  Cor.  swollen  into  a  sack  behind.   Eac.  leafy,  t  Sawp-dragon.  Ky.iiKW^V'^xi'iS.. 
e  Bracts  lobed,  generally  colored,   Anth. -cells  unequal.  Painted-cup.  QK^iYiAJ^'ik. 
e  Bracts  and  leaves  entire,  green.     Flowers  purplish.        Chaff-seed.  Schwal'bea. 
e  Bracts  and  leaves  serrate,  green.     Flowers  yellow.        Louseivort.  Pedicula''ris. 
f  Tall,  erect,  with  large,  nodding  flowers.     Gardens.       Foxglove.  Digita''li3. 
f  Low  and  minute.   Corolla  equally  5-cleft.    In  mud.    Mudivort.  Lbiosel'la. 
f  Climbing,  slender.    Corolla  large,  gibbous  at  base,  i  Mexico.    Mauran''dia. 
f  Climbing,  slender.    Corolla  large,  equal  at  base,  f  Mexico.  Lophosper''iium. 
g  Corolla  labiate.     Calyx  5-parted.     Sterile  filaments  minute  or  0.         Gkati'ola,  3 
g  Corolla  labiate.  Calyx  5-parted.  Sterile  filam,  forked,  Mud-Jlower.  Ilysan'thus, 
g  Corolla  labiate.  Calyx  4-parted.  Flowers  very  small,  Semi-flrnver.  Hemian'thus. 
g  Corolla  rotate,  with  4  nearly  equal  kbcs,  lower  smallest.  Speedwell.  Verox'ica,  4 


Order  86.— FIGWORTS.  240 


h  Handsome  lierb.s,  l-2f.  liigli,  with  flowers  blue  and  wliitc. 

Innocence.  Collin'sia.  5 
k  Leaves  serr.  Sts.  square.  Palate  of  lower  lip  prominent.  Monkey-fl.  Mni'unjs.  6 
k  Leaves  many-cleft  into  fine  divisions.     W.  Conobea.  Cono'bea. 

k  Leaves  entire.     Corolla  protracted  into  a  spur  behind.         Toad-Jlax.  Lina'ria,  2 
K  Leaves  entire.  Cor.  not  spurred.  Small,  obscure  weeds.  "W.  M.  S.    IIekpes'tis. 

m  FIs.  yellow,  in  a  terminal,  one-sided  spike.       Yelloio-rattle,  Khinan'thcs. 

m  FIs.  white,  small,  in  a  term,  one-sided  spike.  Mts.  Eye-lrigld.  Euphra'sia. 

m  FIs.  yellowish,  axil.,  or  in  a  leafy,  equal  spike.   Cow-wheat.  MELAii'^PYituM. 
n  Sterile  filament  shorter  than  the  rest,  smooth.  SnaTce-Jiead.  Chklo''ne.  7 

n  Sterile  filament  long,  projecting,  bearded.  Beard-tongue.  Pentste'mon-. 

n  Sterile  filament  a  scale  on  the  brown  corolla.  Figxvort.  ScROPnuLA'r.ii^ 

o  Corolla  purple,  in  a  long,  slender  spike.     Leaves  lancc-ovate. 

Blue-liearts.  Buciixe'ra. 

o  Cor.  purp.  or  rose-white,  axillary.    Lvs.  narrow-lin.,  entire.       Gerap/dia.  8 

o  Corolla  yellow,  and  5-lobed  as  well  as  the  calyx p 

p  Stamens  scarcely  longer  than  the  tube  of  the  corolla q 

p  Stamens  long-projecting,  with  very  large  anthers.    S.  MACRAN''TnERA. 

q  Stamens  quite  unequal  in  length.     Sepals  very  short.  Dasys'toma.  9 

q  Stamens  about  equal  in  length,  anths.  all  perfect.  Sep.  long.W.  Setme'ria. 

1.  YERBAS'CUxM.     Mullein. 

Calyx  D-parted.  Corolla  rotate,  5-lobed,  slightly  irregular.  Stamens 
5,  all  perfect,  filaments  woolly,  at  least  the  three  upper  ones.  Pod  round- 
ish egg-shaped,  2-valved,  many -seeded. — Mostly  ©  herbs.  Flowers  in 
spikes,  or  panicles,  or  racemes.    Leaves  alternate.    June-August. 

1  V.  Thap'sus.     Common  M.    Tall,  woolly.    Leaves  decurrent.    Flowers  spiked,  2 

filaments  smooth. 

2  V.  Blatta'ria.    Moth  if.     Branched,  smooth.     Leaves  serrate.    Flowers  racemed. 

Filaments  violet-woolly. 

3  V.  Lych'nitis.     White  M.     White-downy,  branched.     Leaves  crenate.     Flowers 

paniclcd.     Filaments  white-woolly. 

2.  LINA'RIA.  Toad-flax. 
Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  personate  with  the  throat  closed  by  the  prom- 
inent palate,  upper  lip  rcfloxed,  lower  3-cleft,  tube  inflated  and  spurred 
behind.  Pod  2-celled,  bursting  below  the  top. — Ilerbs  with  the  lower 
leaves  generally  opposite,  the  upper  alternate.  Flowers  solitary,  axillary, 
often  forming  leafy  racemes.     June-Sei^temlcr. 

1  L.  vulga'ris.    Butter  and  Eggs.    Leaves  lance-linear.    Flowers  large,  yellow  and 
orange,  in  a  close  raceme.     Erect. 

11^ 


250  THE  FLORA. 


8  L.  Canaden'se.  Canada  T.  Leaves  linear,  obtuse.  Flowers  small,  blue,  loosely 
rucemed.     Stem  erect. 

8  L.  Elat'ine,  Pointed  T.  Leaves  ovate-hastate.  Flowers  sitiall,  yellow,  and  pur- 
ple.   Stem  prostrate. 

3.  GRATI'OLA.     Hedge-hyssop. 

Calyx  nearly  equally  5-parted.  Corolla  upper  lip  entire  or  slightly 
2-cleft,  lower  3-cleft.  Fertile  stamens  2,  mostly  with  3  sterile  filaments. 
Pod  2-celled,  4-valved,  many-seeded. — Low  herbs  with  opposite  leaves. 
Peduncles  axillary,  1 -flowered,  usually  with  2  bracts  near  the  calyx. 
June-August. 
§  Flowers  on  peduncles.    Plants  weak,  smooth,  or  viscid. . .  .a 

§  Flowers  sessile  or  nearly  so.    Plants  rigid,  bristly-hairy.     S 8,  9 

a  Sterile  filaments  thread-like,  tipped  with  a  small  head....b 
a  Sterile  filaments  none,  or  very  minute  and  pointed.. .  .5-7 

b  Leaves  entire  or  nearly  so.    Plants  smooth 1,2 

b  Leaves  toothed.    Plants  generally  viscid-downy.    Flowers  white.  ...3,  4 

1  Gr.  officina'lis.     Officinal  H.     Stem  erect.     Leaves  clasping.     Fls.  whitish.     S. 

2  Gr.  au'rea.     Gulden  II.     Stem  ascending,  branched.    Leaves  sessile.    Flowers 

yellow,  showy. 
8  Gr.  visco'sa.   Viscid  IT.    Leaves  ovate-lanceolate.    Sepals  and  bracts  lanceolate.    S. 
4  Gr.  ramo'sa.    Branching  H.    Lvs.  linear-lance.    Bracts  minute.    Sepals  linear.    S. 

5  Gr.  sphaerocar'pa.     Bound-fruited  H.     Peduncles  not  longer  than  calyx.     Pod 

globular.  W.  [calyx.     S. 

6  G.  Florida 'na.  Florida  H.  Peduncles  long.  Corolla  four  times  longer  than  the 

7  G-.  Virginia'na.    Virginian  II.    Peduncles  long.    Cor.  twice  longer  than  calyx. 

8  G.  pilo'sa.  Hairy  H.    Leaves  ovate,  toothed.  Corolla  scarce  longer  than  calyx.    S. 

9  G.  subula'ta.   Aui-lv.  H.   Leaves  narrow,  entire.   Cor.  thrice  longer  than  calyx.  S. 

4.  YERON'ICA.  Speedwell. 
Calyx  4-parted.  Corolla  with  a  wheel-shaped,  spreading,  4-cleft  bor- 
der, the  lower  segment  smallest.  Stamens  2,  inserted  into  the  tube,  pro- 
jecting. Sterile  filaments  0.  Pod  flattened,  mostly  obtuse  or  notched  at 
the  apex,  2-celled,  few  or  many-seeded. — Mostly  herbs,  with  opposite 
leaves.  Flowers  small,  solitary,  axillary,  or  racemed,  blue,  flesh-color,  or 
white.     Marchr-September . 

§  Erect,  tall  (U-4f.).     Flowers  in  dense  terminal  spikes 1,  2 

§  Low,  weak  (3-12^).     Leaves  opposite.     Corolla  tube  very  short a 

a  Racemes  mostly  opposite,  from  the  axils  of  the  leaves,  sky-blue 3,  4 

a  Eacemes  mostly  alternate,  from  the  axils  of  the  leaves,  light-colored 5,  6 

a  Kacemes  terminal,  or  the  flowers  axillary  and  not  racemed b 


OuDEU  SO.— FIGWORTS. 


251 


»  Floral   leaves  like  tlic  rest,   not  longer 
than  the  recurved  peduncles 7-9 

I  Floral  leaves  bract  like,  longer  than  the 

erect  tiower-stalks c 

c  rereniiial.     Flower-stalks  equalling  or 

exceeding  the  calyx 10,  11. 

c  Annual.     Flower-stalks  shorter  than 

the  calyx,  or  none 12,  13 

.  V.  Virginia'na.     Culver'' s  Physic.     Leaves 
whorled.    Corolla  tube  longer  than  limb. 
i  V.  spica'ta.    Spike-flowered  S.   Leaves  op- 
posite.   Corolla  limb  longer  than  tube.    + 

3  V.  Anagariis.  Water  S.  Leaves  ses- 
sile, cordate-clasping,  ovate -lance. 

4  V.  America'na.  Brooklime.  Leaves 
petiolate,  oblong-ovate,  base  round- 
ish or  cordate. 

5  V.  scutella'ta.     Marsh  S.     Leaves  linear. 
Kacemes  very  slender,  few-flowered. 

6  V.  officina'lis.    Common  S.    Lvs.  obovate- 
elliptical,  finely  serrate.    Kacemes  dense. 

7  V.  Buxbauna'ii.  Bnxbaum,''$  S.  Lvs. 
roundish-ovate.  Pod  triangular-ob- 
cordatc.     Fields.     E. 

8  V.  agres'tis.  Keckweed.  Lvs.  cordate- 
ovate.  Pod  roundish,  acutely  notch- 
ed.    Fields.     E. 

9  V.  hederaefo'lia.    Ivy -leaved  S.    Leaves  cordate,  roundish,  3-5-lobed.    Capsulo 

4-seeded.     'M.     Kare.  [than  long.     c. 

10  V.  serpyllifo'lia.    Thyme-leaved  S.    Flower-stalks  longer  than  calyx.    Pod  broader 

II  V.  alpi'na.  Alpine  S.  Fl. -stalks  as  long  as  the  calyx.  Pod  obov.  Hairy.  "White  Mts. 

12  V.  peregri'na.     Purslane   S.     Smoothish.     Leaves  petiolate,  oblong,   few- 

toothed,  fleshy,     c. 

13  V.  arven'sis.    Corn  S.    Hairy.    Lower  leaves  ovate,  crenatc,  petiolate  ;  upper 

lanceolate,  sessile,  entire.    Stem  2-6''  high.     In  fields.    Common. 


Fig.  575.  Speedwell  (  Veronica  serpylli' 
foHa),  whole  plant  Fig.  570.  Plan  of  tlie 
flower:  o,  is  the  2-celle(l  ovary;  .■?,  the  2 
stamens ;  p,  the  4  petals ;  .<;;>,  the  4  sepals. 
Fig.  577.  Cross-section  of  the  poJ,  show- 
ing its  2  cells,  &.C. 


5.  OOLLIN'SIA.     Innocence. 
Calyx  5-cleft.     Corolla  2-lippecl,  throat  closed,  upper  lip  bifid,  lower  lip 
trifid,  with  the  middle  segment  keel-like,  holding  the  style  and  4  stamens 
In  a  kind  of  sack.     Capsule  roundish. — Annual  herbs. 

I  C.  vema.  Early  CoUinsia,  or  Innocence.  Corolla  2  or  3  times  longer  than  the  calyx. 
Plant  8  to  IS'  high,  tender  and  delicate.  Leaves  lance-ovate,  dentate,  opposite. 
Flowers  variegated  with  blue  and  white,  singular  and  pretty.     M.  W. 


252 


THE   FLOKA. 


2  C.  parviflo'ra.  Small  flowered  I.   Corolla  scarcely  longer 
than  the  calyx,  blue.     Plant  small.     N.-W. 

6.  MIM'ULUS.     Monkey-flower. 

Calyx  prismatic,  5-angled  and  5-toothed.  Co- 
rolla tnbtilar,  upper  lip  reflexed  or  erect,  2-lobed, 
lower  lip  spreading,  with  a  prominent  palate, 
8-lobed.  Pod  2-celled,  many-seeded.  —  Herbs 
prostrate  or  erect,  with  square  stems,  opposite 
leaves,  and  axillary  solitary  flowers.     July. 

*  Species  from  California,  cultivated  in  gardens 3,  4. 

*  Species  growing  wild,  in  fields,  road-side.",  Ac.     Fls. 

blue....!,  2 
1.  M.  rin''gens.  Bingent  M.     Stem  not  at  all  winged. 
Leaves  sessile.      Peduncles   longer   than    the 
flower,    c. 
1  M.  ala'tus.    Wing-stem  M.    Stem  slightly  winged, 
cles  shorter  than  the  calyx. 
S  M.  lu'tea.     Yellow  M.     Flowers  yellow,  often  spotted. 


578 

Fig.  578.  Collinsia  verna. 
Fig.  579.  Section  of  a  flower, 
full  size. 

Leaves  petiolate.    Pedun- 
Leaves  round-ovate,     t 


4  M,  cardina'lis.     Cardinal  M.     Fls.  scarlet,  large  and  brilliant.     Leaves  ovate,     -f 

7.  CHELO'Is'E.     Turtle-head. 

Calyx  deeply  5-parted,  or  the  sepals  distinct.  Corolla  inflated,  upper  lip 
broad,  concave,  lower  3-lobed,  bearded  in  the  throat.  Stamens  4,  woolly, 
with  a  5th  sterile  filament  shorter  than  the  others.  Seeds  many,  broadly 
wing-margined. —  U  Plants  about  2f.  erect,  with  opposite  serrate  leaves. 
Auq.-Se2)t. 

1  G  purpu'rea.   Purple  T.    Leaves  lanceolate,  petiolate.    Flowers  purple.    Probably 

a  variety  of  the  next.     W.  M. 

2  0.  gla'bra.     White  T.    Leaves  lanceolate,  sessile  or  nearly  so.    Flowers  white  or 

purplish.     By  brooks  and,  wet  places. 

3  C.  Lyo'ni.  Lyon'sT.  Lvs.  ovate,  petiolate,  rarely  cordate.  Fls.  purple  or  white.  S. 

8.  GERAR'DIA.     Purple  Gerardia. 

Calyx  bell-shaped,  5-toothed,  valvate  in  the  bud.  Corolla  tubular, 
swelling  above,  with  5  unequal,  spreading  lobes,  which  are  shorter  than 
the  tube.  Stamens  4,  quite  unequal  by  pairs,  included,  hairy.  Pod  ovate, 
pointed,  many-seeded. — ®  Erect  and  branching  herbs,  with  opposite, 
slender  leaves,  and  large,  showy,  purple  or  rose  colored  flowers.  Jubj-SeiiU 


Okdek  86.— fig  worts.  253 


§  Calyx  segments  longer  than  its  tube.    Two  anthers  very  small.    W.     (Omitted.) 

§  Calyx  segments  short,  equal.     Anthers  all  equal a 

a  Corolla  bi-labiate,  upper  lip  very  short,  erect.    S.     (Omitted.) 
a  Corolla  lobes  subequal,  all  spreading;  throat  usually  liairy....l) 
b  Leaves  almost  none;  opposite  scales  instead.     S.     (Omitted.) 
b  Leaves  all  alternate,  fililbrm.     S.     (Omitted.) 

b  Leaves  opposite c 

c  Peduncles  not  longer  than  the  calyx.     Leaves  linear 1,  2 

c  Peduncles  much  longer  than  the  calyx.     Leaves  linear,  long d 

d  Flowers  large,  about  ^"  long 3,  4 

d  Flowers  small,  about  Q>''  long 5,  6 

1  G.  mariti'ma.     Sea-side  G.     Leaves  linear,  fleshy.     Fis.  small,  their  stalks  scarce 

as  long  as  the  truncate  calyx.    Cor.  upper  lobes  fringed.    Salt  marshes.    E. 

2  G-.  purpu'rea.    Purple  G.    Leaves  linear.    Peduncles  shorter  than  the  calyx,  "which 

is  a  truncate  tube  with  setaccously  acute  teeth.   Flowers  1'  long.   Common. 

3  G.  as'pera.  Emigh-li).  G.  Pedunc.  twice  longer  than  calyx,  which  has  teeth.  W. 

4  G.  linifo'lia.  FlaxG.  Peduncles  many  times  longer  than  the  toothless  calyx.  S. 

5  G.  tenviifo'lia.     Slender  G.     Leaves  linear,  V  long.     Peduncle  1',  longer  than  the 

corolla,  which  is  purple,  with  spots  inside.   Slender,  branched,  6-1 2'' high.  c. 

6  G.  seta'cea.    Bristle-lv.  G.     Leaves  linear-setaceous,  the  floral  ones  much  shorter 

than  the  very  long  peduncles.    Plant  12-lS'  high.    Flowers  rose-color.   W. 


9.  DASYS'TOMA.     Woolmouth. 

The  characters  are  the  same  as  in  Geuaiidia,  except  that  the  calyx  ia 
5-cleft,  and  imbricated  in  the  early  bud;  the  corolla  yellow,  with  tube 
longer  than  the  lobes,  and  woolly  inside;  the  leaves  rather  large,  and 
mostly  pinnatifid,  and  the  root  li.  Flowers  very  showy.  Plants  2-4f. 
liigh.     Juhj-Sept.     (Figs.  5C5-5G8.) 

§  Sepals  finely  toothed.     Leaves  all  pinnatifid,  with  toothed  lobes 4,  5 

§  Sepals  entire.    Leaves  entire  or  mostly  once  pinnatifid-toothed 1 

1  Glabrous.     Leaves  acute  at  apex,  lanceolate  in  outline 2,  3 

1  D.  flava.      Doicny  ^Y.     Downy.     Leaves  obtuse,  entire,  except  the  lower. 
Sepals  obtuse.     Common  in  woods. 
2  D.  quercifc'lia.     Oak-leaved  W.     Glaucous.     Leaves  mostly  pinnatifid.     Corolla  2' 

in  length.     Calyx  segments  lance-acuminate,  longer  than  its  tube. 
8  D.  integrifo'lia.     Entire-leaved  W.      Green.     Leaves  lanceolate,  entire.     Stalks 
shorter  than  calyx.     Flowers  1''  long.     Li  woods.     Ohio,  W. 

4  D.  pedicula'ria.     Lousewnrt  W.     Smoothish  or  downy,   branched.      Flower- 

stalks  longer  than  calyx.     Leaves  lance-ovate,  twice  pinnatifid. 

5  D.  pectina'ta.     Comled  W.    Very  hairy.     Leaves  lanceolate,  pcctinatc-pinnnt- 

ifid.     Stalks  shorter  than  calyx. 


254: 


THE  FLORA, 


Order  LXXXIX.   LABIAT.E.    Labiate  Plants. 

Herbs  with  square  stems,  and  opposite,  aromatic  leaves ; 

jlowers  axillary,  in  verticils,  sometimes  as  if  in  spikes  or  heads ; 

corolla  labiate  (rarely  regular),  the  upper  lip  2-cleft  or  entire,  overlapping 

in  the  hud  the  lower  3-cleft  lip;  stamens  4,  didynamous,  or  2; 
<yvary  deeply  4-lobed,  forming  m  fruit  4  hard  nuts  or  achenia. 


Fig.  5S0.  Monarda  diJvma.  1.  An  anther  enlarged.  2.  Flower  of  Ilenip  Nettle  {Galeop. 
«w).  3.  One  of  its  stamens  much  enlarged.  4.  The  calyx  opened,  showing  the  4  achenia. 
6.  Flower  of  Sage  (Salvia).  6.  Flower  of  Ocimum  basilicum.  7.  Flower  of  Nepeta  Glechoma. 
8.  A  pair  of  tlie  anthers  forming  a  cross.  9.  Flower  of  Piij-sostegia  Virginica  seen  from  heneatn. 
Fig.  590.  One  of  its  stamens.  1.  Its  ovaries  with  the  rudimentary  filament  2.  Flower  of  Teu- 
crium  Canadense.  3.  Flower  of  Catnep  {Nepeta  Cataria).  4.  One  of  its  anthers.  6.  Dittanj 
{Cunila  Mariana).    6.  A  calyx  and  stylo. 


OiiDER  89.— LABIATE  PLANTS.  255 


Analysis  of  the  Genera. 


%  Flowers  -with  only  2  perfect  stamens 7 

§  Flowers  with  the  4  perfect  stamens  all  declining  to  tlie  lower  lip a 

§  Flowers  with  the  4  perfect  stamens  erect  or  ascending  to  tlie  upper  lip. . .  .2 

2  Stamens  of  equal  length.     Corolla  almost  regular,  4  or  5-Iubed c 

2  Sta.,  the  upper  pair  longer  than  the  lower  (outer).  Calyx  13-L)-veined k 

2  Stamens,  the  lower  pair  longer  than  the  upper  (interior)  pair 3 

3  Stamens  diverging  apart,  mostly  straiglit  and  exscrted 6 

3  Stamens  parallel,  ascending  and  long-exserted  from  the  upper  side b 

8  Stamens  parallel,  ascending  in  pairs  beneath  the  upper  lip 4 

4  Calyx  13-veined,  5-toothed,  and  somewhat  2-lipped g 

4  Calyx  5-10-veined  or  irregularly  netted 5 

5  Calyx  strongly  2-Iipped,  upper  lip  truncate,  closed  in  fruit. . .  .m 

5  Calyx  not  labiate,  3  or  4-lobed,  open  in  fruit n 

5  Calyx  subeqmilly  o-toothcd,  teeth  not  spinesccnt o 

5  Calyx  subequally  5-toothed,  teeth  ending  in  sharp  spines q 

5  Calyx  unequally  8-10-toothed s 

6  Calyx  hairy  in  the  throat,  mostly  labiate f 

6  Calyx  naked  in  the  throat,  mostly  equal,  5-toothed e 

7  Stamens  ascending  beneath  the  galea  (upper  lip).     Anthers  1-celled b 

7  Stamens  exserted,  distant.     Anthers  2-celled.   ,.d 
a  Corolla  upper  lip  4-lobed,  lower  entire,  flattish.     t  Siveet  Basil.  O'cymum. 

a  Corolla  upper  lip  4-lobed,  lower  saccate,  deflexed.     S.  Hyptis.  Hvptis. 

a  Corolla  upper  lip  2-lobed,  lower  3-lobed,  long,  lilac,     f     La->'ender.  Lavan'dula. 
b  Stamens  exserted  through  a  fissure  in  the  tube.  Blue  Curls.  Tkicmos'tj;ma. 
b  Stamens  very  long,  involute,  arching  the  corolla.     Germander.  Tku'ckicm. 
c  Corolla  limb  equally  5-lobed.     Stamens  short.      Blue-falsf-Gentian.  Isan'thus. 
c  Corolla  limb  4-lobed,  the  broadest  lobe  notched.  Peppermint,  &c.  Mentha.  1 

d  Cor.  nearly  reg.,  4-cleft.  Calyx  naked  in  throat.  Water  J/oarhound.  Lxc'opvs.  2 
d  Corolla  labiate,  cyanic,  throat  naked.     Stain,  straight.       Dittany.  Cuni'la.  S 
d  Cor.  labiate,  cyanic,  throat  naked.     Stam.  ascend.  PennijroijaL  IlEuja'oiiA. 
d  Corolla  labiate,  yellow,  throat  hairy.     Stamens  V 

long-exserted.  '  v  ITorse-halm.  Collixso^via. 

e  Fls.  yel.    Coarse  herbs  not  fragrant,  with  large  Ivs.  ) 

e  Fls.  bright  blue.    Handsome  herbs.     Calyx  15-veincd.     +    ITijssop.  llxs'sovva. 

e  Fls.  pale  blue,  in  dense  hds.  Calyx  10  or  13-striate.  Wild  Basil.  Pvcnan'theml-m. 

e  Fls.  pink-colored,  axillary.     Lvs.  linear,  small,  t     Summer  Savor?/.  Satuke'ja. 

f  Corolla  exserted,  pink-color,  racemed.     Leaves  linear,  smooth.  Stem  If.  S. 

Diceuax'dka. 
f  Corolla  short  as  calyx,  pale-purple.     Bracts  roundish,  colored. 

Mm-joram,  Okig'amm. 
i  Corolla  short  as  calyx,  blue-purp.    Bracts  minuto,  grcon.   Thyme.  TnxuvA. 


25G  THE  FLORA. 


g  Cor.  tube  straight.     Lvs.  small,  snbcrenate  or  entiie.   Calaminth.  Calamin'tha.  4 
g  Corolla  tube  curved  upwards.     Leaves  large,  coarse-crenate.    Balm.  Melis'sa. 

h  Anthers  halved,  the  halves  widely  separated,  each  1-celled.    Sage.  Sal'via.  5 

h  Anthers  halved,  one  half  present,  1  celled.     Filaments  toothed.     Shrub.  + 

Boscmanj.  Kosmari'nus. 

h  Anthers  whole,  2-cened.     Calyx  subsequally  5-toothed. 

Mountain  Mint.  Monar'da.  6 

h  Anthers  whole,  2-cclled.     Calyx  labiate,  teeth  bristle-shaped.    Blephil^ia. 
k  Leaves  serrate.     Stamens  diverging.     Fls.  spiked.     Tall  Hyssop.  Lophat<''thus. 
k  Lvs.  serrate.    Stam.  all  ascend.     Fls.  capitate.    Dragonhead.  Dracoceph'alum. 
k  Lvs.  crenate,  cordate  or  reniform.     Corolla  smooth  inside.     Catmint.  Nep'eta.  7 
k  Leaves  crenate,  cordate.     Corolla  tube  very  broad,  hairy  inside.  CEDKONiiL''LA. 

m  Calyx  lips  toothed.     Filam.  forked.     Fls.  spiked.      Self-heal.  Brunel'la.  8 

m  Calyx  lips  entire,  the  upper  appendaged  on  back.  Shullcap.  Scutella'ria.  9 
n  Calyx  3-lobed.    Anthers  all  distinct.     Corolla  large,  purplish.  S.     Macbri'dea. 
n  Calyx  4-lobed.     Anthers,  upper  pair,  connate.     White.     W.  Syxan'dra.10 

o  Cor.  tube  inflated  in  the  midst,  whitish.    Tall.  Lion's-heart.  Piiysoste'gia.II 

o  Cor.  tube  inflated  at  the  throat,  purple.     Lvs.  roundish.    Henhit.  Lam'idm. 

o  Corolla  inflated  in  the  broad  concave  upper  lip.     Jerusalem  Sage.  rnLOAiis. 

o  Corolla  not  inflated,  short. . .  .p 

p  Calyx  salver-form,  10-veined.  Black  Iloaihound.  Ballo'ta. 

p  Calyx  broad-campanulate,  netted.  Molucca  Balm.  Molluccel''la. 

q  Lvs.  serrate.     Anth.  open  crosswise.     Nuts  truncate.  Hemp  Kittle.  Galeop'sis. 

q  Leaves  serrate,     Anth.  open  lengthwise.    Nuts  obtuse.  Hedge  Xettle.  Stachys. 

\  Leaves  lobed.     Nuts  truncate  at  top,  3-angled.  MotTierwort.  Leonu'rus. 

s  Cor.  white,  upper  lip  flattish.  Style  equally  bifid.   H^arhound.  Marru^eium. 

s  Corolla  white,  upper  lip  concave.     Style  unequally  bifid.    S.  Leucas. 

s  Corolla  scarlet,  exserted.  Calyx  upper  tooth  longest.  Lion's-eavs.  Leono'tis. 

1.  MEN'TIIA.     Miiit. 

Calyx  equally  5-tootlied.  Corolla  nearly  regular,  tube  included  in  the 
calyx,  border  6-cleft,  the  upper  lobe  mostly  notched.  Stamens  4,  equal, 
straight,  erect,  distant. — Aiiomatic  herbs,  with  the  pale  purple  or  white 
flowers  in  close  axillary  clusters,  or  forming  spikes. 

*  Whorls  of  flowers  remote,  axillary,  not  in  spikes.     Leaves  petiolate. . .  .1,  2 

*  Whorls  of  flov/prs  approximate,  forming  terminal  spikes. . .  .3,  4 

1  M.  Canaden^sis.      Wild  Mint.     Plant  grayish,  fragrant.     Lvs.  acute  at  each  end. 

2  M.  arven'sis.  Field  M.     Plant  green,  ill-scented.     Lvs.  frequently  obtuse  at  base. 

3  M.  piperi'ta.    Peppermint.    Leaves  petiolate,  ovate,  serrate,  smooth.     Spikes 

few,  thick,  short.     Stems  2-3f.  high. 

4  M.  vir'idis.    Spearmint.    Leaves  sessile,  lance-oblong,  acute,  serrate.     Spiken 

many,  slender,  long.     Stem.s  l-2f.  high. 


Ordeu  89.— labiate   PLANTS.  257 


2.  LYCOPUS.     Water  Hoarliouud. 

Calyx  tubular,  4-5-cleft.  Corolla  nearly  regular,  4-cleft,  tube  as  long 
as  the  calyx,  stamens  2,  distant,  diverging  the  length  of  the  straight  style. 
—  U  Low  herbs,  with  deeply  toothed  or  pinnatilid  leaves,  and  remote 
axillary  whorls  of  small,  whitish  flowers.     Jiihj,  Aug. 

L.  Virgin'icus.     Stem  obtiisc-angled.     Leaves  sliarp-toothed.     Calyx  4-cleft,  blunt. 
L,  Europae'us.     Stem  sharp-angled.     Leaves  sinuate-toothed.     Calyx  5-cleft,  spiny. 

3.  CUNI'LA.     Dittany.     (Figs.  595,  590.) 

C.  Maria'na.  Manjland  D.  Stem  branched,  l-2f.  high.  Leaves  ovate,  serrate, 
nearly  sessile.  Cymes  axillary  and  terminal,  corymbous,  stalked.  Corolla 
nearly  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx,  pale-red.  In  rocky  woods.  N,  Y.  to  Ga. 
Summer. 

4.  CALAMIN'THA.     Calamiiith. 

Calyx  13-veined,  tubular,  throat  mostly  hairy,  upper  lip  3-cleft,  lower 
2-cleft.  Corolla  tube  straight,  exserted,  throat  enlarged,  upper  lip  erect, 
subcutive,  lower  lip  spreading,  its  middle  lobe  largest.  Stamens  4,  lower 
pair  longer. —  H 

i  C.  Clinopo'dium.    Wild  Basil.     Herb  hairy,  l-2f.  high.     Leaves  ovate,  subserrate. 
.  Flowers  many,  in  dense,  axillary  whorls,  with  subulate  bracts.     Calyx  bent. 

2  C.  Nep'eta.    False  Catmint.     Herb  hairy,  2f.,  much  branched  below.     Lvs.  broad- 

ovate,  petiolute.     Whorls  few-flowered  above.     Calyx  straight.     Hills.     Ya. 

3  0.  glabel'la.    False  Pennyroyal.     Herb  smooth,  half  erect,  6-12',  branched.     Lvs. 

oblong,  those  of  the  runners  ovate.     Cor.  pale-violet.     Fragrant.    June.     M. 

4  0.  canes'cens.     Hoary  G.    Shrub  lOMiigh.    Lvs.  linear.    Fls.  opposite,  roseate.  S. 

5  C.  coccin'ea.    Scarlet  G.     Shrub  with  narrow  obovate  leaves,  large  scarlet  fls.     S. 

6  C.  Carolinia'na.     Carolina  G.     Shrub  If.     Leaves  ovate,  scrrate-crenate.     Flowers 

rose-purple,    S. 

5.  SAL'VIA.     Sage. 

Calyx  striate,  labiate,  throat  not  hairy.  Corolla  riugcnt,  upper  lip 
straight  or  falcate,  lower  spreading,  3-lobcd.  Stamens  2.  The  connectile 
is  placed  transversely  on  the  filament  like  the  letter  T,  bearing  at  each 
end  1  lobe  of  the  halved  anther.     (Sec  Figs.  585,  176.) 

§  Herbs  native,  in  woods,  &c. . .  .a 

§  Herbs  or  shrubs  in  gardens,  with  blue  flowers 7,  8 

§  Shrubs  from  Mexico,  cultivated,  with  large  scarlet  flowers 9,  10 


2o8  THE  FLORA. 


a  Calyx  slightly  2-lipped,  obscurely  3-tootlied,  equal.     South.... 1-3 
a  Calyx  deeply  2-lipped,  5-tootlied,  lower  lip  longer 4-6 

1  S.  azu'rea.     Azure  S.     Leaves  linear-oblong.     Fls.  downy,  azure-blue.     Summer. 

2  S.  urticifo'lia.     Kett'e-lv.  S.     Lvs.  rhombic-ovate.     Corolla  smooth,  blue.     May. 

3  S.  coccin'ea.     Scarlet  S.     Lvs.  ovate,  cordate,  hoary.     Corolla  red,  smooth.     July. 

4  S.  Clayto'ni.     Claytori's  S.     Lvs.  lanceolate,  pinnatifid,  cauline.  Fls.  small.  S. 

5  S.  obova'ta.     Ohovate  S.     Lvs.  broadly  obovate,  entire.     Flowers  blue.     S. 

6  S.  l]rra'ta.     Lyrate  S.     Leaves  all  radical,  oblong,  lyrate,  erose-dentate,  1  or  2 

on  the  scape,  bract-like.     Fls.  V  long,  violet-purple.     M.  S.     Spring. 

7  S.  Scla'rea,     Glarry  S.     Lvs.  ample,  broad-ovate.     Corolla  upper  lip  large,  high- 

arohed.     t     (Fig.  5S5.) 

8  S.  ofScina'lis.     Common  S.     Lvs.  not  large,  lancc-oblong,  rugous.     Corolla  upper 

lip  scarce  longer  than  the  lower,  some  vaulted.     Shrubby. 
9  S.  ful'gens.  Stem  weak.  Lvs.  lance-ovate,  long-stalked.  Calyx  scarcely  colored. 
10  S.  splen'dens.     Stem  erect.     Leaves  broad-ovate,  stalked.     Calyx  scarlet  also. 

6.  MOISTAE'DA.     Mountain- mint. 

Calyx  tubular,  lengthened,  15-ribbe(l,  nearly  equally  5-tootlied.  Corolla 
tubular,  long,  the  lips  linear  or  oblong,  lower  reflexed,  3-lobed,  upper 
erect,  entire,  involving  the  filaments.  Stamens  2,  with  rudiments  of  more. 
— Erect,  fragrant  herbs,  with  rather  large  flowers  in  bracted  whorls  or 
heads,  the  bracts  generally  tinged  with  the  color  of  the  flowers,  July- 
Sept.     (Figs.  580,  581.) 

§  Calyx  densely  hairy  in  the  throat.     Corolla  purple  or  whitish 1,2 

§  Calyx  naked  in  the  throat.     Corolla  scarlet  or  yellow 3,  4 

1  M.  fistulo'sa.      Wild  Bergamot.     Stem  acutely  angular,  2-4f.     Leaves  lance- 

ovate,  petiolate.     Heads  of  flowers  large,  dense,  terminal,     b.  p.  iv.    M.  W. 

2  M.  Bradburia'na.     Bradbury''s  M.     Stem  simple,  Sf.     Leaves  lance-oblong, 

subscssile,  hairy  both  sides.     Heads  few,  large,  purple.     W. 
8  M.  puncta'ta.     Ilorsemint.     Stem  branched,    2-8f,  high.     Leaves  lance-oblong, 
tapering  to  a  petiole.    Bracts  longer  than  the  pale  yellow  flowers.     M,  W.  S. 

4  M.  did'yma.     Mountain  Balm.     Stem  branched,  2-3f.     Leaves  broad-ovate,  acu- 

minate.    Heads  large,  with  long  crimson  flowers  and  bracts,     t 

r.  NEP'ETA.     Catmint. 

Calyx  striate,  obliquely  5-toothed.  Upper  lip  of  the  corolla  notched  or 
2-cleft,  lower  3-lobed,  middle  lobe  largest,  throat  naked  and  widened. 
Stamens  ascending  beneath  the  upper  lip. — u  Lvs.  crenate.(Figs.  587,  588..) 

1  N.  Cata^ria.     Catnep.    Tall.    Cymes  dense,  terminal  spikes.    Leaves  cordate. 

2  N.  Glecho'ma.     Gill.     Trailing.     Cymes  loose,  axillary.     Leaves  round-reniform. 


Ordku  89.— lakiate  pl.v:nts.  259 


8.  BRUNEL'LA.     Blue-curls. 


B.  vulga'ris.  Common  B.  Stem  simple,  ascending  8-lS'.  Leaves  oblong-ovate, 
stalked,  toothed.  Whorls  close  together,  forming  an  oblong,  dense  spike. 
Corolla  blue,  upper  lip  truncate,  with  3  awns. 

9.  SCUTELLATJA.     Skullcap. 

Calyx  campanulate,  lips  entire,  with  an  appendage  on  the  back  and 
closed  after  flowering.  Corolla  with  a  long,  ascending  tube,  the  upper  lip 
vaulted,  nearly  entire,  middle  lobe  of  the  lower  lip  wide,  spreading.  Sta- 
mens approximate  in  pairs,  ascending  beneath  upper  lip. — Bitter  herbs,  not 
aromatic.  Flowers  generally  blue.  May-August. 
%  Flowers  large  (7-13''''  long),  racemed  above,  with  bracts. . .  .a 

§  Flowers  large  or  small,  opposite,  solitary  in  the  axils  of  tlie  leaves 8-10 

f  Flowers  small  (3'''  long),  in  slender,  axillary,  1-sidcd  racemes 11 

a  Bracts  ovate,  abrupt  at  base.     Lips  of  the  corolla  short 1,  2 

n  Bracts  lance-oblong,  acute  at  base.     Leaves  notched,  petiolato b 

a  Bracts  leaf-like,  longer  than  the  calyx.     Leaves  entire,  subsessile. . .  .7 

b  Helmet  (upper  lip)  of  the  corolla  longer  than  the  lower 3,  4 

b  Helmet  of  the  corolla  not  longer  than  the  lip 5,  6 

1  S.  versic''olor.      Variegated  S.      Floral  leaves  sessile,   broad-ovate,  not  cordate 

Corolla  lower  lip  scarcely  longer  than  the  upper,  blue  above.     M.  W. 

2  S.  saxati'lis.     Rock  S.     Weak,  branched,  ascending.     Upper  leaves  oval,  obtuse. 

Corolla  lower  lip  twice  longer  than  the  upper,  blue  above,  tube  pale.    Koeks. 
W.  S. 

3  S.  canes'cens.     Hoary  S.     Tall,  downy.    Leaves  petiolate,  oblong  or  ovate. 

Flowers  canescent,  tube  ,$radually  enlarged.     M.  W.    c. 

4  S.  villo'sa.     Woolhj  S.     Stem  woolly.     Corolla  tube  slender,  enlarged  only  at 

the  throat.     Helmet  much  larger  than  the  lip.     S. 

5  S.  serra'ta.     Saiv-lf.  S.     Nearly  smooth.     Leaves  acuminate,  both  ends.     W.  S. 

6  S.  pilo''sa.     Ilalry  S.     Plant  hairy.     Leaves  rhomb. -ovate,  obtuse.     M.  S. 

7  S.  integrifo'lia.     Entire-leaved  S.     Erect.     Leaves  ovate-lance.,  entire,  sub- 
sessile.     M. 

8  S.  nervo'sa.     Nerve-lf.  S.     Lvs.  broad-ovate,  3-5-veined.     Stem  8-15'.     M.  W 

9  S.par'vula.  Pigmy  S.  Lvs.  oblong,  ovate,  obtuse,  entire,  sessile.  Stem3-fi'.  M,  W. 

10  S.  galericvila'ta.    Common  S.    Leaves  lance-cordate,  crenate-serrate.     Flowers  1' 

long.     c. 
11  S.  lateriflo'ra.     Mad-dog  S.     Branching,  smoothish.     Lvs.  ovate-lanceolate, 
acuminate,  serrate,  petiolate.     Kacemes  lateral,  leafy,     o. 


2ao 


THE   FLOE A 


10.  SYiq'AN'DRA.     Synandra. 

Calyx  4-cleft.  Upper  lips  of  corolla  entire,  vaulted, 
the  lower  in  3  unequal,  obtuse  lobes.  Throat  widened. 
Stamens  ascending  beneath  the  upper  lip,  tlie  two  up- 
per anthers  cohering.     (Figs.  597,  90.) 

1  S.  grandiflo'ra.  Great-flowered  S.  Grows  in  woods,  West. 
6-8'  high.  Leaves  opposite,  ovate,  cordate,  toothed.  Fls. 
few,  1''  long,  upper  lip  very  large.  June. 

11.  PHYSOSTE'GIA.    Lion's-heart 

P.  Virginia'nii.  Virginian  L.  Stem  square,  erect  2-3f.,  with 
very  smooth,  sessile  leaves  in  four  rows,  and  a  terminal, 
4-rowed  spike  of  large,  showy,  pnrplish-white  flowers. 
Aug.,  Sept.     (Figs.  5S9-59L) 


Order  XC.  BOHKAGmACE.^.    Borragev/orts. 


Fig.  59S.  Borrage  (Borrago  officinalis).  9.  The  four  nuts  with  the  style  sni  calyx.  Fig.  600. 
One  of  the  nuts  cut  open,  showing  the  seed,  embryo,  &c.  1.  Pnccoon  {Lithospermum  canes 
cens).  2.  Corolla  laid  open,  showing  the  stamens.  8.  Pistil  of  Comfrey,  consisting  of  the  deeply 
4-lobed  ovary  with  the  slender  style  arising  from  between  the  lobes  and  near  their  base. 

Herbs.,  shrubs,  or  ti^ees,  with  round  stems  and  branches ; 

leaves  alternate,  generally  rough  with  stiff  hairs  ;  stipules  none  ; 


Order  90.— BORRAOEWORTS.  201 


jtoijcers  seldom  yellow,  generally  in  a  coiled  (circinate)  inflorescence  • 
sepals  5  ;  petals  5,  united  below,  almost  always  regular; 
stamens  5;    ovary  deeply  4-lobed,  forming  in  fruit  4  separate,  1-seeded 
nuts  or  nutlets,  generally  without  albumen. 

Analysis  of  the  Genera. 

§  Ovary  not  4-lobed,  but  separating  when  ripe  irto  several  aclicnia a 

§  Ovary  4-lobed  or  parted,  becoming  4  achenia  around  the  style. . .  .2 

2  Corolla  irregular,  with  unequal  lobes  or  a  bent  tube b 

2  Corolla  perfectly  regular 3 

3  Achenia  or  ovary  prickly.     Corolla  throat  closed  with  5  scales. . .  .f 

3  Achenia  and  ovary  not  prickly 4 

4  Corolla  throat  closed  by  5  scales c 

4  Corolla  throat  open,  no  scales,  sometimes  5  ridges d 

a  Corolla  tube  with  open  throat.   Achenia  4.   lldiotrope.  T'M/'nsoZ.  IIeliotro'i'ium.  1 

a  Corolla  tube  with  constricted  throat.  Achenia  2.  False  Helio.  nKLioTiiopu''YTUM. 

b  Corolla  irregularly  5-lobed.    Tliroatopen.    Blue.    Viper'' s  Bugloss.'E.ow'w:-^. 

b  Corolla  with  the  slender  tube  bent,  closed.    Blue.  Bughss.  Lycop'sis. 

c  Corolla  wheel-form,  anthers  exserted.  '"Blue,  Barrage.  Borra'go. 

c  Corolla  tubular  bell-form.    Style  exserted.     White.         Comfrey.  Sym^phytum, 

d  Cor.  tubular,  with  erect,  acute  lobes.  White.  False  Gromwell.  Onosmo'dium. 

d  Corolla  lobes  rounded,  spreading, e 

e  and  imbricated  in  the  bud.  White  or  yellow.   Gromwell.  LiTiiosPER'iiuM.  2 

e  and  imbricated  in  the  bud.    Purple  or  blue,  large.  Merten'sia.  3 

e  and  convolute  in  the  bud.    Blue  or  white,  small.  Myoso'tis.  4 

f  Corolla  salver-form.     Ach.  prickly  on  the  edge.       Burr-seed.  Eciiinosper'mum. 

f  Corolla  funnel-form.    Achenia  prickly  all  over,  nound's-tongue.  Cynoglos'sum.  5 

1.  IIELIOTROTIUM.     Turusol.     Heliotrope. 

Corolla  salver-form,  lobes  shorter  than  the  tube.  Anthers  sessile.  Style 
short,  terminal.  Ovary  entire,  splitting  at  length  into  4  achenia. — Herbs 
or  shrubs.     Flowers  in  one-sided,  coiled  spikes. 

1  H.  Europae'um.     Wild  IT.     Herb  downy.     Leaves  oval,  obtuse.     Spikes  single  or 

forked.     Wliite.     S.  [obtuse.    Blue.     W. 

2  H.  curassav'icum.     Glaucous  IF.     Herb  smooth,  glaucous.     Lvs.  linear-lanceolate, 

3  H.  Peruvia'num.     Common  JJ.     Shrubby,  whitish-downy.      Spikes  many,  clus- 

tered,    w.-p.     t 

2.   LITIIOSPER'MUM.     Gromwell  or  Grammell. 

Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  fiumel-form  or  salver-form,  tlie  limb  5-lobed, 
throat  open,  naked  or  with  .">  itiojections.     Stamens  included.     Achenia 


2^32 


THE    FLORA. 


bony,  ovate,  smooth  or  wrinkled,  fixed  by  a  flat  base. — Herbs  generally 
witli  thick,  reddish  roots.  Flowers  spiked  or  racemed,  with  leafy  bracts. 
May- July, 

%  Flowers  wliitc,  small a 

§  Flowers  yellow,  showy.     Achenia  smooth,  polished 5-7 

a  Aclieiiia  roughened  with  wrinkles 1 

a  Achenia  smooth  and  polished 2-4 

1  L.  arven'se.     Wheat-thief.    Koot  ®,  red.    Leaves  lance-linear.    Plant  12-18' high, 
liairy.     c.  [tube.     N.  M. 

2  L.  officina'le.     Gromivell.     Koot  'K.     Lvs.  lanceolate.     Calyx  equal  to  corolla 

8  L.  latifo'lium.    Broad-leaved  G.     Koot  U.    Leaves  lance-ovale,  sharply  aeumi- 
nate.     Sepals  longer  than  the  corolla,  spreading  in  fruit.     Stem  l-2f. 

4  L.  angustifo'lium.  Karrow-lv.  G.  U  Lvs.  linear,  stiff,  edges  some  revolute.  M.W. 

5  L.  canes'cens.     Fuccoon.     Soft- velvety,  canescent.     Lvs.  oblong-linear.     Tube  of 

the  corolla  thrice  as  long  as  the  very  short  calyx.    Plant  8-12''  erect.   W.  &c. 

6  L.  hirtum.    Hairy  P.    Kough-liairy.    Lvs.  hmce  linear.    Cor.  long  as  calyx.    W.  S. 

7  L.  longiflo'rum.     Long  flowered  P.     Kough-ashy.     Lvs.  lance-linear.    Corolla  tube 

four  times  as  long  as  the  calyx,  lobes  crenulate,  wavy.     W.  S. 


3.  5^rERTEN"'SIA.     Lungwort. 
A  short,  5-cleft  calyx ;  a  tubular  corolla,  slender  below,  suddenly  en- 
larged above,  limb  5-cleft ;  the  5  stamens  inserted  at  top  of  the  tube,  and 
with  smooth  achenia. —  li  Plants  usually  smooth,  with  terminal  racemes. 

1  M.  Virgin'ica.    Virginian  L.    Very  smooth,  12-lSMiigh.    Koot  lvs.  large,  stalked; 

stern  lvs.  sessile.    Fls.  somewhat  trumpet-shaped,  blue-lilac,  very  fine.  May.  W. 

2  M.  marit'ima.    i^ea  L.    Smooth,  ditfuse.    Leaves  ovate, 

fleshy.     Corolla  limb  longer  than  the  tube,  which 
shows  5  folds  in  throat,  blue- purple.     E. 

3  M.  panicula'ta.    PanicUd  L.     Kough-    Leaves  cordate, 

acuminate,  veiny.    Calyx  hispid,  thrice  shorter  than 
the  tube,  bell-form,  blue-white  corolla.     N.-W. 

4.  MYOSO'TIS.  Forget-me-not.  Scorpion-grass. 

Calyx  5-cleft.  Corolla  salver-form,  the  5  lobes 
slightly  notched  at  the  end,  throat  closed  with  5 
short,  concave  scales.  Nuts  smooth,  ovate,  with 
a  small  cavity  at  base. — Little  herbs  slightly  wool- 
ly.    Racemes  finally  becoming  long.     May-Aug. 

1  M.  paius'tris.    True  F.     Flowers  in  one-sided  racemes. 

Plant  smoothish,  6-12'  high.    Leaves  linear-oblong,        pig.  604.  Forget-me-not,- 
cbtuse.     Flowers  blue  with  a  yellow  centre.  a  pair  of  scorpoid  cymes. 


Ordki{  91.— the   HYDROPHYLLS.  203 


2  M.  ar7en'sis.     Field  F.     Fls.  in  2-side(l,  leafless  racemes.     Plant  hairy.     Pedict-ls 

twice  as  lono;  as  the  open,  equal  calyx.    Lvs.  oblun<,'-lance.,  acute.     Kare.    w. 

3  M.  stric'ta.    Rough  F.     Flowers  in  2-sidecl  racemes,  which  arc  leafy  at  their  base. 

rciicels  as  long  as  the  closed,  2-lipped  calyx.     Leaves  oblong,    w. 

5.  CYNOGLOS'SUiM.     Hound's-tongue. 

Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  short,  funnel-form,  the  throat  closed  with  5 
ohtuse  scales,  lobes  rounded.  Nnts  depressed,  covered  with  short,  hooked 
prickles,  fixed  laterally  to  the  base  of  the  style. — Coarse  herbs,  strong- 
scented,  with  the  flowers  in  leafless,  panicled  racemes.  June^  July. 
C.  officina'le.  Common  JL  Velvety.  Stem  leafy  (l-2f.).  Flowers  reddish  purple. 
C.  virgin'icum.  Stalked  II.  Hairy.  Stem  leafiess  above  ('2f ).  Flowers  pale  blue. 
C.  Morriso'ni.     Morrison's  II.     Hairy,  leafy  (2  3f.),  wide-spread.     Flowers  whitish. 


Order  XCI.   HYDROPIIYXLACE.E.     The  Hydrophylls. 

Mostly  Ttei-hs  with  alternate  lobed  leaves.,  and  regular  hlm^h  flowers  ; 
calyx  5-cleft,  usually  with  appendages  at  the  clefts,  persistent ; 
corolla  5-lobed,  often  with  10  honey  scales  or  furrows  near  the  base  ; 
stamens  5,  inserted  into  the  corolla,  with  a  single  bifid  xfyle  ; 
ovary   simple,   free,    1-celled,    witli   2    usually  projecting   several-seeded 
placenta3. 

Analysis  of  the  Genera. 

1  Corolla  with  10  honey  scales  inside,  extending  lengthwise 2 

1  Corolla  destitute  of  honey  scales.  Stamens  equalling  corolla.  Cusman'tiu-s.  2 
2  Fls.  in  coiled  cymes,  without  bracts.  Placentce  large,  fleshy.  llyDnopuYi.'i.LM.  1 
2  Flowers  in  one-sided  racemes,  bractless.     Placentce  linear.  Phack'i.ia. 

2  Flowers  (mostly)  solitary.     Calyx  very  large.     Leaves  pinnatifid.  Ellis 'ia. 

1.  HYDROPHYL'LUM.     Water-leaf. 

Sepals  slightly  united  at  base.  Corolla  campanulate,  with  10  linear 
honey  scales  running  lengthwise,  folded  inward  so  as  to  form  5  grooves. 
Stamens  exserted.  Pod  globular,  2-celled,  1-4-seeded,  with  large,  fleshy 
plaoentjTC. — Handsome  herbs,  with  the  root  leaves  on  long  petioles,  and 
the  flowers  in  clustered  cymes,  bluish  or  white. 

§  Calyx  not  appendaged.     Stamens  much  exserted 1-3 

§  H.  appcndicula'tum.     Appendaged  W.     Calyx  appendaged  at  the  clefts.     Stamens 
not  exserted.     W.  S. 


2U 


THE   FLORA. 


1  H.  macrophyl'lum.    Grf at- leaved  If.    Lvs.  pinnately-veined  and  lobed,  rongh- 

Laiiy,     Peduncles  long.     W.  S. 

2  H.  Virgin^icum.      Virginia  IF.     Leaves  pinnately-veined  and  lobed,  smooth. 

Peduncles  long.     c. 
8  H.  Canaden'se.     Canada  W.     Leaves   palmately-veined   and   lobed,  sir.ooth. 
Peduncles  shorter  than  petals,    r. 


^        *       605 

Fig.  605,  A  flower  of  Virginian  Water-leaf.     Fig.  606.  The  Ovary  and  Style.    Fig.  607. 
Corolla  cut  open,  showing  the  honey  grooves.    Fig.  608.  A  seed,  cut,  showing  the  embryo. 


2.  COSMAN'XnUS.     Miami  Mist. 

Corolla  broad-campanulate,  soon  falling  off,  throat  not  appendaged, 
limb  of  5-fringed  lobes.  Ovary  1-celled,  the  two  projecting  placentcTS 
each  2-seeded. —  (D  Delicate  herbs  with  alternate  leaves,  long,  bractless 
racemes,  and  small,  white  or  pale-blue  flowers. 

1  C.  Pur'shii.    Fnrsh^s  If.     Nearly  smooth.    Leaves  pectinately  pinnatifid,  lobes 

oblong-acute.  Sepals  lance-linear.  Height  8-12'.    Penn.,  S.  and  W.    Pale  blue. 

2  C.  fimbria''tus.    Fringed  G.     Downy.    Leaves  pinnate,  segments  rounded  or  ob- 

long, obtuse.    Sepals  obtuse,  oblong-spatulate.    Mts.  Tenn.    S. 


Order  XCII.   POLEMONIACE^.     Phloxworts. 

Herhs  with  alternate  or  opposite  leaves.,  and  regular,  showy,  5-parted 

fiotcers  ;  calyx  free  from  the  ovary ; 

corolla  of  5  united  petals^  twisted  and  imbricate  in  the  bud ; 

stamens  5,  inserted  into  the  midst  of  the  corolla  tube  and  alternate  with 

its  lobes ; 
ovary  3-celled ;  styles  united  into  1 ;  stigma  3-cleft ; 

3-celled,  3-valved,  with  few  or  many  albuminous  seeds. 


Order  92.— PHLOXWORTS. 


2Gi 


Analysis  of  the  Genera. 

Corolla  salver- form.     Filaments  unequal.     Leaves  simple.  Phlox.  Pulox.  1 

Corolla  funnel-form.     Filaments  equal.     Leaves  dissected.  Gilia.  Gi^'lia. 

Corolhx  bell-form.     Filaments  equal.     Leaves  pinnate.     Poltmony.  Poi.emo'nium.  2 


1.  PHLOX.     Lychnidea 

Calyx  angular,  deeply  5-cleft,  corolla  sa.ver-ic:*z: 
the  tul»e  more  or  less  curved.  Stamens  quioC  u^iequa. 
insertcd  in  the  tube  of  the  corolla  above  the  middle. 
Capsule  3-celled,  cells  1-seeded.  —  Ver}  beautiful 
ISTorth  American  herbs.  Leaves  generally  opposite, 
sessile,  simple,  entire.  Flowers  varying  from  pur- 
ple to  white.     A2)ril-Juhj. 

,10-12 


Fig.  609.  Flower  of 
of  a  Plilox. 


,1,2 
..b 


Lobes  of  the  corolla  rounded  and  entire  at  the  end 
Loles  of  the  corolla  notched  or  bifid  at  the  end. . ,  .a 
a  Panicle  of  cymes  oblonfj  or  pyramidal,  many-flowered. . . 
a  Panicle  of  cymes  corymbed,  level-topped,  flowers  fewer. 

Plants  glabrous.     Calyx  teeth  shorter  than  its  tube 3,  4 

Plants  hairy.     Calyx  teeth  very  slender,  larger  than  its  tube c 

c  Leaves  narrow,  linear  or  nearly  so 5,  6 

c  Leaves  broad,  ovate,  lanceolate,  &c 7-9 

P.  panicula'ta.     Fanided  L.     Garden  P.     Tall.     Leaves  laiice-ovatc,  acuminate  at 
each  end.     Calyx-teeth  bristle-pointed,  nearly  as  long  as  the  tube.     W.  S.    t 
P.  macula^ta.    Spotted  L.     Stem  purple-spotted.     Leaves  lance-ovate,  upper  cor- 
date.  Calyx-teeth  lanceolate,  acute,  half  as  long  as  its  tube.   Fields.  W.  S,  f 
o  P.  Caroli'na.     Carolina  L.     Stem  ascending.     Leaves  lance-ovate.     W.  S. 
4  P.  glabcr'rima.     Polished  L.     Stem  erect,  simple.  Leaves  lance-linear.  W.  S. 
P.pilo'sa.    Ildrylj.    Leaves  lance-linear,  acute.     Calyx  segments  bristle-subulate, 

Kiuch  linger  than  its  tube.     Stem  slender,  l-2f.     W.  S.    p.-w. 
P.  involucra'ta.     Cup-fl.  L.     Iloary-downy.     Lvs.  linear  oblong,  obtusish  at  cjich 
end,  the  floral  crowded  beneath  the  dense  cymes,    p.-r.     S. 

7  P.  rep''tans.     Creeping  L.     Stolons  creeping.     Stem  oblique.     Lvs.  obovato 

cicuse.     W.  S. 

8  P.  Laphamii.     LaphairCsP.     Slender,  erect.     Lvs.  ovate,  acute,  thin.     W. 

9  P.  Drummondii.     Drummond'' s  P.     Annual,  branched,  hairy.     Leaves  mostly 
alternate.     Calyx  segments  revolute.     Corolla  purple,  with  a  star.     S.     f 

divarica'ta.     Wild  L.     Low,  diff'use,  downy.     Lvs.  lance-ovate,  acute.     Pan- 
icle corymbed,  loose.     Corolla  grayish-blue.     c.     (No.  8,  may  be  the  same.) 
11  P.  Wiida.    Beck''sL.     Low,  diffusely  branched.    Lvs.  lanceolate,  stem-clasping. 
P.  subula^'ta.    Moss  Pi nh.    Piostrate,  much  branched.     Lvs.  linear-subulate,    .f* 
grows  in  dense  tufts,  covered  over  with  rose-colored  flowers  in  May.     ■♦ 

13 


10  P. 


12 


260 


THE   FLORA. 


2.  POLEMO'NIUM.     Polemony. 

1  P.  coeru'leum.  Blue  P.  Greek  Valerian.  Stem  erect,  l-2f.  high.  Lvs.  pinuate, 
with  11-17  leaflets.    Capsule  12-20-seeded.     Sometimes  Avild.     f 

i  P.  rep'tans.  Creeping  P.  Stem  weak,  diffuse.  Leaves  pinnate,  with  7-11  leaflets. 
Capsule  4-6-seeded.     Woods,  common.     Light  blue. 


Ordef.  XCIII.  COFVOLYULACE.E.    Bindweeas. 

Herbs  twining  or  trailing,  -with  alternate  leaven  :  nowers  snowy  : 

cacyx  with  5  much  imbncated  ftepais,  i>ers-ste.nt: 

corolla  regular,  S-lobed  or  entire,  pjaited  and  twisted  in  the  bud; 

stamens  5,  and  style  single  ;  ovary  free,  oecoramg  in 

fruit  a  pod  which  is  2j-4-celled  and  2-6-seeded  ; 

embryo  large  and  leafy,  with  thin  mucilaginous  albumen. 

The  suborder,  Cuscutixe^,  consists  of  small  orange-colored,  leafless 
plants,  living  on  other  plants  (parasites), 
with    small    flowers,  and    no   cotyledons 
(OusouTA,  the  Dodder). 

Analysis  of  the  Genera. 

§  Ovaries  2,  distinct,  with  2  distinct  styles f 

§  Ovary  1,  open,  when  ripe  by  2-4  valves 2 

2  Ovary  2-celled,  2-valved,  4-seeded. . .  .3 

2  Ovary  3-celled,  3-valved,  6-seeded b 

2  Ovary  4-ceUed,  4-valved,  4-seeded a 

3  Styles  2,  distinct e 

3  Styles  united  into  1 4 

4  Calyx  enveloped  in  2  large  bracts d 

4  Calyx  naked c 

«  Stamens  exserted.     Cor.  small  (scarce  1'  broad). 
a  Stamens  included.     Corolla  large  (2'  broad),     t 

b  Beautiful  twining  vines.     Cor.  bell-fuunel. 
c  Stamens  included.    Stigma  capitate. 
c  Stamens  included.     Stigmas  2,  linear, 
e  Stamens  exserted.     Corolla  tube  slender,     t 

d  Stigmas  2,  obtuse.     Corolla  bell-form,     f 
e  Peduncles  longer  than  the  leaves.     Soft-downy. 

i  Capsules  2,  each  1-seeded.     Plant  very  small 


Fig.  610.  Entire-leaved  Cypress-vine 
{Quamoclit  coccinea.) 


t    Ci/press  Vine.  Quam'oclit. 

Siveet  Potato.  Bata'tas. 

+    ytorning-glory.  Phar''biti3. 

False  Bindweed.  Ipoirj:^A. 

B'lndiceed.  Convol''vulus. 

Good-night.  Calyntc'tion. 

Rutland  Beauty.  Calyste''oia. 

Stylisma.  Stylis'ma. 

,  prostrate.    S.      Diohon'pra. 


Ordeu  90.— bindweeds.  267 


1.  QUAM'OCLIT.     Cypress  Vine. 

1  Q.  vulga'ris.     True  C.     Leaves  pectinate-piniiatifiJ.     Fls.  scarlet,  crimson,  &c.  S. 

2  Q.  coccinea.   Entive-lv.  C.     Lvs,  undivided,  cordate,  acuminate.     Crimson.  W.S. 


2.  BATATAS.     Sweet  Potato. 

1  B.  littora'lis.     Sea-side  B.     Peduncle  1-flowered,  as  long  as  the  sinuate,  cordate 

leaf.     S. 

2  B.  macrorhi'za.     Wild  Potato.     Peduncle  1-5-fowered,  shorter  than  the  lobed  or 

entire  leaf,  which  is  downy  beneath.     Flowers  purplish-white.     S. 
8  B,  ed'ulis.    Sweet  Potato.     Peduncle  3-5-flowered,  shorter  than  the  pahnate  or 
pedute-lobed  leaf.     Flowers  showy,  rose-purple,    t 

3.  PHAR'BITIS.     Morning-glory.     (Fig.  22.) 

1  P.  purpu'rea.     Common  M.     Leaves  entire,  cordate.     Peduncle  2-5-flowered.     f 

2  P.  Nil.     Indigo  M.     Lvs.  3-lobed,  cordate.     Ped.  1-3-flwd.     Sepals  long.  M.  S.  t 

4.  IPOM^'A.     False  Bindweed. 

A  large  genus.  Some  of  its  tropical  species  are  shrubs  and  trees ;  and 
are  all  trailing  or  climbing  herbs,  chieflj  at  the  South.  We  mention  but 
one  species. 

I.  pan'durata.  Wild  Potato.  Leaves  broadly  cordate,  often  fiddle-shaped  (panduri- 
fonn).  Corolla  large  (near  3'  long),  4  times  longer  than  the  calyx,  white,  with 
a  purple  centre.     Boot  very  large.     Sandy  fields,  West  and  South. 

5.  CONVOL'VULUS.     Bindweed. 

1  O,  arven'sis.     FitldB.     Leaves  sagittate.     Fls.  white,  with  a  tinge  of  red,  small. 

2  O.  tri'color.     Tri-colored  B.     Leaves  lance-obovate.    Fls.  yellow,  Avhite,  blue,     t 

6.  CALYSTE'GIA.     Bracted  Bindweed. 

1  C.  spithamae'us.     Erect  B.     Stem  ascending,  8-10\a  span).     Leaves  lance-oblong, 

Peduncle  as  long  as  the  leaves,  bearing  1  large,  white  flower.     Fields. 

2  C,   Sepium.     Rutland  Beauty.     Stem    twining,   long.     Leaves    cordate-sagittate 

Flowers  numerous,  large,  white,  sometimes  double  in  cultivation. 
aC   Catesbeia'nus.     CateshifsB.     Plant  downy,  twining.     Flowers  purple.    S. 


268 


THE   FLORA. 


Order  XCIY.   SOLANACE^.    Nightshades. 


Fig,  611.    A  flower  of  Bitter-sweet  {Solarium  Dulcamara).     2.  Cross-section  of   the 
berry.    3.  A  seed  cut  open,  showing  the  long,  curved  embryo.    Fig.  G14.  Flower  of  Petunia, 

Plants  herbaceous  or  shrubby,  with,  alternate  leaves;  and  with 

flower-stalks  often  opposite  to  the  leaves;  and  the 

•pedicels  without  bracts ;  cahjx  generally  persistent,  5-lobed ; 

corolla  5-lobed,  mostly  regular,  valvate  and  plaited  in  the  bud; 

otary  free,  2-celled  (rarely  3  or  4-celled),  many-seeded ; 

style  and  stigma  single ;  fruit  a  capsule  or  berry,  with  many  seeds ; 

embryo  curved,  lying  in  fleshy  albumen. 


Analysis  of  the  Genera. 

Corolls  T^'heel-shaped,  the  tube  very  short.     Anthers  convergent. .  ..a 
Corolla  bell-shaped,  the  broad  tube  including  the  erect  anthers.... b 
Corolla  funnel-form,  tube  long,  and — (2) 

2  The  limb  somewhat  irregular c 

2  The  limb  perfectly  regular 3 

3  Stamens  exserted d 

3  Stamens  included e 

Anthers  connate,  opening  by  slits.     Berry  lobed.         Tomato.  Lycospek'sicum. 
Anthers  connivent,  opening  by  pores.     Berry  round.  Potato.  SoLA'>a-M. 

Anthers  connivent,  opening  by  pores.     Pod  angular.  Pepper.  CAp'sicm. 

b  Corolla  bluish.  Berry  dry,  enveloped  in  the  calyx.  Apple  Peru.  Nican'dka. 

b  Corolla  yellowish.     Berry  fleshy,  inclosed  in  the  calyx. 

Ground  Cherry.  Phys'alis. 

b  Corolla  purplish.  Berry  black,  in  the  open  calyx.  Belladonna.  At'ropa. 
Stamens  exserted,  declining.  Capsule  opening  by  a  lid.  Henbane.  Hyoscy'amus. 
Stamens  included,  unequal.     Capsule  opening  by  valves.      Petunia.  PetuVia„ 


Order  94.— NIGHTSHADES.  269 


d  Stamens  growing  to  the  summit  of  the  tube.     2\eircinherg.  Neihembku'gia. 

d  Stamens  growing  to  the  bottom  of  the  tube.  Matrimony.  I.yc'ium. 

e  Calvx  5-angled.    Capsule  spiny  or  smooth.  Thorn  Apple.  Datu''ra. 

e  Calyx  terete.    Stigma  capitate.    Herbs  coarse.  Tobacco.  Kicotia'na. 

e  Calyx  terete.     Stigma  2-Iobed.    Delicate  shrubs,  f   False  Tamaruk.  Fabia'na. 

SOLA'NUM.     Nightshade. 

Calyx  5-parte(l.  Corolla  rotate,  limb  spreading,  tube  very  short,  limb 
plaited  in  the  bud,  5-lobed.  Anthers  erect,  slightly  united  or  converging, 
each  opening  at  top  by  2  pores.  Berry  globular  or  depressed,  2-celled. 
— Herbs  or  shrubs  unarmed  or  prickly.  Leaves  often  2  together,  a  large 
and  a  small  one.     Flowers  generally  lateral.     May-July. 

%  Plants  not  prickly.    Anthers  short,  blunt. . .  .a 

§  Plants  prickly.    Anthers  long,  linear,  and  pointed,. .  .b 

a  Herbs  with  pinnatifid  leaves,  shorter  than  the  racemes. . .  .1 

a  Herbs  with  undivided  leaves,  longer  than  the  racemes 2-4 

a  Shrubby  plants,  erect  or  climbing.     Berries  red 5-7 

b  Peduncles  exceeding  the  loaves,  many-flowered 8,  9 

b  Peduncles  shorter  than  the  leaves,  few-liowered 10,  11 

I  S.  tubero'sum.    Potato.    Segments  of  the  leaves  unequal,  some  very  small.     Co- 

rolla limb  5-angled.     Tubers  on  the  underground  branches. 

2  S.  nig 'rum.     Black  Xigldshade.  Smootliish.  Leaves  ovate,  toothed,  and  wavy. 

Flowers  small,  white,  in  lateral  umbels.     Berries  black. 

3  S.  nodiflo''rum.     Knot-jiowereJ,  N.      Quite  smooth.      Leaves  ovate,   entire. 

Flowers  minute,  white,  the  stalk  arising  from  a  knot  in  the  stem.     S. 

4  S.  pycnan'thum.    Stem  hispid.    Leaves  ovate-acuminate,  wavy.    Peduncle  2 

or  3-flowered.    S. 

5  S.  Dulcama'ra.    Bitter-siceet.     Stem  fiexuous,  climbing.     Loaves  ovate,  cordate, 

¥pper  ones  lobed  or  gashed.     Flowers  purple,  in  lateral  cymes,  drooping. 
(Fig.  611.) 

6  S,  Pseudo-cap 'sicum.    Jerusalem  Cherry.   A  small,  handsome,  erect  shrub,  2-4f.  t 

7  S.  sempervi'rens.     Evergreen  N.     Climbing.     Leaves  thick,  cordate,  elliptic,  ob- 

tuse, with  a  blunt  cusp,  very  smooth  and  shining.     Panicles  terminal,     f 

8  S.  Carolinen'se.    Horsi  Settle.     Leaves  angular-lobed.     Kacemes  leafless,     w. 

9  S.  Virginia 'num.     Virginia  N.     Leaves  pinnatifid.    Kacemes  leafy.    Pale.  S. 
10  S.  mammo'sum.     Apple  of  Sodom.     "Woolly  and  prickly.  Leaves  roundish-ovate, 

lobed.     Fruit  inversely  pear-shaped.     Flowers  violet-colored. 

II  S  escnlen'tum.     Egg-plant.     Leaves  ovate,  somewhat  sinuate,  downy.     Flowers 

6-9-parted.     Fruit  egg-shaped,  from  the  size  of  an  egg  to  a  water-melon,     f 


270 


THE  FLORA. 


Order  XCY.— GENTIA]S\CE.^.     The  Gentianworts. 

Herbs  with  opposite,  entire, 
smooth  leaves^  and  showy 
rQ^xAav  flowers  ; 

corolla  usually  twisted  in  the 
bud,  with  as  many  lobes  as 

stamens^  and  alternate  with 
them,  mostly  persistent 
and  withering ; 

stigmas  1  or  2  ; 

otary  1-celled,  superior,  be- 
coming a  2-valved 

pod  with  many  seeds. 

Analysis  of  the  Genera. 

§  Leaves  opposite  or  whorl ed, 

sometimes  minute.     Corolla 

mostly  twisted  in  bud. . .  .2 
§  Leaves    alternate    or  radical. 

Corolla  valvate  in  the  bud 

2  Corollawitha  glandular  spot 
on  each  lobe,  sometimes 

with  spurs c 

2  Corolla    without    glandular 

spots  or  spurs 3 

3  Corolla  tubular,  the  tube  longer  than  the  limb a 

S  Corolla  deeply  cleft,  mostly  wheel-shaped,  tube  very  short.... b 
a  Sepals  4  or  5.    Corolla  fringed,  or  with  folds  between  lobes.   Anthers  straight. 

Gentia'na.  1 
a  Sepals  4  or  5.     Anthers  spirally  twisted.  European  Centaury.  Erythr^'a. 

a  Sepals  2,  leaf-like.     Cor.  4-cleft,  white  or  purplish.        Pennywort.  Obola''ria. 
b  Leaves  very  small  or  mere  bracts.    Fls.  4-parted.    Screxo-stem.  Barto'nia. 
b  Leafy.    Fls.  5-12-parted.    Anthers  curved.  American  Centaury.  Sabba'tia.  2 
c  Corolla  4-parted,  with  4  spurs  beneath  at  base.        Spurred  Gentlar^.  Hale'nia. 
c  Cor.  4-parted,  without  spurs.     Tall,  with  whorled  leaves.    Columbo.  Fba'seua. 
d  Corolla  bearded  inside.    Leaves  8-foliate,  on  long  stalks. 

Jjuck-bean.  Menyan'thes. 
d  Corolla  smooth  inside.    Leaves  simple,  floating. 

Floating  Heart.  Limnan'themum. 


Fig.&lh.  Gentiana  Andrewsii.  6.  The  calyx  and 
capsule.  7.  The  corolla  laid  open,  showing  the  fold? 
(2-lobed)  between  the  proper  petals,  and  the  stamens 
attached  at  base.  8.  Capsule  cut  across.  9.  Seed 
magnified,  with  its  large,  loose  testa. 


OiiDKii  05.— THE  GENTIANWOKTS.  271 


1.  GENTIA'NA.     Gentian. 


Calyx  4-5-cleft.  Corolla  4-5-lobed,  regular,  usually  with  plaited  folds 
between  the  lobes.  Stigmas  2,  style  short  or  none.  Pod  oblong,  2-valved, 
many-seeded. — Leaves  opposite.    Flowers  solitary  or  in  cymes.   Aug.-  Oct. 

Corolla  witli  folded  appendages  between  the  5  lobes.     Anthers  cohering b 

t^oroiia  with  no  appendages  between  the  lobes.    Anthers  separate a 

a  begnietits  ot  ino  corolla  entire,  pale-blue,  5  in  number....! 

a  Segments  or  me  corolla  fringed,  mostly  but  4,  bright  blue 2,  3 

0  Jtf  lowers  soliliiry,  terminal,  blue  or  white 4 

?  «''owe'-$  CL^stered,  yellowish  or  cream-white. . .  .5,  6 
'  }<^;AWf>rs  claslercd,  blue.... 7-9 
"  Gr.  quinqueflo'ra.    Five-leaved  G.    Clusters  about  5-flowered.    Corolla  lobes  bristle- 
IDcmt.eri. 
2  3-.  criai'ta.     Fringed  G.     Leaves  lanceolate.     Corolla  conspicuously  fringed. 

Height  If. 
8  Gr.  det'onsa.  Shorn  G.  Lvs.  linear.     Corolla  lobes  crenatc-ciliate.      Height  If. 
4  Gr.  angustifo'lia.    Sand  G.     Slender,  If.  erect.     Lvs.  linear.    Flower  large,    b.orp. 

5  G-.  ochroleu'ca.   Fide  G.   Lvs.  lance-oval,  narrowed  to  the  sessile  base.    Corolla 

greenish-white,  a  third  longer  than  the  sepals.     S.  M. 

6  G!-.  alba.    Whitish  G.    Lvs.  lance-ovate,  clasping  with  the  broad  base.     Corolla 

cream-white,  4  times  longer  than  sepals.     W.  M. 

7  G-.  Andrew'sii.    Cloml  Blue  G.     Leaves  ovate  lanceolate,  3-veinecl.    Corolla  never 

opening,  the  lolies  equalling  the  5  fringed  folds.     (Figs.  615-619.) 

8  G.  Sapona'ria.    SoapwoH  G.     Plant  smooth.    Leaves  rough-edged,  linear-lanceo- 

late.   Corolla  open,  the  lobes  twice  longer  than  the  cleft  folds. 

9  G^.  puber'ala.    Rough  G.     Tlant  scabrous.     Lvs.  lance-ovate,  very  rough  at  edge. 

Corolla  somewhat  bell-shaped,  folds  very  short.     W.  S. 

2.  SABBA'TIx\.     American  Centaury. 

Calyx  5-12-parted.  Corolla  rotate,  limb  5-12-parted.  Stamens  5-12. 
Style  2-parted.  Capsule  1-celled. — Beautiful  biennials,  with  mostly  ro- 
seate flowers. 

§  Corolla  mostly  9  (rarely  7-12)-parted 1,  2 

§  Corolla  5  (rarely  6)-parted a 

a  Branches  alternate  or  forked b 

a  Branches  opposite.     Flowers  with  a  central  star. . .  .c 

b  Flowers  white  or  nearly  white 3,  4 

b  Flowei-3  rose-red,  with  a  central  star o,  0 

c  Flowers  white,  corymbed 7,  8 

c  Flowers  rose-rod,  paniouiato 9,  10 


2T2  THE  FLORA. 


1  S.  gentianoi'des.     Gentian  C.     Leaves  linear,  rigid,  longer  than  the  internod'^s. 

Flov/ers  3-10-parted,  bright  flesh-color,  clustered.     S. 

2  S.   chloroi'des.     Chlora    G.      Leaves   lanceolate.     Branches  few,   alternate,   each 

bearing  at  top  a  solitary,  7-12-parted,  bright  purple  flower.     E. 
8  S.  calyco'sa.     Gup  G.     Calyx  leafy,  as  large  as  the  5-6-parted  corolla.     S. 
4  S.  panicula'ta.     Panicled  C.     Sepals  linear,  half  as  long  as  o-partod  cor.     S. 

5  S.  gra'cilis.    Slender  G.    Leaves  ovate  to  linear.    Sepals  bristle-form,  as  long  as 

the  corolla.    M.  S. 

6  S.  stella'ris.    Starry  G.     Leaves  lance-obovate.     Sepals  linear,  much  shorter  than 

coi-olla.    c. 

7  S.  corymbo'sa.     Gurymled  G.     Leaves  lanceolate,  3-veined.     Calyx  segments 

linear,  thrice  longer  than  its  tube,  half  as  long  as  the  corolla.     N.-J.     S. 

8  S.  macrophy-ria.     Leaves  5- veined,  cusp-pointed.     Sepals  shorter  than  calyx^ 

tube.     S. 
9  S.   angularis.    Angled   G.     Stem  square,   with   winged   angles.     Leaves    ovate, 
clasping,  5-veined.     Flowers  many,  rose-red,  the  star  greenish.     Wet.     c. 
10  S.  brachia'ta.    Prairie  G.     Stem  square,  slender,  joints  2-4  times  longer  than  the 
sessile,  lance-linear  leaves.     Panicle  oblong.     Corolla  6-parted,  the  star 
yellow.     W.  S. 


Order  XCYL  APOCYNACE.E.    Dogbanes. 

Plants  with  a  milky  jwice,  entire  and  mostly  opposite  leaves ; 
flowers  5-parted  and  regular,  with  the  corolla  twisted  in  the  bud ; 
%tamens  5,  with  distinct  filaments,  anthers  sometimes  slightly  united ; 
ovaries  2,  distinct,  but  with  their  stigmas  united  at  top  of  the  styles ; 
fruit  2  follicles  containing  several  or  many  albuminous  seeds. 

Analysis  of  the  Genera. 

*  Herbs  erect,  2-4f.  high,  the  flowers  in  cymes a 

*  Shrubs  twining  or  trailing,  with  opposite  leaves b 

*  Shrubs  erect,  3-6f.  high,  with  the  leaves  in  whorls  of  3 c 

a  Cor.  bell-shaped,  whitish.  Style  none.  Sds.  silky.  Dog's-hane.  Apoc'YNtnvi.  1 
a  Corolla  funnel-form,  bluish.     Style  1.     Lvs.  scattered.     Amson.  Amso'nia. 

b  Fls.  solitary,  blue.     Throat  5-angled.     Lvs.  evergreen.  +    Periwinkle.  Vin'oa. 

b  Flowers  in  cymes,  yellow,  small.     Lvs.  petiolate.    Wet.   South.   Forstero^nia. 
c  Leaves  thick,  evergreen.    Flowers  large,  rose-colored.   Oleander.  Ne''kium. 

APOC'YNUM.     Dog's-baue. 

Stamens  shorter  than  the  corolla,  arising  from  its  base,  and  alternate 
with  5  glandular  teeth.     Anthers  arrow-shaped,  cohering  to  the  stigmoj 


Order  97.— ASCLEPIADS. 


273 


by  the  middle.  Follicles  long,  slen- 
der, separate.  Seeds  with  a  tuft  of 
long,  silky  down.     June-August. 

1  A.  androsaemifo'lium.     Tutsan-leaved  D. 

Corolla  rose-wliitc,  much  longer  than 
the  calyx.  Leaves  ovate.  Plant 
smooth,  elegant,  about  3f.  high. 

2  A.  cannabi'num.     Hemp  D.     Cor.  green- 

ish-white, scarce  longer  than  tho 
calyx.  Leaves  oblong.  Bark  tough 
as  hemp. 


Fig.  620.  Common  Dog*s-bane.  1.  A  flower 
of  the  natural  size.  2.  The  flower  cut  open, 
showing  the  peculiar  stamens.  3.  The  2  styles 
and  stigmas.  4.  The  plan  of  the  flower.  5.  The 
2  follicles.    6.  A  seed  with  its  tuft  of  silk. 


Order  XCYII.   ASCLEPIADACE^.    Asclepiads. 

Plants  (chiefly  Jierbs  in  the  United  States)  with  a  rmYkj  juice  ; 
leaves  opposite  (rarely  whorled  or  scattered),  entire,  without  stipules ; 
flowers  generally  umbeled,  5-parted,  regular ;  sepals  and  also  the 
petals  united  at  base,  both  commonly  valvate  in  the  bud  ; 
stamens  united  into  a  fleshy  mass  with  the  two  stigmas ; 
pollen  cohering  in  masses ;  ovaries  2,  iorvomg  follicles  in  fruit 

Analysis  of  the  Genera. 
%  Plants  erect.     Stamen-mass  crowned  with  5  little  hoods. . . .2 

S  Plants  twining  or  prostrate 3 

2  Hoods  each  with  a  little  projecting  horn ...  .a 

2  Hoods  destitute  of  horns b 

8  Flowers  dark  purple c 

3  Flowers  whitish  or  flesh-colored 

■  Petals  reflexcd.    Hoods  erect,  horns  incurved.  SiU-grass.  Milkweed.  Ascle^'pias.  1 
b  Petals  reflexcd.    Hoods  erect,  adnate  to  the  anthers.  Ackra^tes. 

b  Petals  spreading,  green.    Hoods  free  from  the  anthere.    S.     Anan'therix. 
b  Petals  erect,  yellowish.     Mass  of  anthers  stalked.    S.  Podostiq'ma. 

12* 


274  THL  FLORA. 


c  Tlie  5  filaments  distinct.     Pollen  masses  5.     N.-Y.  Pkriplo'ca. 

c  Filaments  united  as  weU  as  the  stigmas.     Pollinia  10.  Gonol'obus. 

d  Petals  spreading.    Hoods  erect.     Leaves  linear.     Coast,  S.  Sente'ra. 

d  Petals  spreading.     Iloods  flat,  spreading,    t  Wax-j^lant.  Hoy''a. 

d  Petals  erect,  white.    Hoods  erect,  2-awned.    S.-W.   Common.    Ensle'nia. 

ASOLE'PIAS.     Silk-grass.     Milkweed. 

(We  have  many  species  of  this  genus,  blooming  in  the  Summer  months.    Begin 
Ders  will  find  them  difficult  to  distinguish.   We  omit  them  here,  referring  the  reader 
to  the  Class  Book.) 


Order  XCIX.   OLEACEiE.     Oliveworts. 

Trees  and  shrubs  with  opposite  leaves^  with 

Jlowers  4-partecl,  regular,  sometimes  without  petals; 

corolla  (when  present)  valvate  in  the  bud;  stamens  2,  rarely  4; 

ovary  2-celled,  with  2  ovules  in  each  cell;  fruit  fleshy  or  dry. 

Analysis  of  the  Genera. 

§  Leaves  pinnate.     Fruit  a  dry,  winged  samara a 

§  Leaves  simple.     Fruit  a  dry,  2-celled  pod  (capsule) b 

§  Leaves  simple.     Fruit  a  fleshy  drupe  or  berry 2 

2  Corolla  present.     Stamens  included.     White.... c 

2  Corolla  present.    Stamens  exserted d 

2  Corolla  none.     Fruit  an  oblong  drupe e 

a  Trees  with  imperfect  flowers  and  odd-pinnate  leaves.  Ash.  Frax'inus. 

b  Corolla  salver-form,  with  short,  white  or  purple  lobes,  t    Lilac.  Syrin''ga.  1 

b  Corolla  bell-form,  with  long,  yellow  lobes,    t  Forsythia.  Forsy''thia. 

c  Corolla  with  long,  linear,  pendulous  lobes.    Virginia  Fringe-tree.  Chionan'thus. 
c  Cor.  with  short  lobes.  Panicle  dense.  Berries  black.    Privet.  Prim.  Ligus'trum. 

d  Style  2-parted.    Leaves  serrate.     Shrubs,     t  Osmanth.  Osman''thus. 

d  Style  simple.     Panicles  axillary.    S.  American  Olive.  Olea. 

d  Style  simple.    Panicles  terminal.     Trees,    t  Visian.  Visia'na. 

e  Flowers  very  imperfect,  dioecious.    Shrubs.  Wet.   W.  S.     Adella.  Foresti'era. 

SYRIN'GA.     Lilac. 

1  S,  vulga'ris.     Common  L.    Leaves  cordate-ovate,  entire.     Flowers  lilac-purple. 

2  S.  al'ba.    White  Lilac.     Flowers  pure  white.    Shrub  taller.     (Variety  of  No.  1.) 

8  S,  Per''sica.    Persian  L.    Leaves  lanceolate,  entire  or  cleft.    Flowers  in  looser 
panicles,  lilac-bluo.    Apr.  May. 


Okdek  101.— marvelworts.  275 


COHORT    III. 

THE   APETALOUS   EXOGENS. 


Essential  Character, — Flowering  plants  (Pii^nogamia), 
with  their  stems  growing  by  additions  to  the  outside  and  the 
wood  in  circular  layers  (Exogens),  with  the  seeds  inclosed  in 
seed-vessels  (Angiospeems),  and  the  flowers  destitute  of  petals 
(Apetal^). 

Order  C— ARISTOLOCHIACE^.    Birthworts 

Low  lierhs  or  climbing  shrubs  with  alternate  leaves^  \axgQ  flowers  ; 
calyx  adlicring  to  the  ovary,  valvate  in  bud,  brown  or  dull  colored ; 
stamens  6-12,  at  top  of  the  6-celled,  many-seeded  ovary. 

Analysis  of  the  Genera. 
Ca]yx  bell-form,  rej^ular,  3-clcft.     Stamens  12.    Herbs  with  creeping, 

underground  stems.  .  Wild  Ginger.  Asa'rcm,  1 

Calyx  tubular,  bent,  irregular.     Antbers  6.     Shrubby,  erect  or  climbing, 

with  very  odd  flowers.  Birthwort.  Aristolo'chia. 

AS  A  RUM.     "Wild  Ginger. 

1  A  Canadense.    Canada  W.    Leaves  in  pairs,  broad-rcniform,  with  the  single  flower 

between  the  petioles  scarcely  above-ground.     May-July.     c. 

2  A.  Virginicum.     Virginia  W.    Leaf  solitary,  round-ovate,  cordate,  the  single  flower 

much  shorter  than  the  petiole.     Sepals  obtuse.     Mts.  Va.  S.     April. 
8  A.  ariforium.    Arum-lv.  W.     Leaf  solitary,  broadly  hastate,  wdth  long,  angular 
lobes  at  base.     Calyx  throat  contracted,  lobes  very  short.     Va.  S.    April. 


Order  CI.— NYCTAGINACEJi].    Marvelworts. 

Her}>8  (shrubs  or  trees)  with  swelling  joints;  entire,  opposite  leaves  ; 
flowers  surrounded  by  an  involucre  (which  is,  of  course,  calyx-like  when 

the  flower  is  solitary) : 
calyx  often  colored  like  a  corolla,  tubular  or  funnel-form,  breaking  off 

above  the  Icolled,  1-secded  ovary. 


278 


THE  FLORA. 


Order  CIII.   PHYTOLACCACE^.    Pokeweeds. 

Herhs  or  shrubs  with  alternate  leaves,  no  stipules,  and^wers  racemed; 

sepals  colored,  4  or  5 ;  petals  none ;  stamens  few  or  many ; 

ovary  of  one  or  several  carpels,  which  are  united  into  a  ring,  forming  a 

berry  in  fruit;  cells  as  many  as  the  carpels,  each  1-seeded; 
embryo  curved  around  the  fleshy  albumen. 

Analysis  of  the  Genera. 

Sepals  5,  ronndish.     Sta.  5-20.     Ovary  5-12-carpeled  and  seeded.    Phytolao'ca.  1 
Sepals  4,  persistent.    Stamens  4-12.    Ovary  1-carpeled  and  1-seeded.  S.    Eivi'na. 

PHYTOLACCA.    Poke.  A  £       A  ^ 

Character  expressed  in  the  / . /^  si^^       / -Q  '4^ 

Analysis. — Tall  and  stout  per-  i\"'w!l  ^^f'"'       VW^  S^ 

ennials,  with  greenish  flowers  ^^^/J  ^^^    /||ii  ^>^$ 

and  purple  berries.  .^^^^s^  ^^^'/\\r^  ^^% 

P.  decan'dra.  Plant  5-8f.  high,  ^^^2— -^^^^^LllU^^^  ^^K 
very  smooth,  bushy.  Leaves  ''''^■■^.!^v^.\\^;>2^s_;^^^l>^^>^  A^^^^ 
large,  ovate,  acute  at  eacli  end,  £^;||||  jv^S>^^^  /^M^ 

petioled.      Racemes    at    first  ^^ft\^^^^  ^a.      ^^v  ^^^  630 

terminal,  finally  opposite  to  Wrmj  Z^^^'^^w^^""^"^^^  I  f^^^ 
the  leaves.  Berries  oblate,  of  9m|,JiP^  8^M\  '  y'l  \ \\^\.  I  )~^/f^4) 
a  rich  dark  purple.    July-Sept.  N^^  ^^^|^  b^^'V^-^^.^V  ^^^f^y^ 

Fig.  627.  Phytolacca  decandria,  leaves,  flowers,  and  fruit.  8.  A  flower,  natural  size.  9.  Ita 
stamens  and  ovary.  Fig.  630.  Cross-section  of  the  ovary.  1.  A  seed  cnt  open,  shoMing  the  em- 
bryo coiled  around  the  albumen. 


Order  CYII.   LAURACE^.     Laurels. 

Trees  and  shrubs  aromatic,  with  alternate,  simple,  dotted  leaves; 
sepals  colored,  4-6,  slightly  united,  strongly  imbricated ; 
anthers  2  or  4:-celled,  opening  upwards  by  as  many  valves ; 
ovary  1-ovuled,  becoming  a  drupe  in  fruit ;  no  albumen. 

Analysis  of  the  Genera. 
%  Flowers  perfect,  the  caly.x  persistent.     Leaves  evergreen..  ..a 

§  Flowers  imperfect.    Calyx  deciduous.     Leaves  deciduous b 

a  Trees.    Lvs.  thick,  lance- oblong.    Fls.  umbeled.  S.      Bay  GalU.  Per'sea. 


ordeh  119.— the  MASTWORTS.  279 


b  Involucre  none.     Anthers  4-valved.    Leaves  lobed.        Sassafras.  Sas'safras.  1 
b  Involucre  4  leaved.     Anthers  2-valved.    Shrubs.  Spice-bush.  Ben'zoin. 

b  Involucre  4-leaved.  Antliers  4-valved.  Shrubs.  S.    Pond-spice.  Tetuan'thera. 

SASSAFRAS.     Sassafras. 
Flowers  dioecious,  G-parted,  regular.     Stamens  9.     Trees  with  decidu- 
ous leaves,  expanding  after  the  clusters  of  yellow  flowers. 
S.  officina'le.     Common  S.     Leaves  of  two  forms,  ovate  and  entire,  or  S-lobed  and 
acute  at  base.    Tree  aromatic,  10-30f.  high. 


Order  CXIX.   CUPULIFERJi:.     The  Mastworts. 

Trees  or  shi'uls,  with  alternate,  simple  leaves,  and  deciduous  stipules; 
powers  monoecious,  the  sterile  in  aments,  which  are  racemed  or  head-like  ; 
stamens  in  the  sterile  flowers,  6  to  20,  on  the  base  of  the  calyx; 
ovajy  in  the  fertile  flowers  with  several  cells  and  ovules,  but  becoming  in 
f?'uit  a  1-seeded  nut  surrounded  by  an  involucre  (cup,  burr,  or  sac). 

Analysis  of  the  Genera. 

%  Sterile  flowers  in  aments,  fertile  flowers  solitary  or  2  or  3  together 2 

§  Sterile  flowers  and  fertile  also  in  aments,  the  latter  loose  and  large c 

2  Involucre  1-ttowered,  cup-like,  composed  of  many  little  scales a 

2  Involucre  2  or  3-flowered,  composed  of  few  large  valves b 

«  Sterile  aments  slender,  calyx  5-cleft,  stamens  5  or  10.  Fertile  flowers,  con- 
sisting of  an  ovary  sitting  in  a  scaly  cup,  becoming,  in  fruit,  an  acorn,  1- 
celled,  1-seeded.  A  noble  genus  of  trees  (rarely  shrubs),  always  known  by 
their  peculiar  fruit,  called  acorns.  The  timber  is  of  great  value,  especially 
in  ship-building.  In  the  Class  Book  of  Botany,  23  species  are  described. 
(See  Figs.  32-34,  267.)  Oak;  Quercus. 

b  Involucre  of  the  fruit  and  fertile  flowers  a  burr  with  4  valves.  Sterile  aments 
slender,  each  flower  with  5-15  stamens ;  3  fertile  flowers  in  each  involucre, 
-which  is  beset  with  slender  prickles.  We  have  two  species,  one  a  tree,  the 
other  a  shrub.  Timber  excellent.  The  fruit  is  sweet  and  nutritious.  (See 
Fig.  277.)  Clieistnut.  Casta 'nea. 

b  Involucre  of  the  fruit  a  burr  with  4  valves.  Sterile  aments  head-like,  sus- 
pended by  a  slender  stalk.  Calyx  6-cleft.  Two  flowers  in  each  burr,  which 
is  covered  by  weak  spines.  Nuts  sharply  8-angled.  They  are  tall,  valua- 
ble forest-trees.  Betch.  Fag  us. 

b  Involucre  a  sac,  longer  than  the  nuts,  torn  at  the  top.  Sterile  flowers  in  a 
slender  ament.    Shrubs.    Usually  but  one  flower  or  nut  iu  each  involucre. 

llazfl.  Cou'yi.ob. 


278 


THE  FLORA. 


Order  CIII.   PHYTOLACCACE^.    Pokeweeds. 

Hei-bs  or  shrubs  with  alternate  leaies^  no  stipules^  and^werg  racemed; 

sepals  colored,  4  or  5 ;  petals  none ;  stamens  few  or  many ; 

ovary  of  one  or  several  carpels,  which  are  united  into  a  ring,  forming  a 

berry  in  fruit;  cells  as  many  as  the  carpels,  each  1-seeded; 
embryo  curved  around  the  fleshy  albumen. 


Analysis  of  the  Genera. 


Sepals  5,  roundish. 
Sepals  4,  persistent. 


Sta.  5-20.     Ovary  5-12-carpeled  and  seeded.    Phttolao'ca.  1 
Stamens  4-12.    Ovary  1-carpeled  and  1-seeded.  S.    Eivi'na. 


PHYTOLACCA.    Poke. 

Character  expressed  in  the 
Analysis. — Tall  and  stout  per- 
ennials, with  greenish  flowers 
and  purple  berries. 

p.   decan'dra.      Plant   5-Sf.    high, 

very  smooth,  bushy.    Leaves 

large,  ovate,  acute  at  eacli  end, 

petioled.      Kacemes    at    first 

termhial,   finally  opposite  to 

the  leaves.     Berries  oblate,  of 

a  rich  dark  purple.    July-Sept. 
Fig.  627.  Phytolacca  decandria,  leaves,  flowers,  and  fruit    8.  A  flower,  natural  size.    9.  Ita 
stamens  and  ovary.     Fig.  630.  Cross-section  of  the  ovary.    1.  A  seed  cut  open,  showing  the  eni- 
bryo  coiled  around  tlie  albumen. 


Order  CYII.   LAURACE^.    Laurels. 

Trees  and  shrubs  aromatic,  with  alternate,  simple,  dotted  leaves; 
sepals  colored,  4-6,  slightly  united,  strongly  imbricated ; 
anthers  2  or  4-celled,  opening  upwards  by  as  many  valves ; 
ovary  1-ovuled,  becoming  a  drupe  in  fruit ;  no  albumen. 

Analysis  of  the  Genera. 

§  Flowers  perfect,  the  calyx  persistent.     Leaves  evergreen a 

I  Flowers  imperfect.    Calyx  deciduous.     Leaves  deciduous..  ..b 

a  Trees.    Lvs.  thick,  lance- oblong.    Fls.  umbeled.  S.      Ba7j  GalU.  Per'sea. 


Order  119.-THE  MASTWORTS.  279 


b  Involucre  none.     Anthers  4-valved.    Leaves  lobed.        Sassafras.  SAS''sArRAs.  1 
b  Involucre  4  leaved.     Anthers  2-valved.     Shrubs.  Spice-bush.  Ben'zoin. 

b  Involucre  4-leaved.  Anthers  4-valved.  Shrubs.  S.    Pond-spice.  Tetran'thera. 

SASSAFRAS.     Sassafras. 
Flowers  dioecious,  G-parted,  regular.     Stamens  9.     Trees  with  decidu- 
ous leaves,  expanding  after  the  clusters  of  yellow  flowers. 
S.  oiBcma'le.     Common  S.     Leaves  of  two  forms,  ovate  and  entire,  or  S-lobed  and 
acute  at  base.    Tree  aromatic,  10-30f.  high. 


Order  CXIX.   CUPULIFERJE.    The  Mastworts. 

Trees  or  shruhs,  with  alternate,  simple  leaves,  and  deciduous  stipules ; 
/lowers  monoecious,  the  sterile  in  aments,  which  are  racemed  or  head-like  ; 
stamens  in  the  sterile  flowers,  6  to  20,  on  the  base  of  the  calyx ; 
ovary  in  the  fertile  flowers  with  several  cells  and  ovules,  but  becoming  in 
fruit  a  1-seeded  nut  surrounded  by  an  involucre  (cup,  burr,  or  sac). 

Analysis  of  the  Genera. 

§  Sterile  flowers  in  aments,  fertile  flowers  solitary  or  2  or  3  together 2 

§  Sterile  flowers  and  fertile  also  in  aments,  the  latter  loose  and  large c 

2  Involucre  1-flowered,  cup-like,  composed  of  many  little  scales a 

2  Involucre  2  or  3-flowered,  composed  of  few  large  valves. . .  .b 

4  Sterile  aments  slender,  calyx  5-cleft,  stamens  5  or  10.  Fertile  flowers,  con- 
sisting of  an  ovary  sitting  in  a  scaly  cup,  becoming,  in  fruit,  an  acorn^  1- 
celled,  1-seeded.  A  noble  genus  of  trees  (rarely  shrubs),  always  known  by 
their  peculiar  fruit,  called  acorns.  The  timber  is  of  great  value,  especially 
in  ship-building.  In  the  Class  Book  of  Botany,  23  species  are  described. 
(See  Figs.  32-34,  267.)  Oal:  Quercus. 

b  Involucre  of  the  fruit  and  fertile  flowers  a  burr  with  4  valves.  Sterile  aments 
slender,  each  flower  with  5-15  stamens  ;  3  fertile  flowers  in  each  involucre, 
■which  is  beset  with  slender  prickles.  We  have  two  species,  one  a  tree,  the 
other  a  shrub.  Timber  excellent.  The  fruit  is  sweet  and  nutritious.  (See 
Fig.  277.)  Clieistnut.  Casta 'nea. 

b  Involucre  of  the  fruit  a  burr  with  4  valves.  Sterile  aments  head-like,  sus- 
pended by  a  slender  stalk.  Calyx  6-cleft.  Two  flowers  in  each  burr,  which 
is  covered  by  weak  spines.  Kuts  sharply  3-angled.  They  are  tall,  valua- 
ble forest-trees.  Betch.  Fag  us. 

b  Involucre  a  sac,  longer  than  the  nuts,  torn  at  the  top.  Sterile  flowers  in  a 
slender  ament.    Shrubs.    Usually  but  one  flower  or  nut  iu  each  involucre. 

Hazel.  Cor'yi.ub. 


280 


THE  FLORA. 


c  Involucre  a  closed,  inflated  sac,  one-flowered,  many  together  in  the  pendu- 
lous, hop-like  cluster.    Small  trees,  Avith  very  compact,  strong  timber,  called 

Ho^p  Hornbeam.     Iron-wood.     Lever-wood.  Os'trya, 

c  Involucre  an  open,  3-lobed   leaf,   1-flowered,     Small  trees,  with  a  strong, 

heavy  timber.  Hornbeam.  Carpi'nus. 


Order  CXX.    BETULACE^.    The  Birchworts. 

Trees  or  shrubs.^  -witL  deciduous  stipules,  with  the  alternate 
leaves  simple,  having  the  veinlets  running  straight  to  the  margin ; 
flowers  monoecious,  both  kinds  contained  in  scaly 
catkins.,  2  or  3  under  each  bract ;  calyx  and  corolla  hardly  any ; 
ovary  2-celled  and  2-ovuled,  but  becoming  in 

fruit  a  1-celled  and  1-seeded  nut,  by  the  suppression  of  the  other  seed 
and  cell. 

Analysis  of  the  Genera. 
$  bracts  with  12  stara.  each  ;    5   bracts  with  mostly  3  ovaries.     Birch.  Bet'ula.  1 
f  bracts  with  4-8  stam.  each  ;    $  bracts  with  2  ova.  or  fls,  each.     Alder.  Alnus. 

BET'ULA.     Birch. 
5  in  a  cylindrical  cat- 
kin,  bracts  each  with  3 
tetrandrous    flowers    be- 
neath it.      $  in  an  oblong 
or    egg  -  shaped     catkin, 
bracts  3-lobed,  each  with  3 
ries  or  flowers,  with  no  calyx, 
flattened,    broadly    winged.  —  Trees    and 
shrubs,  mostly  with  the  outer  bark  in  thin 
layers  with  horizontal  fibres.     Catkins  ap- 
pearing in  early  spring  before  the  leaves. 

§  Trees  with  a  yellowish  bark,  and  heart -ovate, 
serrate  leaves..  ..1 

§  Trees  with  reddish-brown  bark,  and  ovate, 
doubly  serrate  leaves. . .  .2,  3 

§  Trees  with  white  bark  and  long-stalked,  long- 
pointed  leaves. . . .4,  5 

S  Shrubs  with  brownish  bark,  and  roundish, 
crenate leaves.... 6,  7 


633 

2-styled  ova- 
Samara 


I'ig.  632.  Sweet  Black  Birch  {Betula 
lenta),  with  staininate  and  pistillate 
catkins :  a,  a  scale  with  staminate 
flowers  ;  h,  with  pistillate  flowers.  Fig. 
633.  «,  A  winged  sauiaia  cut  length- 
wise, showing  its  fertile  and  abortive 
cell ;  h,  the  same  cat  across. 


OiiDER  123.— THE  WILLOWORTS. 


281 


2  B 


1  B.  excel'sior.  Yelloio  Birch.  Tree  50-80f.   Fertile  aments  erect,  obloug,  1  inch 

in  length,  erect,  sterile  2-4',  pendulous,  clustered,     c.     N. 
lenta.    Black  B.     Sweet  B.     Tree  40-GOf.     Fertile  aments  erect,  oval,  obtuse, 
stalked;  sterile  2-3',  pendulous.    Inner  bark  sweet-spicy.    M.  N. 
B,  ni'gra.     Red  Birch.    Tree  30-50f.     Leaves  rliombic-ovate,  acute  at  both  ends, 
obscurely  lobed.    Fertile  aments  sessile,  ovoid.     M.  S.  W. 

4  B.  populifo'lia.     TV/die  B.     Tree   30-40f.     Leaves   triangular,   long-pointed, 

smooth,  unequally  serrate.     Sterile  aments  long,  pendulous.    N. 

5  B.  papyra'cea.     Canoe  Birch.     Tree  50-70f.     Leaves  ovate,  pointed,  doubly- 

serrate.     All  the  aments  nodding.     Hills  and  mountains.     N. 

B.  pum'ila.  Z>«w/i?.  Shrub  erect,  2-6f.  Branches  warty.  Leaves  obovate,  ob- 
tusely serrate  above.     Fertile  aments  cylindric.     Mountains.     N. 

B.  na'na.  Tiny  B.  Shrub  low,  trailing,  smooth.  Leaves  round,  crenate.  Scales 
of  fertile  amcnt  deeply  3-parted.     3-12''.     Mountains,     N.-II. 


Order  CXXII.   SALICACE J]].     The  Willoworts. 

Trees  or  sTiriibs^  with  simple  leaves,  and  stipules  usually  present; 
flowers  dioecions,  naked,  both  kinds  in  aments,  each  with  a  bract; 
wary  1  or  2-celled,  with  2  short  styles;  capsule  many-seeded; 
seeds  with  a  coma  and  no  albumen. 


C36  637 

Fig.  634.  A  fertile  flower  of  a  Willow,  consisting  of  a  pistil  and  a  bract  Fig.  635.  Sterile 
flower,  2  stamens  and  a  Iract  Fig.  636.  A  sterile  flower  of  Ualni-of-Gilead  {Pojmlus  candi' 
cans);  many  stamens.  Fig.  637.  A  fertile  flower,  consisting  of  a  fringed  scale,  n  calyx  holding 
a  double  ovary. 

Analysis  of  the  Genera. 
§  Aments  cylindric,  bracts  entire.     Stamens  2  or  more.     Capsule  1-celled,  2- 
valved,  the  seeds  very  small,  clothed  with  silky  hairs.     Trees  or  shrubs. 
(Figs.  12,  17,  SS.)     We  have  about  27  t^jie- 

Willow.    Osier.  Salix. 
Stamens  8  or  more.     Capsule  2-celled,  2- 
Buds   varnisliod  with  a  fragrant  resin. 

Poplar.   Acpen.  I'orcLcs 


Leaves  often  long  and  narrow, 
cies. 
§  Aments  cylindric,  bracts  fringed, 
valved.     Calyx  an   entire   cup. 
Leaves  broad,  largo.    Trees. 


282 


THE   FLORA. 


C  0  H  0  E  T    Y. 

SPADICIFLORiB,  OR  THE  APETALOUS  ENDOGENS. 


Order  CXXXI.   ARACEiE.     Aroids. 

Chiefly  herls  with  a  fleshy  rootstock  of  corm ;  leaves  sometimes  net- veined ; 
fiowers  mostly  without  calyx  or  corolla,  arranged  on  a  spadix; 
stamens  few  or  many,  hypogynous,  very  short;  anthers  turned  outwards; 
ovary  free ;  stigmas  sessile ;  fruit  a  dry  or  juicy  berry,  and  the 
seeds  with  or  without  albumen.     Growing  in  wet  places. 


642  633  639  640 

Fi%.  033.  Wild  Calls  (Calla  palustris),  a  leaf,  and  a  spadix  of  flowers,  with  its  spatbe  (6). 
Fig.  639.  The  same  enlarged.  Fiff.  640.  A  flower  enlarged.  Fig.  641.  One  of  the  berries  cut, 
showing  the  6  cells.  Fig.  642.  Golden  Club  {Oroiititim  aqunticum);  its  spadix  (s)  is  without 
a  spathe. 

Analysis  of  the  Genera. 
•*  Spadix  enveloped  in  a  spathe. . . .2 

Spadix  destitute  of  a  spathe.     Sepals  4-6 . . . .  d 
2  Flowers  covering  only  the  base  of  the  spadix.    Perianth  0. . .  .a 

2  Flowers  covering  the  whole  spadix,  monoecious.     Perianth  0 b 

2  Flowers  covering  the  wliole  spadix  and  perfect. . .  .c 


OnnER  131.— AROIDS.  283 


a  Spathc  rolled  in  at  base.  Top  of  spadlx  club-shaped.  Dragon-root.  Aris^^'ma.  1 
b  Spathe  rolled  inwards  the  whole  length.  Arrow-lvd.  Dragon.  Pkltan'uka.  2 
b  Spathe  rolled  backwards  above,  white.  Egyptian  Calhx.  Richar'dia. 

c  Perianth  0.    Spathe  open,  flattish,  white.     Lvs.  cordate.      Wild  Calla.  Calla. 

e  Perianth  regular.    Spa.  shell-form.   Lvs.  large.    Shunk-cahhage.  Symplocar'pus. 
d  Flowers  terminal,  yellow.     Scape  terete.  Golden  Club.  Oisonticm. 

d  Flowers  lateral,  green.     Scape  leaf-like.  Sweet  Flag.  A'cokus. 

1.  ARISJE'MA.     Arum.     Indian  Turnip. 

Spathe  rolled  inward  at  base.  Spadix  covered  with  flowers  below, 
naked  and  club-shaped  above.  Sterile  flowers  above  the  fertile,  each  a 
clump  of  4  stamens.  Fertile  flowers  each  a  1-celled  ovary,  with  a  flai 
stigma.  Berrj  red,  with  1  or  several  seeds. — Odd-looking  plants,  with 
scape  arising  from  a  corm  or  rootstock,  and  sheathed  with  the  radical 
leaves.     Taste  very  acrid. 

1  A.  triphyl'lum.    Jack-in-the- Pulpit.    Leaves  usually  2,  trifoliate.    Spathe  bent  aud 

inflected  above,  covering  the  obtuse  spadix,  striped. 

2  A.  qmna'tum.     Five-leaved  Jack.     Leaves  in  pairs,  one  or  both  quinate.     S. 
8  A.  Dracon'tiuxn.     Green  Dragon.    Leaf  mostly  solitary,  pedale,  7-11-foliate. 

2.  PELTAN'DRA.     Arrow  Dragon. 

The  sterile  flowers  consist  of  8-12  anthers  attached  to  the  border  of  a 
shield-shaped  (peltate)  connectile. — Root  fibrous.     Leaves  sagittate. 

1  P.  Virgin'ica.      Virginia  A.     Spathe  green,  incurved,  long,  wavy  on  the  margin. 

Leaves  many,  large,  hastate-sagittate,  very  smooth,  dark. 

2  P.  glau'ca.     Glaucous  A.     Spathe  white,  entire,  gradually  unrolled  and  widened 

above.     Leaves  ovate-sagittate,  the  base  lobes  large.     S. 


284 


THE  FLORA. 


COHOET    VI. 

FLORIDBiE,  OR  THE  FLOWERING  ENDOGENS. 


Order  CXXXY.   ALISMACEvE.    AUsmads. 

Herljs  growing  in  water,  with  the  leaves  parallel-veined,  and  with  the 
flowers  regular  and  not  on  a  spadix  ;  the  perianth  consisting  of 
sepals  and  petals^  3  of  each,  the  former  always  green  ; 
ovaries  free,  3  or  more,  separating  into  as  many  1-seeded  achenia. 


Lvs. 


Analysis  of  the  Genera. 

§  Both  the  calyx  and  corolla  greenish 

rush-like  {Arrow-grasses) b 

§  Corolla  colored,  white.      Leaves    mostly 

with  a  lamina a 

a  ris.  y$  .     Sta.  6.    Carpels  whorled. 

Water  Plantain.  Alisma.  1 
a  ris.  §  .  Stamens  0-24.  Carpels  in  a 

head.     Echinodore.  Echinodokus. 
a  FIs.  S  .    Sta.  many.    Carpels  in  a 
head,       Arroio-Tiead.  Saoittaria.  2 
b  Lvs.  radical.    Anthers  ovate.    Carpels 

1-seeded.  Triglock.  TRiQLocHm. 

b  Leaves  cauline.     Anthers  linear.    Car- 
pels 1-2-seeded.  Scheuchzeria. 

1.  ALISMA.     Water  Plantain. 

Flowers  perfect.  Stamens  6.  Ova- 
ries and  styles  numerous,  collected  into 
a  whorl,  becoming  in  fruit  many  dis- 
tinct, flattened  achenia. — if  Stemless 
herbs,  the  leaves  all  radical.  Flowers 
in  a  panicle. 

A.  planta'go.  A  common,  smooth,  handsome 
inhabitant  of  ponds  and  ditches.  Leaves 
oval  or  ovate,  abruptly  acuminate,  7-9- 


Fig.  643.  Sagittaria  sagiltifolia  (com- 
mon form),  leaf  and  flowers.  4.  One 
of  the  pistils  enlarged.  5.  The  pistil  of 
Alisma  cut  open,  showing  the  seed  and 
curved  embryo. 


Order  138.— THE  ORCHIDS. 


veined,  entire,  on  long  petioles.    Scape  l-2f.  liigli,  branching  in  whorls,  bearir;g  nu- 
merous purplisli-whitc  flowers,  in  •Tuly. 

2.  SAGITTATJA.     Arrow-head. 

Flowers  monoscious,  rarely  dioecious,  tlie  $  with  about  24  stamens, 
the  $  with  numerous  ovaries  crowded  in  a  head,  and  becoming  in  fruit  as 
many  compressed,  margined  achenia. — U  Stemless  plants,  leaves  radical, 
generally  arrow-shaped.  Flowers  in  whorls  of  3's,  the  sterile  ones  above 
the  fertile. 

S.  variab''ili3.  A  curious  plant,  conspicuous  with  its  large  white  flowers  among  the 
rushes  and  sedges  of  sluggish  waters.  The  petals  are  wholly  white,  and  the 
scape  simple,  with  the  stalks  1-flowered.  The  leaves  are  generally  arrow- 
shaped  (as  seen  in  the  figure),  but  exceedingly  variable,  sometimes  lanceolate, 
and  sometimes  even  consisting  of  a  petiole  only.     About  If.  high.    Jul^. 


Order  CXXXYIII.   ORCHIDACE.E.    The  Orchids. 

Herhs  perennial,  with  thick,  fleshy  roots;  entire,  parallel-veined  leaves ; 
■flowers  very  irregular,  but  ^^ 'perianth  consisting  always  of  6  parts,  viz.,  of  3 
sepals  and  3  petals^  all  usually  colored,  the  lower  petal  called  the 
lip  differing  in  form  from  the  others,  and  frequently  spurred  at  base ; 
stamens  3,  but  only  1  or  rarely  2  of  them  perfect,  united  with  the 
style  and  forming  what  is  called  the  column ;  anthers  2,  4  or  8-celled; 
'pollen  powdery,  or  waxy,  or  granulated  ;  oiarxj  1-celled,  many-seeded. 

Analysis  of  the  Genera. 

*  Stems  green,  furnished  with  one  or  more  leaves 2 

*  Stems  green,  furnished  with  sheaths  instead  of  leaves.... 

*  Stems  brownish,  furnished  with  sheaths  and  no  leaves,  or  a  late  one. . .  .0 

2  Corolla  lip  very  large,  inflated  and  sack-like. .  ..a 

2  Corolla  lip  of  various  forms,  but  neither  very  large  nor  sack-like. . .  .8 

3  Corolla  produced  into  a  spur  behind . . .  .b 

8  Corolla  destitute  of  a  spur 4 

4  Flowers  small,  many,  in  a  loose  raceme,  beardless. . .  .e 

4  Flowers  small,  many,  in  a  close,  twisted  spike,  beardless. ..  .f 

4  Flowers  showy,  purple  or  yellow,  few  or  1  only g 

a  Root  fibrous.    Lip  obtuse,  spurless.    Anthers  2.     Ladi/^s-slipper.  CvrniPK'DiUM.  1 

a  Koot  a  corni.     T/ip  S-lobcd,  2-spurrod.     Anther  1.  Cab/pso.  Cm.yp'so. 


286 


THE  FLORA. 


Fig.  646.  Lady's-sljpper  {Cypripedium  acaule),  whole  plant,  with  its  2  leaves,  scape,  and 
curious  flower.  7.  Plan  of  the  flower;  s,  sepals  (outer  circle),  the  2  lower  united  ;  p,  the  petals; 
i,  lip  (lower  petal) ;  e,  the  anthers,  upper  one  sterile  ;  o,  the  3-celied  ovary.  8.  The  column  seen 
roin  beneath,  with  the  pistil,  two  stamens,  and  the  leaf-like  sterile  one.  9.  Flower  and  bract  of 
>chis  spectabilis.  Fig.  &bO.  Its  2  pollen  masses  exhibited  (enlarged).  1.  Arethusa  bulbosa;  ^/J 
he  flower.  2.  Its  column  enlarged,  with  its  lid-like  anther  opening,  showing  its  pollen-masses 
>eneath. 

b  Fls.  in  the  axils  of  bracts.    Pollen  masses  2.     Lvs.  l-oo .     Orchis.  Orchis.  2 
b  Flowers  bractless.     Pollen  masses  4.     Leaf  1  only.        Tipula.  Tipula'ria. 

s  Root  coniline.  Spur  growing  to  the  ovary.  Lvs.  none.  Coral-root.  Corallorhi''za.  3 

c  Root  2  corms.     Spnrnone.     Leaf  1,  late,  radical.  Putty-root.  Kvlkctrv.^. 

d  Flowers  1  only,  rose-purple.     Lip  bearded.  Arethusa.  Arethc'sa.  4 

d  Fls.  racemed,  dark-purple,  beardless.     (Lvs.  0  or  few.)        BUtia.  Bletia. 

e  Leaf  1.     Lip  sagittate.     Column  minute.  Micros' tylis.  Micros 'tylis. 

e  Leaves  2,  radical.    Lip  fiat,  ascending.     Column  winged.       Liparls,  Lip''ari8. 

e  Leaves  2,  cauline.     Lip  pendulous,  2-lobed  or  2-cleft.         Ttcay-hlnde.  Listetba 


Order  138.— THE  ORCHIDS.  287 


f  Leave.s  nil  green.     Lip  obtuse,  erect.  ^  Ijidie^  Tretses.  Spirah'tiies.  5 

f  Leaves  netted  with  white.    Lip  pointed,  refle.xcd. 

Rattlesnake  Piantain.  Goodye'ra. 

f  Lvs.  all  green.    Lip  3-lobed,  recurved.     South.          Cranichis.  Cran'ichis. 
g  T/ip  on  the  upper  side  of  the  fl.,  bearded.  Leaf  linear.    Grass  Pink.  CalopC'gon.  6 
g  Lip  on  the  lower  side  (ovary  twisted  as  in  the  other  genera) h 

h  Column  free  from  the  lip.     Flowers  purplish.  Beard  Pink.  Pogo'nia.  7 

h  Column  growing  to  the  lip.  Yellow.  On  trees.  S.  Tree  Orchis.  Epidkn'duum. 

1.  CYPRIPE'DIUM.     Lady's-slipper. 

The  2  lower  sepals  united  into  one  piece  or  rarely  distinct.  Lip  very 
large,  inflated,  sack  or  slipper  form,  obtuse.  Column  terminated  by  a 
petal-like  lobe  (wbicb  is  the  sterile  stamen).  Fertile  stamens  2. — Root 
fibrous.  Leaves  large,  plaited.  Flowers  large  and  showy,  one  or  few. 
May- July. 

*  Flowers  yellow,  one  or  more.     Stems  leafy 5,  6 

*  Flowers  white  or  rose-pnrple. . .  .1 

1  Stem  leafy.     Flower  one  or  more 2-4 

1  0.  acau'le.     Stemless  L.     (Figs.  642-644.)     Scape  naked,  with  2  leaves  at  the  base, 
and  1  large  flower  at  top.     c. 
2  C.  can'didum.     White  L.     Two  lower  sepals  united.     Flowers  1  only,  smaller, 

white.     W.  S.    r. 
S  C.  spectab'ile.     Shoioij  L.     Two  lower  sepals  united.     Flowers  few,  very  large, 

purplisli,     c. 
4  C.  Arieti'num.    Jiain' s-Head  L.    Two  lower  sepals  separate.    Flower]  only, 
small,  purplish,     r. 
6  C.  pubes'cens.     Large  yellow  L.     Moccasin  Fl.     Sepals   narrow-lanceolate.     Lip 

flattened  at  sides,  pale  yellow,     c.     (Fig.  89.) 
C  O.  parviflo'rum.     Smaller  yellow  L.     Sepals  ovate-lanceolate.     Lip  flat  above  and 
btlow,  bright  yellow,     c. 

2.  ORCHIS.     Orchis. 

Flower  ringent,  sepals  and  petals  similar ;  all,  or  all  but  two,  ascending 
and  arching  over  the  column.  Lip  turned  downward,  entire  or  lobed, 
produced  at  base  into  a  spur  beneath,  which  is  distinct  from  the  ovary. 
Stamen  1,  anther  2-celled,  pollen-masses  2,  consisting  of  numerous  waxy 
grains. — Flowers  generally  showy,  in  spikes  or  racemes.  Junc-Aug.  mostly. 

Note,— Under  this  genns  we  Include  two  others,  viz.:  Gymnadenin  and  Platanthora  The 
beginner  would  find  it  difficult  to  separate  them.  See  Class  Book  of  Botany,  p.  6S2,  ic.  No.  1, 
le  the  true  Orchis.    Nos.  8,  9,  10,  are  Gt/mnaclcnia,  and  all  the  others  belong  to  Platanthera. 


288  THE  FLORA. 


§  Leaves  radical  and  only  2  (rarely*3).    Flowers  on  a  scape 1-8 

§  Leaf  radical  and  only  1.     Flowers  small,  on  a  scape 4,  5 

§  Leaves  on  the  stem,  several,  upper  ones  reduced  to  bracts. . .  .a 
a  Corolla  lip  entire,  neitAcr  lobed,  fringed,  nor  toothed. . .  .6-9 
a  Corolla  lip  2  or  3-toothed,  not  fringed  nor  divided.     Flowers  greenish. . .  .10-12 

a  Corolla  lip  cleft  into  a  fringe  at  the  edge,  but  not  divided 13-15 

a  Corolla  lip  divided  into  3  parts,  which  are  fringed  or  not b 

b  Flowers  white  or  yellowish,  with  5  long  bristles,  the  2  side  petals  2-parted. 

S... .16,17. 
b  Flowers  white,  the  2  side  petals  entire  or  toothed  ;  lip  clawed.... 18,  19 
b  Flowers  purple,  numerous,  showy  ;  lip  raised  on  a  claw 20-22 

1  O.  spectab'ilis.     SJioivy  Orchis.     True  Orchis.     Fls.  few,  pink-purple,  handsome. 

Leaves  oblong-ovate.     Height  4-7^     (Figs.  649,  650.) 

2  O.  orbicula'ta.    Eound-lv.  0.     Fls.  whitish,  racemed.     Spur  very  long.    Leaves 

round.     Scape  bracted. 

3  O.  Hook'eri.     Hooker'' s  0.     Flowers  green,  spiked.     Spur  long  as  ovary.     Leaves 

round.     Scape  naked. 

4  O.  obtusa''ta.    Bluiit-lv.  0.    Leafobovate,  obtuse.  Lip  linear,  entire.  5-8'.  r. 

5  O.  rotundifo'lia.  Small  Round-lf.  O.  Lf.  round.  Lip,  mid.  lobe  obcord.  6-9'.  r. 

6  O.  hyperbo'rea.    Northern  0.    Flowers  greenish.     Lip,  petals,  leaves,  and  bracts. 

lanceolate. 

7  O.  dilata'ta.     Broad-lip  0.     Flowers  whitish.     Lip  lance-linear,  rhombic  at  base. 

8  O.  niv'ea.     Snowy  0.     Flowers  white.     Lip  oblong-linear.     Leaves  linear.     S. 

9  O.  nigra.     Black  0.     Flowers  yellow,  close.     Lip  ovate.     Leaves  lance-oblong. 

1 0  O.  tridenta'ta.     Trident  O.     Lip  3-toothed  at  end.     Spur  longer  than  ovary. 

11  O.  bractea'ta.     Bracted  0.     Lip  2-3-toothed  at  end,  spur  half  as  long. 

12  O.  fla'va.     Small  yellow  0.     Lip  obtuse,  with  a  tooth  eaeh  side,  spur  long. 

13  O.  crista'ta.     Crested  yellow  0.     Flowers  yellow,  small,  lip  as  long  as  the  spur. 

14  O.  cilia'ris.    Large  yelloio  0.     Flowers  yellow,  large,  lip  half  as  long  as  the  spur. 

15  O.  Blephariglot'tis.     Ox,-tongue  0.     Fls.  white,  large  ;  2  side  petals  cut-toothed. 

16  O.  Michauxii.    Michaux's  0.     Leaves  oval.     Spur  twice  as  long  as  ovary. 

17  O.  re 'pens.    Five-hristled  0.     Leaves  lance-linear.     Spur  shorter  than  ovary. 

18  O.  leucophEe'a.     White  Prairie   0.     Bracts  shorter  than  the  ovaries..  Lip   fan- 

shaped,  3-parted,  fringed.     Spur  club-shaped,  twice  longer  than  ovary. 

19  O.  lac'era.    Bagged  0.     Bracts  longer  than  the  flowers.     Petals  notched  at  end. 

Lip  segments  wedge-shaped,  fringed.     Spur  filiform,  long  as  ovary. 

20  O.  Junoena.    Prairie  0.     Flowers  dark-purple.     Lip  broad,  lobes  toothed,  not 

fringed.     M.  W.  S.     c. 

21  O.  Psyc'odes.     Fringed  0.     Flowers  light-purple.     Lip  wedge-shaped,  the  2 

petals  merely  toothed,     c. 

22  O.  grandiflo'ra.     Great-fi.  0.    Flowers  light-purple.    Lip  semicircular,  largo. 

2  petals  fringed,    r. 


Order  138.— THE  ORCHIDS.  289 


3.  COKALLORHrZA.     Coral-root.     Dragon's-claw. 

Flower  ringent  Sepals  and  petals  similar,  ascending,  the  upper  arch- 
ing. Lip  produced  behind  into  a  short  spur,  which  grows  closely  to  the 
ovary.  Pollen-masses  4,  oblique. — Herbs  without  green  herbage,  leafless, 
with  coraline  roots,  and  spikes  of  dull-colored  flowers.     May-Sept. 

1  Spur  imperceptible.     Lip  not  lobed,  often  with  2  teeth  at  base 2,  3 

1  C.  multiflo'rzL    Many -flowered  C.     Spur  manifest.     Lip  3-lobed  (the  side  lobes 
small),  spotted.     Flowers  10-20,  purple.     Height  10-15^ 

2  O.  odontorhi'za.     Dragon'' s-claio.     Flowers  9-18,  purple.     Lip  orenulate,  spotted. 

Ovary  and  pod  nearly  globular.     Scape  9-14''. 

3  O.  inna^ta.    L(sser  C.     Flowers  5-10,  purplish.     Lip  obscurely  2-toothed  near  the 

base,  spotless.     Ovary  and  pod  club-shaped.     5-6''. 

4.  ARETHU'SA. 

Sepals  and  petals  cohering  at  base,  similar,  ascending,  arching.  Lip 
spurless,  deflexed  at  the  end,  bearded  inside,  cohering  to  the  petal-like 
column  at  base.  Anther  terminal,  closing  the  2  pollen  cells  like  a  lid. 
Pollen-masses  2  in  each  cell. — Small  plants,  1 -flowered,  in  wet  places. 
Leaves  none,  or  hidden  in  the  sheaths. 

A.  bulbo'sa.  A  beautiful  plant  6-12''  high,  invested  with  about  3  long  loose  sheaths 
with  lanceolate  points  (hardly  leaves).  At  the  top  is  a  large,  fragrant  purple 
flower,  in  June.     (See  Figs.  651,  652.) 


5.  SPIRANTIIES.     Ladies'  tresses. 

Flowers  in  a  spiral  spike,  somewhat  ringent.  Petals  and  sepals  nearly 
erect,  all  tending  to  the  upper  side  opposite  the  lip.  Lip  raised  on  a  short 
claw,  concave,  entire,  widened  at  top  and  furnished  with  2  callous  pro- 
cesses at-base.  Column  arching,  pollen-masses  2. — Stem  leafy  below  or 
nearly  naked,  bearing  a  spike  of  small,  white  flowers,  which  are  bent 
sideways  and  horizontal.    July-Oct.     (Fig.  240.) 

*  Fls.  in  a  single  row  on  one  side,  and  but  little  twisted.     Lvs.  radical 1,  2 

*  Fls.  in  several  rows  all  around  the  short  spike.     Lvs.  on  stem  below. . .  .8,  4 

1  S,  grac''ilis.    Slender  L.     Leaves  ovate,  varying  to  lance-oblong.    Lip  obovate, 

wavy-crisped. 

2  S.  tor 'tills.     Twisted  L.     Leaves  linear,  early  withering  (like  firet).     Lip  8-lobcd, 

finely  crenate. 

13 


290 


THE   FLORA. 


3  S.  latifo'lia,    Broad-lv.  L.     Leaves  oblong-lancc.     2-4'  long.    Spike  dense. 

Lip  oblong,  blunt,  crisp. 

4  S.  cer'nua.    Nodding  L.    Leaves  linear-lanceolate,  3-10'  long.    Spike  dense. 

Lip  oblong,  round,  crisp. 

6.  OALOPO'GOI:^.     Grass  Pink. 

Flower  with  the  sepals  and  petals  similar,  spreading,  distinct.  Lip  on 
the  upper  side  of  the  flower,  stalked  at  base  and  bearded  above.  Column 
winged  at  the  summit.  Pollen-masses  2. — Leaf  sheathing  the  base  of  the 
scape,  which  is  bulbous  at  base.     Flowers  several.     (Fig.  655.) 

C.  pulchel'lus.  A  handsome  plant,  common  in  moist  meadows  and  in  bogs.  Scape 
slender,  l-2f.  high.  Leaf  sword-shaped  or  broad  linear,  long.  Flowers  pink- 
purple,  remarkable  for  having  the  lip  on  the  upper  side  and  the  column  below. 
July. 


Fig.  668.  Pogoniaverticillata.    Fig.  654,  Pogonla  ophiglossoides.    Fig.  655.  Calopogon  pulchclluA 


Ordeu  140.— the  AMARYLLIDS.  291 


7.  POGO'NIA.     Beard-flower. 


Flower  with  its  sepals  and  petals  distinct  and  somewhat  spreading. 
Lip  bearded  inside,  sometimes  3-lobed.  Column  club-shaped,  wingless; 
anther  terminal,  pollen-masses  2,  mealy. — Leaves  1-5,  on  the  stem. 
Flowers  purple.     June- Aug. 

*  Sepals  linear,  spreading,  much  longer  than  the  petals....!,  2 

*  Sepals  and  petals  nearly  equal,  similar,  and  nearly  erect.... 3,  4 

1  P.  verticilla'ta.    W/to/i- leaved  B.     Leaves  5,  in  a  whorl  near  the  1  brownish 

flower.     Sepals  2Mong.     r.     (Fig.  693.) 

2  P.  divarica'ta.     Spreading  B.     Leaves  2,  alternate,  distant,  lance- oblate.     Lip 

3-lobed,  crenulate.     S. 

3  P.  ophiglossoi^es.   Adder-tongue  B.    Leaves  2,  distant,  upper  bract-like.    Flowers 

terminal,  pink-colored.     (Fig.  694.) 

4  P.  pen'dula.    Nodding  B.     Leaves  3-4,  alternate,  with  as  many  pink-white,  droop- 

inir  flowers. 


Order  CXL.   AMARYLLIDACE.E.     The  Amaryllids. 

Herls  perennial,  mostly  bulbous,  with  linear  leaves.^  with  the 
flowers  showy,  mostly  regular  and  on  scapes,  hexandrous ; 
perianth  of  6  similar  pieces  united  below  and  adherent  to  the 
ovary^  which  is  3-celled,  with  the  styles  united  into  1 ; 
fruit  a  capsule  or  berry,  with  albuminous  seeds.     (Fig.  137.) 

Analysis  of  the  Genera. 

%  Perianth  bearing  a  crown  on  the  summit  of  its  tube a 

§  Perianth  destitute  of  a  crown 2 

2  Segments  united  into  a  tube  above  the  ovary b 

2  Segments  distinct  down  to  the  ovary.     Flowers  nodding 3 

3  Perianth  irregular c 

3  Perianth  regular d 

a  Crown  a  thin  membrane  connecting  the  stamens.    S.  Pancra'ticm. 

a  Crown  a  firm  cup  containing  the  stamens.  Narcissus.  Nakcis'scs. 

b  Fir.  solitary.    Perianth-tube  straight,  erect.    Ataniasco  L.  Zephyran'tiius. 
b  Flowers  many.     Perianth-tube  straight,  American  Aloe.  Agave, 

b  Flowers  many.     Perianth-tube  curved.  Tuberose.  Polyanthus. 

c  Stamens  declined  and  curved.     Scape  with  L  Jacobea  Lily.  Spkekklia  * 

d  Sepals  all  white,  larger  than  the  petals.  Snow-drop.  Galanthds 

d  Sepals  green-tipped,  as  large  as  the  petr.Is.  Snow-flake.  Leucojlm 

d  Sepals  and  petals  equal,  yellow.  Star-grass.  IItpoxi 


292  THE   FLORA. 


1.  NAPwCIS'SUS.     Jonquil.     Daffodil. 

Perianth  regular,  crown  of  one  piece,  funnel-form  or  bell-form,  consist- 
ing of  a  whorl  of  sterile  petal-like  filaments  united  by  their  edges,  within 
which  the  fertile  stamens  are  inserted. — A  beautiful  genus  of  bulbous 
plants  with  sword-shaped  leaves  and  yeUow  or  white  flowers.  None  here 
native,     t    Aprilr-June. 

*  Scape  bearing  1-3  large  flowers 2-4 

*  N.  Tazet'ta.    Polyanthus.     Scape  many-flowered,  sep.  white,  crown  yellow,  short. 

2  N.  Daf'fodil.     Daffodil.     Scape  2-edged.    Sepals  whitish.  Crown  yellow,  long 

and  large. 
S  N.  Jonquil'la.    Jonquil.     Scape  terete.     Crown  yellow,  much  shorter  than  the 

yellow  sepals. 
4  N. poet'icus.    PoeVs  Narcissus.  Scape  terete.  Crown  variegated,  rotate,  short; 

sepals  mostly  white. 

2.  AGA'YE.     American  Aloe. 

1  A.  Virginica.    False  Aloe.  Scape  simple,  5-6f.  high.    Flowers  in  a  spike,  greenish- 

yellow.     Leaves  linear-lanceolate,  serrate.     Penn.  S. 

2  A.  America'na.     Century  Plant.      Scape   branched,   15-2of.  high,  bearing  1   vact 

panicle  of  yellow  flowers,  after  many  years.     Leaves  very  thick,  lanceolate, 
spinous-dentate,  often  striped,  f 


Order  CXLIII.   IRIDA'CEJE.     The  Irids. 

Perennial  lierhs.,  arising  from  bulbs  or  thickened  roots ; 
leaves  2-rowed  ;  flowers  perfect,  regular  or  irregular,  spathaceous  ; 
perianth  of  6  petal-like  segments ;  stamens  3  ;  anthers  turned  outwards , 
ovary  inferior,  3-celled,  with  1  style  and  3  stigmas,  becoming  in 
fruit  a  3-celled  cainide  with  many  albuminous  seeds. 

Analysis  of  the  Genera. 

1  Flowers  regular,  3  petals  unequal  to  the  3  sepals.... 2 

1  Flowers  regular,  petals  and  sepals  alike 3 

1  Fls.  irregular,  stamens  ascending.  Sds.  winged,  t  Corn  Flag.  Gladi'olus. 
2  Stamens  separate.     Stigmas  petal-like.     Petals  erect.    Sepals  reflexed.       Iris.  1 
2  Stamens  united.  Sepals  very  large.  Pets,  spreading,  t  Tiger-floicer.  Tigrid'ia. 

8  Flowers  blue,  small,  rotate.    Leaves,  &c.,  grass-like.    (Fig.  4S.) 

Blue-eyed- grass.  Sysiryn^ciiium. 

8  Fls.  purp.,  white  or  yellow,  tube  very  long,  sessile  on  the  bulb,  f  CrC'cus. 

8  Fls.  yellow,  red-spotted,  tube  short.    Height  8-5f.  t      Ixia.  Paruan'thus. 


Order  147.— THE  TiULLIADS.  293 


IRIS.     Flower-de-luce. 

Perianth  G-parted,  the  3  outer  divisions  (sepals)  reflexed,  or  spreading, 
the  3  inner  (petals)  erect.  Stamens  3,  distinct.  Style  short.  Stigmas  3, 
petal-like,  covering  the  stamens. — Perennial  herbs  with  thick  roots  or 
rootstocks,  sword-shaped  or  grass-like  leaves,  and  large  showy  flowers. 
April- July. 
§  Stems  leafy,  tall  (l-2f.  high),  mostly  bearing  several  flowers. . .  .a 

§  Scapes  leafless,  low  (1-6'  high),  mostly  bearing  but  1  flower c 

a  Sepals  or  perianth  bearded.     Cultivated  exotics  in  gardens,  &c 11-18 

a  Sepals  and  petals  beardless.     "Wild  plants,  hardly  ever  cultivated b 

b  Leaves  linear,  grass-like,  less  than  half  an  inch  \vide....l 
b  Leaves  sword-shaped,  nearly  1  or  2''  wide. . .  .2-4 

c  Sepals  or  perianth  bearded,  beard  crested  or  not  crested. . .  .8-10 
c  Sepals  and  petals  beardless,  but  sometimes  wuth  a  crest. . .  .5-7 

I  I.  Virgin'ica.    Boston  I.     Stem  slender.     Ovary  and  pod  acute,  sides  2-grooved. 

Flowers  yellow-blue.     E.  [als  obtuse,  large,     c. 

2  I.  versic'olor.    Blue  Flag.     Stem  1-angled.    Flowers  blue-yellow-white.    Pet- 

3  I.  tripet'ala.     Stem  terete.     Flowers  blue.     Petals  very  small,  3-toothed.     S. 

4  I.  cu'prea.  Copper-coV d  I.  Stem  terete.  Fls.  orange-yellow.  Sepals  notched.  S. 

5  I.  lacus'tris.    Lake  I.     Scape  1-flowered,  flower  blue  and  yellow.    Lvs.  lance.    "W. 

6  I.  ver'na.    Early  I.     Scape  1-flowered,  flower  blue.    Leaves  linear,  very  long.    S. 

7  I.  ochroleu'ca.     Cream-colored  I.     Scape  3-flowered,  flowers  yellow.     Lvs.  sword- 

shaped.    Pod  G-angled.     t 

8  I.  crista'ta.     Crested  I.     Scape  1-flowered,  2-4'  high,  flower  blue  and  yellow. 

Leaves  lanceolate,  3'  long.     S.  [obtuse.     Leaves  ensiform.     f 

9  I.  pum'ila.    Dwarf  I.     Scape  1-flowered,  6-10' high,  flower  deep  blue.    Petals 
10  I.  Chinen'sis.    China  I.     Scape  many-flowered,  flattened,  flowers  pale  blue. 

Stigmas  jagged.     + 

II  I.  sambuci'na.     Common  Flower-de-luce.     Stem  many-flowered,  flowers  blue  or 

whitish.     Petals  and  sepals  notched,     c.     + 

12  I.  German'ica.    German  F.    Stem  many-flowered,  flowers  deep  blue,  spathes  also 

colored,    r.    t 

13  I.  Susia'na.    Clialcedonian  Iris.     Stem  1-flowered,  fl.  striped.    Petals  deflexed.     r 


Order  CXLYII.   TRILLIACE.E.     The  TriUiads. 

Uerhs  with  tuberous  roots,  simple  stems,  and  whorled,  net-veined  leaves, 
with  the  Jlowers  one  or  few,  terminal,  and  mostly  3-parted;  with  the 
sepals  green,  and  the  petals  more  or  less  colored ;  with  the 
stamens  6-10,  awl-shaped  filaments  and  linear  anthers;  with  the 
ozary  free,  3-5-celled,  becoming  m  fruit  a  juicy,  many-seeded  ^o<?. 


294: 


THE  FLORA. 


Analysis  of  the  Genera. 

Plants  with  1  whorl  of  leaves  and  1  flower. 

Pod  many-seeded.  Wake-Roh'm.  Tril'lium.  1 
Plants  with  2  whorls  of  leaves  and  several 

greenish  flowers.     (Fig.  92.) 

Indian  Cucumber.  Mede''ola. 

Fig.  656.  Trillium  erythrocarpurn,  with  the  parts  of  its 
flower  as  if  separated :  «,  the  3  sepals ;  p,  the  3  petals ;  st, 
the  6  stamens ;  o,  the  3  carpels. 

TPJL'LIUM.     "Wake'Robiu. 

Character  as  expressed  in  the  Order  above. 
—  U  Low  herbs  with  a  simple  stem,  bearing 
at  top  a  whorl  of  3  leaves  and  a  single  large 
flower.     Apr. -June.     (Figs.  108,  110,  656.) 

§  Flower  sessile,  petals  dark  purple 1,  2 

§  Fl.  ou  a  peduncle,  raised  above  the  leaves a 

§  Fl.  on  a  peduncle,  recurved  beneath  the  Ivs. .  .7-9 

a  Lvs.  ses.,  rhoraboidal  or  rhomb.-ovate. .  .5,  6 

a  Leaves  petiolate,  rounded  at  the  base 3,4 

1  T.  ses'sile.  Eicket  W.   Lvs.  sessile.   Sepals  erect, 

S  as  long  as  the  linear-lanceolate  petals. 

2  T.  recurva'tum.  BecL  s  W.  Lvs.  petiolate.  Sepals 

recurved,  long  as  lance-ovate  petals. 

3  T.  niva'le.   Snowy  W.    Stem  2-4'  high.   Leaves  obtuse 

snow-w^hite.     The  smallest  species.     W. 

4  T.  erythrocar'pum.  Smiling  W.    Stem  8-12' high.   Leaves  and  petals  pointed, 

wavy,  white,  tinged  and  pencilled  with  purple. 
6  T.  grandiflo'rum.    Great-flowered  W.    Petals  lance-obovate,  recurved,  twice  larger 

than  the  sepals,  rose-white.    Large  and  showy.     M.  W.  S. 
6  T.  erec'tum.    Bath  Flower.     Petals  ovate,  acute,  much  broader  (not  longer)  than 

the  sepals,  dusky  purple  (or  white,  W.),  ill-scented. 

7  T.  peii'dulum.    Pendant  W.     Style  scarcely  any.     Leaves  rhombic.    Petals 

lance-obovate,  short-pointed,  flat,  scarce  larger  than  sepals,  w.    M.  S.  W. 

8  T.  cer'nuum.    Nodding    W.     Style  scarcely  any.     Leaves  ovate,   petiolate. 

Petals  lanceolate,  wavy,  recurved,  much  larger  than  calyx.    Kose-white. 

9  T.  stylo'sum.    Style-hearing  T.    Style  manifest,  as  long  as  the  stigmas, 


656 

Petals  obtuse,  wavy, 


S. 


Order  148.— LILYWORTS.  296 


Order  CXLYIII.   LILIACEJ]].     Lilyworts. 

Herbs  with  parallel- veined  leaves^  bulbous  or  tuberous  stems  ; 
fiowers  perfect,  regular,  generally  large  and  richly  colored  ; 
'perianth  6  (rarely  4)-parted,  uniformly  colored,  free  from  the  ovary; 
ttamens  6  (rarely  4)  ;  anthers  fixed  by  a  point  and  turned  inwards ; 
style  single  ;  ovary  superior,  2  or  3-celled ;  seed  with  fleshy  albumen. 

Analysis  of  the  Genera. 

S  Plants  bulbous  at  the  base,  or  with  a  thick,  woody  stem  (caudex) 2 

§  Plants  with  a  rhizome,  creeper,  or  fibrous  roots 4 

2  Perianth  segments  united,  forming  a  tubular  flower. . .  .d 
2  Perianth  segments  separate,  not  forming  a  tube. , .  .3 

3  Stem  (or  caudex)  leafy  at  least  below,  few  or  many-flowered. . .  .b 

3  Stem  (scape)  sheathed  at  base,  bearing  a  solitary  flower a 

3  Stem  (scape)  sheathed  at  base,  leafless,  many-flowered..  ..c 
4  Stamens  bent  to  one  side,  curved-ascending.     Flowers  showy. . .  .e 
4  Stamens  straight,  and  equal  in  position. . .  .5 

5  Perianth  segments  united  to  near  the  summit. . .  .f 

5  Perianth  segments  separate,  not  forming  a  tube 6 

6  Flowers  in  terminal,  leafless  clusters,  small,  whitish.... g 
6  Flowers  axillary,  or  terminal  and  solitary. . .  .7 
7  Leaves  thread-form,  &c. . .  .h. 

7  Leaves  ovate,  &c k 

a  Flowers  nodding.     Wild  plants.  E/'ythronium.  Erythronium. 

a  Flowers  erect.     Garden  plants.     +  Tvlip.  Tu'lipa. 

b  Nectary  a  linear  groove  at  the  base  of  each  segment.  Lihj.  Lilium. 

b  Nectary  a  round  cavity  at  base  of  each  seg.  f  Crown  Imperial.  Fritilla''kia. 

b  Nectary  none.     Flowers  panicled,  large.     Seeds  many,    t     Yucca.  Yucca. 

b  Nectary  none.     Flowers  panicled,  small.     Seeds  1-3.    S.  Nulina.  Noli'na. 

c  Flowers  in  racemes,  blue  or  purple,     t  Squill.  Scilla. 

c  Fls.  in  racemes  or  corymbs,  yellow  or  white.  Star-Bethlehem.  OiiNiTHoo^ALUM. 

c  Flowers  in  umbels,  white  or  roseate.     Stamens  straight.  Garlic.  Al''lium. 

c  Fls.  in  umbels,  blue.    Stam.  declined  and  curved,  t  Love-floicer.  Agapan'thus. 

d  Perianth-limb  revolute,  as  long  as  the  tube,  f         Hyacinth.  Hyacin'thus. 

d  Per.-limb  spreading,  much  shorter  than  tube,  t  Grape  Hyacinth.  Musca''bi. 

e  Segments  distinct.     Stamens  at  base  valve-like,     t        Ai^phodel.  Aspiiod'elus. 

e  Segments  half-united.   Stamens  perigynous  (§  83).  t  2)a^  Z%.  1Iemeuocal''lis. 

e  Segments  half-united.     Stamens  hypogynous.     t        White  Day-Lily.  Fun'kia. 

f  Fl.  tubular-oblong,  greenish,  axillary.  Jointed  Solomon'' s  Seal.  Polyqona'tum. 

f  Fl.  broad  bell-shaped,  white,  raccmed.     Lily-of -the- Valley.  Convalla'ria. 


296 


THE  FLORA. 


g  Stem  leafy,  bearing  a  cluster.    Flowers  6-parted.      Solomon'' s  Seal.  Smilaci'na.  5 
g  Scape  leafless,  bearing  an  umbel.     Berry  2-Reecled.  Clintonia.  Clinto'nia.  6 

g  Stem  leafy,  bearing  a  cluster.     Flowers  4-parted.       Tway-leaf.  Majan^themcm. 
h  Stems  branching.     Flowers  small,  axillary.     Berry  red.  Aspar'agus. 

k  Filaments  flat,  as  long  as  the  sagittate  anthers.  Twist-fool.  Stkepto'pus. 

k  Filaments  filiform,  much  longer  than  the  anthers.  Prosartes.  Prosar'tes. 

k  Filaments  shorter  than  the  long,  linear  anthers.  BdlwoH.  Uvula^ria.  7 


1.  ERYTHRO'NIUM.    Dog-tootOi  Violet 

Perianth  bell-form,  se- 
pals recurved,  the  3  inner 
ones  usually  with  a  callous 
tooth  each  side  near  the 
base,  and  a  groove  in  the 
middle.  Pod  a  little 
stalked.  Seeds  egg-shap- 
ed.—Stem  a  bulb  deep  in 
the  ground.  Scape  bear- 
ing a  single  flower,  its 
base  sheathed  by  the  base 
of  the  two  smooth  leaves. 
Apr.^  May. 

Fig.  657.  The  Dog-tooth  Vio- 
let {E.  Americanum).  8.  The 
bulb.  9.  The  flower  spread  open, 
showing  the  2  teeth  in  each  petal, 
also  the  position  of  all  the  parts. 
6C0.  The  ovary,  style,  and  stigma. 

1.  A.  cross-section  of  the  ovary. 

2.  The  plan  of  the  flower :  a,  the 
8  sepals  in  the  outer  circle;  &, 
the  3  petals  next;  c,  the  6  sta- 
mens ;  and  d,  the  3-celIed  ovary. 

E.  America'num.      Yellow  E.     Flower  yellow.     Scape  without    a  bract.     Petals 

toothed.     Leaves  spotted,  nearly  equal.     Common. 
E.  bractea''tum.     Braded  E.     Flower  greenish-yellow.      Scape  bearing    a  bract. 

Leaves  very  unequal.     Mountains.     Vt. 
E.  albi'dum.    White  E.    Flower  white.    Scape  without  a  bract.    Petals  not  toothed. 

Rare  in  N.  Y.  and  "W. 


Order  148.— LILYWORTS.  297 


2.  LIL'lUM.  LUy. 
Perianth  bell-shaped,  segments  mostly  recurved,  each  with  a  groove 
running  lengthwise  within  from  the  middle  to  the  base.  Stamens  shorter 
than  the  style.  Valves  of  the  pod  connected  by  latticed  hairs. — Herbs 
with  bulbous  and  leafy  stems.  Leaves  whorled  or  scattered,  ses^e. 
Flowers  terminal.  June^  July.  (See  Figs.  107,  150.) 
S  Plants  bearing  biilblets  in  the  axils.     Flowers  orange.     Gardens. . . .6,  7 

§  Plants  not  bulbiferous  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves a 

a  Flowers  erect,  orange-red.     Sepals  raised  on  elaws 4,  5 

a  Flowers  nodding,  white.    Sepals  sessile.     Gardens 6,7 

a  ]*'lowers  nodding,  yellow  or  orange.    Sepals  sessile.     Wild  plants. . .  .1 
1  Sepals  orange-red,  strongly  revolute,  almost  into  rings. . .  .2,  3 
1  L.  Canaden''se.     Common  Meadoio  Lily.    Sepals  yellow,  merely  recurved,  spread- 
ing above  middle,    c. 

2  L.  super-'bum.    Suferl)  L.     TurTc's-ca'p.    Flowers  8-SO,  very  showy.     Leaves 

lanceolate,  lower  whorled.    c.    M.  W.  S. 

3  L.  Caroliiua'num.    Carolina  L.    Flower  generally  but  1.    Leaves  wedge-lance- 

olate, partly  whorled.     S. 

4  L.  PhiladeKphicum.    Fhiladelphia  L.     Upper  leaves  in  whorls.    Flowers  1-8,  pur- 

ple-spotted,   c. 

5  L.  Catesb2B''i.    Cateshi/s  L.     Lvs.  all  scattered.    Fl.  1,  red  and  yellow-spotted.    S. 

6  L.  bulbif^erum.    Orange  L.    Flowers  erect,  rough  within,  bell-shaped.   Leaves 

3-veined,  scattered,     t 

7  L.  tigri'num.    Tiger  L.     Flowers  nodding.    Sepals  strongly  revolute.    Leaves 

3-veined,  scattered,     t 

8  L.  can-'didum.    White  Lily.    Flowers  in  a  raceme,  smooth,  large.    Lvs.  scattered,   t 

9  L.  Japon^icum.  Japan  Lily.    Flower  1  only,  very  large.   Sepals  rellexed  at  end.   t 

3.  AL'LIUM.  Garlic,  Onion,  &c. 
Flowers  in  a  dense  umbel  with  a  2-leaved  spathe.  Perianth  deeply  6- 
parted,  colored,  usually  spreading,  persistent.  Stamens  6.  Ovary  angu- 
lar. Style  thread-like.  Pod  3-lobed,  containing  1  or  2  black  seeds  in  each 
cell.— Strong-scented,  bulbous,  stemless  herbs,  the  leaves  radical  and  the 
umbel  on  a  scape,  sometimes  bearing  bulblets  instead  of  flowers.  May^ 
July. 

%  Leaves  flat,  lanceolate,  but  perishing  before  flowering 1 

§  Leaves  flat,  lanceolate  or  linear,  present  with  the  flowers. . .  .a 

§  Leaves  terete  and  hollow,  or  tubular c 

a  Filaments  simple.    Ovary  with  a  6-leaved  crown.     Leaves  linear. . .  .b 
a  Filaments  3-forked.     Leaves  lance-linear.     Gardens.... 

13* 


298  THE  FLORA. 


b  Stamens  longer  than  the  sepals.    Umbel  nodding. . .  .2 

b  Stamens  equalling  the  sepals.     Umbel  with  bulblets  or  flowers 3,  4 

b  Stamens  shorter  than  the  sepals.     Umbels  with  flowers  only 5,  6 

c  Stem  leafy  half  way  np.    Filaments  3-forked 7,  8 

c  Stem  naked.     Filaments  simple 

I  A.  tricoc'cum.     Lance-leaved  Garlic.     Umbel  If.  high,  with  a  thin  spathe,  12-20- 

flowered.    Flowers  white.    Plants  strong-scented.     Woods.     N.  "W. 
■*'*  2  A.  cer'nuum.    Nodding  G.    Leaves  longer  than  the  4-angled  scape.     Eoso- 
colored  flowers,  12-20,  in  the  handsome,  nodding  umbel.     M.  W.  S. 

3  A.  Stella 'turn.    Star  G.     Umbel  erect  when  in  flower  (nodding  in  bud),  with 

many  rose-colored  flowers.     Western. 

4  A.  Canaden'se.     Canada  G.    Umbel  a  dense  head  of  bulblets  and  some  flowers. 

Bulblets  sessile,  bracted,  12-18^  high. 
5  A.  mutab''ile.     Chang4ahle  G.     Leaves  bristle-form.    Scape  terete.    Flowers 

many  (20-40).     S. 
4  A.  stria'tum.    Striate  G.     Leaves  striate,  linear.     Scape  3-angled.    Flowers 
few  (3-7), 

7  A.  sati'vum.     Common  G.     Bulb  compound.     Umbel  bearing  bulbs,    t 

8  A.  pomim.    Leek.    Bulb  simple.    Umbel  bearing  numerous  flowers,    t 

9  A.  venea^le.     Crow  G.     Sta.  exserted.     Umbel  with  bulbs.     Slender.     M.W. 
10  A.  Schaenopra''suin.     Gives.    Leaves  rush-like,  as  long  as  the  scape.    Stamens 
included. 

II  A.  fistulo'sum.     Welsh  Onion.     Leaves  thick,  as  long  as  the  swollen  scape. 

12  A.  cepa.     Common  Onion.     Leaves  thick,  much  shorter  than  the  swollen  scape. 


4.  FUl^KIA.    Day  Lily. 

1  F.  ovata.     White  D.    Flowers  white,  funnel-form,  many  in  the  raceme.    Leaver 

broad-ovate,  more  or  less  heart-shaped,     t    Japan. 

2  F.  coeru'lea.    Blue  D.    Flower  blue,  rather  bell-form.    Leaves  ovate-pointed,  not 

at  all  heart-shaped,    t    Japan. 


5.  SMILAOFiTA.     Solomon's-seal. 

1  S.  racemo'sa.     Clustered  S.    Eaceme  compound.     Stamens  longer  than  the  peri- 

anth.   Stem  recurved,  li-2f.    Flowers  numerous,  small,  white. 

2  S.  stella'ta.    Stellate  S.    Flovers  few,  in  a  simple  raceme.    Leaves  many.    N. 

8  S.  trifolia'ta.     Three-leaved  'SL    Leaves  3  or  4,  lance-elliptic.    Flowers  few,  ra- 
cemed.    N. 


Order  149.— THE  MELANTH8. 


6.  CLINTO'NIA.     Clintonia. 

1  0.  borea'lis.    Northern  G.     Leaves  broad,  oval- 

lanceolate.  Flowers  white,  2-5,  nodding  in 
the  erect,  bractless  umbel.  Common  in  woods. 
N. 

2  O.  multiflo'ra.  Mayiy-flowered  G.     Leaves  oblong- 

lanceolate.  Flowers  spotted,  12-80  in  the  co- 
rymb, erect  or  spread.  Plant  downy.  Woods. 
M.  S. 

T.  UVULARIA.  BeUwort 
Perianth  6-parted.  Sepals  linear-spatulate 
or  lanceolate,  with  a  honey-cavity  at  the 
base  of  each.  Filaments  very  short,  anthers 
half  as  long  as  the  sepals.  Style  3-cleft. 
Pod  (or  berry)  S-celled,  cells  few-seeded. — 
Pwoot-stock  creeping.  Stem  leafy  and  usually 
branched.  Flowers  mostly  solitary,  straw- 
yellow,  pendulous.     May. 

1  Leaves  perfoliate  (§  220).    Pod  obovate,  8- 

lobed  at  end...  .3 
1  Leaves  sessile.     Sepals  cream-colored,  ob- 

tiisisli,  ovate,  3-angled 2 

2  U.  sessilifo'lia.      Wild  Oats.     Leaves  glabrous,  glaucous  beneath.    Pod  raised  on 

a  little  stalk.     Stem  6-10'  high,  divided,     c. 
2  U.  puber'ula.     Downy  B.    Leaves  fine-downy,  shining  green  both  sides.    Pod 
sessile.     Stem  8-12'  high.     Mountains.     S. 
3  U.  grandiflo'ra.     Great-floivered  B.     Sepals  smooth  within  and  without,  W 

long.     Anthers  obtuse.     Stem  If.  high. 
8  U.  perfolia'ta.    Mealy  B.      Sepals  granular-roughish  within,  scarce  V  long. 
Anthers  pointed.    Stem  If.  high. 


Fig.  663.  Clintonia  borealis. 
Fig.  664.  A  berry  cut  across  to 
show  the  2  cells. 


Order  CXLIX.  MELANTHACEJE.     The  Melanths. 

Serbs  perennial,  often  poisonous,  with  parallel- veined  leaves ; 
perianth  double,  of  six  similar  pieces,  green  or  colored  alike,  persistent; 
stamens  6,  with  their  anthers  turned  outwards  (extrorse) ; 
ovari/  3-celled,  the  styles  usually  distinct,  a  capsule  in  fruit. 


300  THE  FLORA. 


Analysis  of  the  Genera. 

§  Perianth  segments  united  below  into  a  long  tube a 

§  Perianth  segments  distinct,  not  forming  a  tube 2  ■ 

2  Anthei-s  1-celled,  cordate  (shield-form  when  open) 8 

2  Anthers  2-celled.     Flowers  in  simple  racemes d 

3  Flowers  in  a  panicle,  that  is,  a  compound  raceme b 

3  Flowers  in  a  simple  raceme  or  spike. . .  .c 
a  Leaves  and  flower  arising  from  an  underground  conn.     Golchicum.  Col'chicum. 

b  Sepals  clawed,  each  claw  bearing  a  stamen.  Melan-'thitjm. 

b  Sepals  clawed,  claw  free  from  stamens.  Zigadene.  Zi'gadenus. 

b  Sepals  not  clawed,  base  bearing  a  stamen.  Poke.  Vera^tkum.  1 

c  Flowers  white,  in  racemes.     Stamens  on  the  sepals.    Fly-poison.  Amian'thium. 
c  Flowers  greenish,  in  a  spike.     Stamens  free  from  sepals.  Sch.enocau^lon. 

d  Fls.  perfect.    Filaments  widened  at  base.    Ovary  6-ovuled.   Xerophyllum. 

d  Flowers  perfect.    Filaments  filiform.     Ovary  oo-ovuled,  Helonias. 

d  Flowers  dioecious,  white.    Stem  leafy.  Blazing  Star.  Cham^lir'ium. 

YEEA'TRTJM.     Poke.    False  HeUebore. 

Flowers  polygamous  bj  abortion  in  the  same  plant.  Sepals  united  at 
base,  colored,  spreading,  sessile,  and  without  glands.  Stamens  6,  shorter 
than  the  sepals,  wanting  in  some  of  the  flowers.  Ovaries  3,  united  at  base, 
often  abortive.  Pod  3-partible,  manj-seeded. — Stems  leafj  more  or  less. 
Flowers  panicled.     June^  July. 

§  Stem  stout  and  very  leafy  throughout. . .  .1 
§  Stem  slender,  nearly  naked 2 

2  Sepals  rather  blunt.     Leaves  oval  and  lanceolate 2,  8 

2  Sepals  acuminate.    Leaves  linear. . . . 
1  V.  viride.     Green-fl.  P.    Lvs.  large,  oval,  pointed.     Coarse  plant  with  green  fls. 

2  V.  Woodii.  Wood?s  V.    Scape  3-6f.    Leaves  lanceolate.    Fls.  nearly  black.  W 

3  V.  parviflo'rum.    Small-fl.  V.  Stem  2-5f.  Lvs.  oval.  Fls.  dingy  green.  Mts.  S 
4  V.  angustifoUum.  Grass-lv.  V.  Very  slender,  3f.  Lvs.  long.  Fls.  greenish- white.  "VV 


Order  CLI.  JUNCACEJ3.    Rushes. 

Herls  generally  grass-like,  often  leafless,  with  small,  dry,  green  Jlowers ; 
perianth  of  6  glume-like  pieces,  whorled  in  two  circles  (sepals  and  petals) 
stamens  6,  rarely  2,  on  the  torus ;  style  1 ; 
ovai-y  3-celled ;  seeds  few  or  many. 


Ordek  152.— SPIDERWORTS. 


301 


Analysis  of  the  Genera, 

%  Perianth  greeuish  outside,  yellow  inside.   Stamens  6. 

Stigma  1.    Seeds  many.     Leaves  sword-shaped. 

Scape  nearly  naked.  Nartliecium.  Narthecium. 

§  Perianth  green  or  brownish.     Stamens  6.     Stigmas  3. 

Capsule  3-celled,  3-sjeeded.     Stems  leafy,  jointed. 

Leaves  linear.  Wood,  Rush.  Lu'zula. 

§  Perianth  green  or  brownish.     Stamens  6,  rarely  3. 

Stigmas  3.     Capsule  many-seeded.    Leaves  terete, 

or  linear,  or  none.  Rush.   Bullrush.  Jun'cus. 

Fig.  GC5.  Flower  of  Luzula,  much  magnified:  jp,  the  green  peri- 
anth ;  *,  the  6  stamens ;  cc,  the  3  stigmas. 


Order  CLII.   COMMELYNACE.E.     Spiderworts. 

Herbs  with  flat,  narrow  leaves  which  are  usually  sheathing  at  base ; 
•perianth  of  2  circles,  onter  of  3  green  sepals,  inner  of  3  colored  j^e^aZs; 
stamens  6,  on  the  torus ;  ovary  2  or  8-celled ;  style  and  stigma  1 ; 
capsule  2  or  3-celled,  with  few  seeds. 

Analysis  of  the  Genera. 
%  Flowers  irregular,  clustered  in  a  heart-shaped  floral  leaf.  Commelt'xa. 

§  Flowers  regular,  clustered,  floral  leaf  like  the  re.st.    Spideiwort.  Tkadescan'tia.  1 
§  Flowers  regular,  solitary,  axillary.    Stamens  3.  Moss-like  herbs.  S.    Maya^ca. 

TRADESOAN'TIA.     Spiderwort. 

Flowers  regular,  in  terminal,  close  umbels,  subtended  by  2  or  3  leaf-like 
bracts.  Petals  broad,  larger  than  the  sepals.  Filaments  clothed  with 
Pointed  hairs.     Juice  viscid,  spinning  into  cobwebs. 

S  Leaves  linear,  sessile,  not  narrowed  at  the  base,  smooth 1,  2 

§  Leaves  ovate  or  lanceolate,  narrowed  at  base,  hairy. . .  .3,  4 

1  T.  Virgin''ica.    Common  S.     Leaves  broad-linear.     Umbel  many-flowered,  ses- 

sile, terminal,  with  2  leaf-like  bracts.     Petals  large,  blue  or  white. 

2  T.  ro'sea.     Roseate  S.     Leaves  linear,  long.     Umbel  few-flowered,  with  2  sub- 

ulate bj-acts.    Petals  twice  longer  than  sepals,  rose-colored.    Penn.     S. 
3T.  pilo'sa.    llainj  S.    Leaves  lanceolate,  long-pointed.     Umbels  both  terminal  and 

axillary,  mauj^flj^wers.    Petals  small,  bluish-purple.     W. 
i  T.  crassifo'lia.     Thick-lv.  S.     Leaves  ovate,  some  petiolate,  acute,  ■woolly  beneath. 

Flowers  small,  rose-purple,  terminal.    Stem  weak.     Leaves  striped,    t 


ftOfC/rrr  u^haKY 


INDEX  AND  GLOSS AEY: 

Containing  Definitions  of  Botanical  Terms,  together  with  refe/rences  to  those 
paragraphs  in  which  they  are  defined  in  the  foregoing  Lessons. 


A  (in  composition)  signifies  without  j  as 

apetalous^  destitute  of  petals. 
Abbreviations,  p.  131- 
Abortive,  imperfect,  useless. 
Acaulesceut,  235. 
Acerose,  needle-shaped. — Fig.  9. 
Aclieniam,  168. 
Aculeate,  armed  with  prickles. 
Acumi/ia'e,  pointed,  33. 
Acute,  sharp-angled,  83. 
Adherent,  82. 
Adhesion,  79. 

Adnute,  growing  to  or  upon,  105. 
Adnate  stipules,  46. 
Estivation,  134,  135. 
Aggregate,  assembled  close  together. 
Aggregated  fruits,  183. 
Albumen,  Albuminous,  189,  192. 
Alburnum,    white-wood    or    sap-wood ; 

outer  layers  of  the  trunk. 
Alternate,  49. 
Anient,  149. 

Amplexicaul,  stem-clasping,  41. 
Analysis,  263. 
Ancipital,  two-edged. 
Angiosperms,  256,  257. 
Annual,  yearly,  211. 
Anther,  100. 
Apetalse,  258. 
Apetalous,  without  petals. 
Apex. — Fig.  56. 
Apex  of  the  leaf,  2. 
Appendage,  some  unusual  part  added. 
Appressed,  pressed  closely  to  something 

else. 
Aquatic,  growing  in  M'ater. 
Arborescent,  tree-like. 
Arid,  dry.  [ley. 

Aristate^  bearded ;  as  the  glumes  of  bar- 
Armed,  furnished  with  spines  or  thorns, 

as  if  in  self-defence,  56. 
Aromatic,  strong-scented,  spicy. 


Arrangement  of  leaves.— Lesson  9. 

Ascending,  arising  obliquely. 

Ascending  axis. — Lesson  28. 

Attenuate,  made  slender  or  thin. 

Auriculate,  ear-shaped,  20.— Fig.  28. 

Aivned,  tipped  with  a  bristle-shaped  ap- 
pendage, as  the  beard  of  Barley,  &c. 

Axil,  53. 

Axillary,  growing  out  of  the  axils,  53. 

Axillary  buds,  53. 

Axis,  the  stem  or  central  column,  about 
which  the  organs  are  arranged,  216. 

Baccate,  berry-like ;  covered  with  pulp. 

Banner,  89. 

Bark,  the  external  covering  of  woody 

stems. 
Beak,  a  hard,  short  point,  like  that  of  a 

bird. 
Bearded,  with  long,  stiff  bristles  or  hairs. 
Berry,  174. 

Bl  (in  composition),  twice;  as  in 
Bi-cuspidate,  with  2  points. 
Bi-dentate,  with  2  teeth. 
Biennial,  of  2  years'  duration,  212. 
Bifid,  2-cleft. 
Bifoliate,  2-leaved. 
Bifurcate,  2-forked. 
Bi-labiate,  2- lipped. 
Binate,  2  grown  together. 
Bi-pinnate,  twice  pinnate,  39. 
Bi-pinnathfid,  twice  pinnate-cleft,  24.- 

Fig.  81. 
Bi- saccate,  with  2  tumors  or  sacs. 
Bi-ternate,  twice  ternate,  39. 
Bi-valved,  2-valved. 
Biography  of  the  plant. — Lesson  26. 
Blade  of  the  leaf,  2. 
Botanical  analysis,  264. 
Bracteate  or  Bracted,  having  bracts. 
Bractlets,  little  bracts. 
Bracts,  147. 


INDEX  AND  GLOSSAKY. 


303 


Branches,  203. 

Branching  root,  219. 

BranchUts^  small  branches. 

Bristles,  stiff  hairs. 

Bud,  52. 

Bulb,  230, 

Bulblets,  little  bulbs  borne  above  ground. 

Bulbous,  having  bulbs. 

Bushes,  215. 

Caducous,  fulling  off  early. 

Calyculate,  having  bracts  resembling  an 
outer,  additional  calyx. 

Calyx,  65. 

Cainpanulate,  bell-shaped,  91. 

Canescent,  whitish  with  tine  hairs. 

Cafdlary,  very  slender,  hair-like. 

Capitate,  head-shaped,  globular. 

Capsule,  a  pod,  182. 

Carinate,  keel-shaped. 

Carpels,  124. 

Cartilaginous,  gristly. 

Caryophyllaceous,  88. 

Carynpsis,  grain  or  kernel. 

Catkin,  149. 

Caudate,  with  a  tail. 

Caulescent,  235. 

Cauline,  146. 

Caulis,  235. 

Cellular,  composed  of  cells. 

Cernuous,  nodding. 

Chuffy,  with  chaff. 

Chdructer,  marks  which  distinguish  a  spe- 
cies, genus,  &c. 

Chartaceous,  of  the  texture  of  writing- 
paper. 

Cili(z,  hairs,  like  those  of  the  eye-lashes. 

CUiate,  furnished  with  ciliae. 

Ci  rein  ate,  140, 

Circumscissile,  opening  like  a  lid. 

Cirrhoas,  furnished  with  a  tendril. 

Classification. — Lesson  29. 

Clavate,  club-shaped. 

Claw,  71. 

Climbers,  54,  236. 

Climbing  fern,  12. 

Cochleate,  resembling  the  shell  of  a  snail. 

Cohering,  connected. 

Cohesion,  79. 

Cohorts,  258. 

Colored,  not  green. 

Column,  the  consolidated  stamens  and 
pistils  of  the  Orchis. 

Coma,  a  tuft  of  hairs,  187,  188. 

Complete  flower,  110. 

Compound  flowers,  156. 


Compound  leaves,  23-35. 

Compound  petiole,  44. 

Compound  pistil,  124. 

Compressed,  flattened  lengthwise. 

Cone,  the  same  as  strobile,  183,  185. 

Confluent,  joining  together. 

Conjugate,  joined  in  pairs. 

Connate,  joined  together  at  base,  48. 

Connectiie,  102. 

Connivent,  converging  together. 

Conoids,  258. 

Contorted,  twisted,  130. 

Convex,  rising  spherically. 

Convolute,  132. 

Cordate,  heart-shaped,  19. 

Coriaceous,  leathery,  thick  and  tough. 

Conn,  230. 

Cornnte,  Corniculate,  horned. 

Corolla. — Lesson  12. 

Corona  or  Crown,  the  expanded,  cup-like 

disk  of  Narcissus,  &c. 
Corymb,  151. 

Corymhouti,  arranged  like  a  corymb. 
Cds'tate,  ribbed. 
Cotvledon,  190,  191. 
Creeper,  232. 

Crenate  and  Crenulate,  31. 
Crisped,  Crispate,  with  excess  of  margin. 
Cristate  or  Crested,  with  raised  ridge. 
Cruciform,  87. 
Cryptogamia,  250. 
CucuUate,  hood-shaped. 
Culm,  the  stem  of  grasses. 
Cuneate,  wedge-shaped,  17. 
Cupule,  cup  of  the  acorn,  &c. 
Cuspidate,  with  a  small  abrupt  point,  83. 
Cuticle,  the  epidermis,  scarf-skin. 
Cyme,  157. 
Cymous,  like  a  cyme. 

Decandrous,  with  10  stamens. 

Deciduous,  falling  off  in  autumn. 

Decompound,  more  than  once  compound- 
ed, as  bi  or  tri-pinnate. 

Decumbent,  224. 

Decurrent,  extendmg  down  the  stem  aa 
do  the  leaves  of  Mullen. 

Decussate,  crossing  at  right  angles. 

Deflexed,  bent  downwards. 

Definite,  106. 

Deliiseence,  102. 

Dehiscent  fruits,  166. 

Deltoid,  15. 

Dentate,  Denticulate,  SO. 

Depressed,  flattened  from  above. 

Descending  axis. — Lesson  27. 


304 


INDEX  AND  GLOSSARY. 


Dialypetalse,  258. 

J)i  (in  composition),  two  ;  as  in 

Diadelplioiis,  107. 

JJiandrovs,  with  2  stamens. 

Dich(jtomous,  Ibrked,   branched   by   two 

equal  divisions. 
Didynainous,  107. 

JJiffuse,  spreading  loosely.  [lobes. 

Digitate^    finger-sliaped,     with     narrow 
Di<x,cious,  staminate  and  pistillate  flowers 

on  different  plants,  as  in  the  Willow. 
Discoid  head,  the  florets  all  tubular,  as  in 

Burdock,  Ironvveed,  156. 
Disk  flowers,  156. 
Dissected,  cut  into  2  parts. 
Dissepiment^  a  partition  in  a  pod. 
Distinct,  not  united,  77. 
Divaricate,    spreading    in    a   straggling 

manner. 
Dodecandrous,  with  12  stamens. 
Dorsal,  on  the  back. 
Double  flowers,  119. 
Doubly  dentate,  32. 
Downy,  clothed  with  soft  hairs. 
Drupe,  171. 
Duramen,  inner  wood  of  the  trunk. 

E,  or  Ex  (in  composition),  destitute  of. 

Echinate,  beset  with  prickles. 

Elliptical,  16.* 

Elongated,  exceeding  the  common  length. 

Emarginate,  34. 

Embryo,  190. 

Endogens,  253,  255. 

Enneandrous,  with  9  stamens. 

Ensiform,  sword-shaped,  2S. — Fig.  8. 

Entire,  even-edged,  29. 

Ephemeral,  lasting  but  a  day. 

Epidermis,  the  outer  skin. 

Epigynous,  standing  on  the  ovary. 

Epiphytes,  plants  growing  on  other  plants. 

Equally  pinnate,  37. 

Equitant,  137. 

Erect  stems,  224. 

Erose,  jagged,  as  if  gnawed. 

Eteerio,  173. 

Exogens,  253. 

Exotic,  not  native,  foreign. 

Exserted,  projecting  out  of. 

Exsiccate,  dried  up. 

Exstipulate,  without  stipules. 

Extrorse  (anthers),  facing  outwards,  103. 

Falcate,  sickle-shaped,  linear  and  curved. 
Fascicle,  159. 
Fasciculated,  50. 


Fastigiate,  having  a  flat  or  level  top. 
Feather-veined,  257. 
Ferruginous,  rust-colored. 
Fertile,  fruit-bearing,  109. 
Fibrils,  193. 
Fibro-tuberous,  222. 
Fibrous,  221. 
Fig,  184. 
Filament,  101. 
Filiform,  thread-shaped. 
Fimbriate,  bordered  with  a  fringe. 
Fistulous,  Fistula,  tubular,  hollow. 
Flexuous,  bent  in  a  wavy  manner. 
Florets,  the  flowers  in  a  compound  flow- 
er, 156. 
Floridly,  258. 
Flower-bud,  128. 
Flowering  Plants,  250. 
Flowerless  Plants,  250. 
Foliaceous,  having  the  texture  of  leaves. 
Follicle.  179, 

Footstalk,  the  stalk  of  either  flower  or  leaf. 
Forked  venation,  12. 
Forms  of  leaves. — Lessons  3,  4. 
Free,  not  adhering,  81. 
Fringed,  the  same  a^ fimbriate. 
Fruit.— Lessons  22,  23. 
Fruiescent,  shrubby. 
Fugacious,  soon  perishing. 
Funiculus,  the  seed-stalk. 
Funnel-shaped,  93. 
Furcate,  forked. 
Fuiiform,  spindle-shaped. 

Galea,  the  arched  upper  lip  of  a  labiate 

corolla. 
Gamopetalae,  258. 
Gamopetalous,  75. 
Gamosepalous,  75. 
Geminate,  in  pairs. 
Genus,  Genera,  243. 
Germ,  the  ovary,  189. 
Germination,  196. 
Gibbous,  swelled  out,  protuberant. 
Glabrous,  smooth,  without  hairs. 
Glands,  the  organs  of  secretion,  58. 
Glandular,  gland-bearing. 
Glans,  170. 
Glaucous,  sea-green  :  pale,  bluish-green, 

with  a  powder  or  bloom, 
Globous,  Globular,  round  or  spherical. 
Glomerate,  crowded  together. 
Glomerule,  159. 
Glume,  the  outer  chafi",  enveloping  tho 

flowers  of  the  Grasses. 
Glume  Plants,  257. 


INDEX  AND  GLOSSARY. 


30i 


Glumcless  Plants,  257. 
Gluiniferoe,  257. 

Graniinoids,  258.  [tjrains. 

Granular,  formed   of,  or   covered  with 
Grooved,  furrowed  or  channelled. 
Gymnosperms,  256,  257. 
G(/nandrous,  having  stamens  and  pistils 
combined  into  one  body. 

TTiihit,  the  general  appearance  of  a  plant. 

Habitat,  the  place  where  a  plant  grows. 

Hairs,  60. 

Hastate  or  Halbert-shaped. — Fig.  57,  I. 

Head,  155, 

ILart-ivood,  same  as  duramen. 

Hflmd,  same  as  galea. 

Heptandrous,  with  7  stamens. 

Herb,  a  plant  not  becoming  woody,  211. 

Hrbarivm,  a  collection  of  dried  plants. 

Hexandrous,  with  6  stamens. 

Hibernation,  210. 

Hip,  17G. 

Hirsute,  62. 

Hispid,  rough  with  stiff  hairs,  62. 

Hooded,  curved  or  rolled  into  the  form  of 

a  hood. 
Hybrid,  partaking  of  the  nature  of  two 

species, 
Hi/pogi/nous,  inserted  under  the  ovary,  83. 

Imbricated,  131. 
Imperfect  flowers,  TOO. 
Incised,  deeply  gashed  or  cut. 
Indefinite,  variable  in   number  and  too 

many  to  be  counted,  106. 
Indehiscent,  not  opening. 
Indehiscent  fruits,  Ui6. 
Indigenous,  native  of. 
Inferior  calyx,  calyx  free. 
Inferior  ovary,  ovary  adherent. 
Inflated,  tumid,  as  if  filled  by  wind. 
Inflexed,  bending  inward. 
Inflorescence,  1-il. 
Innate,  105. 

Inserted,  growing  out  of. 
Internode,  202,  227. 
Interruptedly  pinnate,  87. 
Introrse,  103. 

Involucel,  involucre  of  an  umbcllet,  152, 
Involncrate,  surrounded  by  au 
Involucre,  147. 
Involute,  IS'J. 
Irregular  flowers,  86. 

Keel,  carina,  89.  [boat. 

Keeled,  ridged  and  curved  beneath,  like  a 


Labiate,  2-lipped,  97. 

Laciniate,  27.— Fig.  43, 

Lactescent,  milky  or  juicy. 

Lamina,  blade,  71. 

LanceoKite,  15. 

Lateral,  on  the  side,  53. 

Leaf. — Lessons  1,  2,  3. 

Leaf-bud,  128. 

Leaflets,  35. 

Leaf-stems,  228. 

Legume,  ISO. 

Leguminous,  bearing  legumes. 

Lenticular,  sliaped  like" a  double  conve* 

lens. 
Liber,  the  inner  bark. 
ligneous,  woody, 
Ligulate,  strap  shaped,  96. 
Ligule,  47. 
Liliaceous,  88. 
Limb,  76, 

Line  {")  the  12th  part  of  an  inch. 
Linear,  28. 

Lobate,  or  Lobed.— Figs.  30,  85. 
Lament,  a  jointed  legume,  180. 
Lunate,  crescent-shaped. 
Lyratc,  21.— Fig.  34. 

Marginal,  on  the  margin. 

Medulla,  the  pith. 

Membranous,  or  Membranaceous,  thin  and 
soft,  like  a  membrane. 

Midvein,  6,  [set. 

Monadelphous,  stamens  nnited  into  ono 

Monandrous,  with  one  stamen. 

Monoecious,  stamens  and  pistils  in  sepa- 
rate flowers  on  the  same  plant, 

Monopetaloi,  corolla  witli  united  petals. 

Monopetalous,  75. 

Monosepalons,  75. 

Mucronatc,  33, 

Mulberry,  183, 

Multifid,  many  cleft. 

Muricate,  with  hard,  sharp  points. 

Naked,  a  relative  term,  signifying  dtst% 

tute  of. 
Naked 'flower,  110. 
Naked  seeds,  256. 

Xapiform,  tuberous  root  wider  than  long. 
A'atant,  swimming,  [sons  30.  31. 

Natural  System ;   Natural  Orders,— Les 
Nature  of  "the  flower,  208. 
Nectariferous,  producing  honey. 
Net-veined,  8.  '  [tils. 

Neutral  flowers,  without  stamens  or  pis- 
Nodding,  in  a  drooping  posture. 


306 


INDEX   AND   GLOSSARY. 


Node,  227,  202. 

Normal,  regular,  according  to  rule. 

Number  of  Genera,  24ii. 

Number  of  Species,  24fi. 

Aut^  a  simple,  1-seeded,  bard  fruit. 

Oh  fin  composition)  implies  inversion.^  as 

Ohcordate,  'nversely  beart-sbaped,  34. 

ObUinceolate,  17. 

Oblique,  unequal,  one-sided 

Obloncr,  16. 

Obovate,  17. 

Obsolete,  indistinct,  as  if  worn  out. 

Obtuse,  blunt,  33. 

Obvolute,  138. 

Oclirese,  47. 

Odd-pinnate,  87. 

Off-set,  a  sbort,  thick  runner. 

Opercular  dehiscence,  104. 

Opposite,  50. 

Orbicular,  rounded,  16. 

Orders,  247. 

Ordiaal,  relating  to  the  orders. 

Oval,  16. 

Ovary,  121,  123. 

Ovate,  2. 

Ovoid,  egg-shaped. 

Ovules,  123. 

Pales,  the  inner  chaff' of  grass  flowers. 
Palmate,  hand-shaped. 
Palmate  venation,  10. 
Palmately  ternate,  38. 
Panduriform,  fiddle-shaped. 
Panicle,  153. 

Papilionaceous,  89.  [cesses. 

PapiUous,   with   small,   gland-like    pro- 
Pappus,  18S. 
Parallel  venation,  11. 
Parasite,  a  plant  living  on  other  plants. 
Parietal,  of,  or  adjoining  the  wall ;  as 
Parietal  placentae  — Fig.  26t>. 
Pectinate,  comb-liice,  with  long,  narrow 

segments. 
Pedate,  foot-shaped,  26. 
Pedicel,  143. 

Pedicellat'i,  furnished  with  a  pedicel. 
Peduncle,  143, 
Pellucid,  transparent. 
Peltate,  20.— Fig.  25. 
Pendulous,  drooping,  hanging  down. 
Pentaiidruus,  with  5  stamens. 
Pepo,  175. 

Perennial,  enduring  3  years  or  more,  213. 
Perfect  flower,  110. 
Perfoliate,  42. 


Perianth,  66. 

Pericarp,  166. 

Ptvigynous,  inserted  into  the  calyx,  83. 

Persistent,  permanent,  not  falling  off. 

Personate,  i)7. 

Petal,  65. 

Petaliferse,  257. 

Petaloid,  resembling  petals. 

Petiole  and  Petiolate,  3. 

Petiolule,  35. 

Phfenoganiia,  250. 

Pilous,  62. 

Pine-apple,  183. 

Pinna,  (wings),  segments  of  a  pinnate 

leaf. 
Pinnate,  36. 
Pinnatelv  ternate,  38. 
Pinnatifi'd,  24. 
Pinnatisect,  25. 
Pistil,  68.— Lesson  18. 
Pistillate,  bearing  pistils. 
Pith,  the  central  cellular  substance  of  the 

stem. 
Placenta,  a  lobe  or  fleshy  ridge  bearing 

the  seeds. 
Plaited,  same  as  Plicate. 
Plan  of  the  flower. — Lesson  17. 
Plicate,  folded  like  a  fan. 
Plumous,  feathery  or  feather-like. 
Plumule,  190,  191. 

Pod,  dry  fruit ;  as  capsule,  legume,  (fee. 
Pollen,  100, 

Poly  (in  composition)  signifies  many ;  as 
Polyandrous,  with  many  stamens. 
Polyadelphous,  107. 
Polygamous,  having  perfect  flowers,  with 

staminate  or  pistillate  flowers  on  the 

same  plant. 
Polypetalce.     See  Dialypetalas,  258. 
Polypetalous,  75,  258. 
Polysepalous,  75. 
Pome,  176. 

Porous  dehiscence,  104. 
Premorse,  abrupt  at  end,  as  if  bitten  off. 
Prickles,  57. 

Process,  any  projection  from  the  surface. 
Procumbent,  224. 
Prostrate,  224. 
Pubescent,  61. 

Pulp,  the  soft,  juicy  parts  of  fruits. 
Punctate,  dotted  as  if  with  points. 
Pyrifonn,  pear-shaped. 
Pyxis,  17S. 

Quaternate,  growing  in  fours. 
Qainate,  growing  in  fives,  40. 


INDEX   AND   (i  LOSS  All  Y. 


307 


Raceme,  150. 

Racemous,  resembling  a  raceme. 

Raehis,  3i5,  146. 

Kadiate  and  Radiant,  pp.  219,  220. 

Radiate-veined.    See  Palmate-veined,  10. 

Radical^  from  the  root. 

Radical  number,  113. 

Radicle,  lyO,  191. 

Rcuaial,  of  the  branches. 

Rumous,  branched. 

Ray,  Ray-flowers,  156. 

Receptacle,  64. 

Reclinate,  140. 

Recurved,  bent  or  curved  backward. 

Rejiexed,  curved  back  and  downward. 

Rei,nilar  flower,  86. 

Rcnifonn,  kidney-shaped. — Figs.  23,  24. 

R&pand. — Fig.  53. 

Rtticulute,  netted. 

Retuse,  34. 

Kevolute,  139. 

Rhizome,  231. 

Rhomboid  or  rhombic,  oval,  with  anguhir 

sides. 
Rib  (costa),  ridge  caused  by  raised  veuis. 
Ringent,  gaping,  as  when  a  labiate  corolla 

has  an  open  throat. 
Root.— Lesson  27. 
Root-stock,  231. 
Rosaceous,  87. 
Rostrate,  with  a  beak. 
Rotate,  90. 
Rudiments,  116. 
Rugous,  wrinkled. 
R-.'.ncinate,  22.— Fig.  36. 
Runner,  a  slender  branch  striking  root, 

as  in  Strawberry. 

Saccate,  bag-like,  or  sack-like. 

Sagittate,  arrow-shaped,  19. 

Salver-form,  94. 

Samara  (a  key),  169. 

Sap,  204. 

Scabrous,  rough. 

Scale-stems,  228. 

Scape,  144. 

Scarious,  dry,  thin,  scale-like. 

Scorpoid  cyme,  159. 

Sec-i^nd,  all  turned  to  one  side. 

Seed. — Lesson  24. 

Seg7nents,  parts  or  divisions. 

Sepal,  65. 

Septinate,  40. 

Sericious,  61. 

Serotinous,  late  in  the  season. 

Serrate  and  Serrulate,  80. 


Sessile,  5. 

Setaceous  or  Setous,  bristly. 

Sheath,  lower  part  of  the  leaf  or  leaf-stalk 

which  surrounds  the  stem. 
Shrub,  215. 

Silicic  and  silique,  181. 
Si)nple,  not  compound,  of  one  piece. 
Simple  pistil,  124. 
Sinuate,  21.— Fig.  32. 
Sinus,  a  rounded  recess  between  the  lobes 

of  the  leaves,  &o. 
Solitary,  145. 
Spadiciflora?,  258. 
Spadix  and  spathe,  148. 
Spatulate,  17. 
Species,  241. 
Spike,  146. 
Spine,  56. 

Spinescent  or  Spinous,  187. 
Spiral  arrangement,  49. 
Spores,  251. 
Spur,  78. 
Squarrous,  of  a  ragged  appearance;    as, 

with    crowded,    spreading    bracts    or 

leaves,  &c. 
Stamens,  67. 

Staminate,  with  stamens  only,  barren. 
Stellate,  whorled. 
Stem. — Lesson  23. 
Sterile,  109. 
Stigma,  122. 

Stings,  sharp,  poisonous  hairs,  59. 
Stipe,  the  stalk  of  a  pod,  &c. 
Stipitate,  borne  on  a  stipe. 
Stipule,  4. 

Stipulate,  with  stipules. 
Stolon,  a  branch  which  strikes  root  at  the 

end,  producing  a  new  plant. 
Stoloniferous,  bearing  stolons. 
Straight-veined,  when  the  principal  veins 

pass  direct  to  the  margin. 
Striate,  slightly  furrowed  with  streaks. 
Strigous,  clothed   with   short,  stiti",  and 

close-pressed  hairs. 
Strobile,  same  as  cone,  183. 
Style,  122. 
Sub  (in  composition)  denotes  the  quality 

in  a  lower  degree,  as, 
Sub-entire,  nearly  entire. 
Submersed,  under  water. 
Subterranean  stems,  225. 
Subulate,  awl-shaped,  Fig.  7. 
Succulent,  thick,  juicy,  ticshy. 
Superior,  82.  • 

Supra-axillary,  arising   from  above  the 

axil,  as  do  the  flowers  of  Potato. 


308 


INDEX  AND   GLOSSARY. 


Suture,  a  seam;  the  line  of  cohesion. 
Symmetrical,  111. 

Syngenecious,  having  the  anthers  united 
into  a  tube,  107. 

Tendril,  54,  55,  236. 

Terete,  rounded  or  cylindric,  3. 

Terminal,  borne  at  the  summit,  53. 

Terminal  bud,  53. 

Ternate,  38. 

Ttda,  the  outer  seed-coat. 

Tetradynamous,  108. 

Tetrandrous,  with  4  stamens. 

Tliorn,  56. 

Throat,  76. 

Thyrse,  154. 

Tomentous,  61. 

Tootlied,  dentate,  30. 

Torus,  the  receptacle,  64.  [224. 

Trailing,  creeping  or  lying  on  the  ground, 

Tree,  214. 

Triaadrons,  with  3  stamens. 

Tri- cuspidate,  having  3  points. 

Tri-dentate,  3-toothed. 

Trifid,  3-cleft. 

Trifoliate,  3  leaves  or  leaflets  composing 

one  leaf. 
Tri-pinnate,  thrice  pinnate. 
Triternate,  thrice  ternate,  39. 
Truncate,  blunt,  as  if  cut  square  off. 
Trunk,  234. 
Tryma,  172. 
Tube,  76. 
Tuber,  233. 
Tubercular,  222. 
Tuberiferous,  bearing  tubers. 
Tuberous,  thickened  like  a  tuber. 
Tuberous  roots,  220. 
Tubular,  hollow  like  a  tube,  05. 
TuHp,  11. 

Tunicated,  coated,  as  an  onion. 
Turbinate^  shaped  like  a  top. 


Turgid,  swollen. 

Umbel,  152. 
Umbellet,  152. 

Unarmed,  without  thorns,  prickles,  &c. 
Uncinate,  hooked  at  tlie  end. 
Undershrub,  215. 
Undulate,  wavy,  22. — Fig.  33. 
Unguiculate,  witli  a  claw,  71. — Fig.  116. 
Urceolate,  urn-shaped,  02.— Fig.  143. 
Utricle,  a  one-seeded  fruit,  like  that  of 
Pigweed. 

Valvate,  129. 

Valves,  the  parts  which  open. 
Variety,  244. 
Veinlets,  7. 
Veins,  6. 

Veins  of  the  leaf,  6. 
Veinulets,  8. 

Velvety,  clothed  with  thick,  soft  down. 
Venation,  10. 

Ve7itral  suture,  the  front  seam. 

Ventricous,  swelling  out  on  one  side. 
Vernation,  51,  135. 

Verrucous,  warty. 
Versatile,  105. 

Verticil,  a  whorl  of  flowers. 
Verticillate,  50. 
VexiUary,  132. 

Vexillum,  the  banner,  89. 
Villous,  61. 
Vine,  236. 

Virgate,  wand-shaped,  terete  and  slender. 

Wedge-shaped,  see  Cuneate,  17. 
Wheel-shaped,  see  Eotate,  90. 
Whorled,  see  Verticillate,  50. 
Wingtd,  as  if  furnished  with  wings. 
Winged  petiole,  45. 
Wings,  89. 
Woody  plants,  214. 


INDEX  TO  THE  NAMES  OF  PLANTS, 

BOTH  LATIN  AND  ENGLISH: 

Also,  full  references  to  the  Illustrations. 


Abelmoschus Page  'ill 

Abutilon 177 

Acacia 1S9 

Acer,  Jig.  822-328 1S2 

Aceraceae 1S2 

Accrates  273 

Achillea 231 

Aconite,  7f^.  195,  873 151 

Aconitum 151 

Acorns 2S3 

Actaoa 145 

Actinonieris 222 

Actinospermum 222 

Adluinia 159 

Adonis 14S 

JEscliynomene ISO 

^senilis  184 

-lEtliusa 210 

Affapantbus 295 

Apive 292 

Ageratum,  Jig.  303 

Aciumacese 

Agrimonia,  Jig.  61 196 

Agritnony,  Jf{7.  61    196 

Albany  lieechdr'  ,)S 237 

Alchemilla, /(jr.  215 195 

Alder, /i7.  63 280 

Alexanders,  Jig.  4S3-6  ....  213 

Alisma 284 

Alismacese 284 

Alliuin 297 

All-seed 173 

Almond 195 

AInus,/fi'.  68 2^0 

Aloe 292 

Alpine  Bistort 277 

Alsine 173 

Althaea 177 

Alyssum  161 

Ai'naryllidacea? 291 

Aniaryllids 291 

Ambrosia. /^.  514-17 

Amelancliier 196 

American  Aloe 292 

American  Centaury 271 

American  Cowslip 243 

American  Crab 197 

Amorioan  Olivo 274 

Amianiliiuni 3<i0 


Amorpba 188 

Amphianthus 248 

Ampliicarpsea 183 

Amsonia 272 

Amvsdalus I9.i 

AnaValiis,  Jig.  556-7 244 

Anaiitlierix 273 

Andromeda,/^.  242o,  143  236 

Androsace 242 

Anemone 146 

Angelica 210 

Angiosperms 275 

Anise 210 

Anthemis 223 

Antirrhinum 248 

Apetalfe 275 

Apetalous  Endogens 2S2 

Apetalous  Exogens 275 

Apios 190 

Apium 210 

A-plectrum 286 

Apocynaceae 27'i 

Apocynum,/'(7.  285 272 

Apogon 223 

Apple 197 

Apple  of  Sodom 269 

Apple  Peru 268 

Aquilegia 149 

Arabis,  /£/-.  29 164 

Aracea3 282 

Arachis 1S9 

Arcliangelica 210 

Archemora 210 

Arctostaphylos 236 

Arenaria,  j'g.  410 173 

Arethusa,  Jig.  651-2 2S9 

Argemone 158 

Arisaema 283 

Aristolochia 275 

Aristolocliiaceo3 275 

Armoracia 162 

Arnica 222 

Aroids 282 

Arrow  Dragon 2S3 

Arrow-head,  Jig.  47 iJSS 

Arrow-wood,  Jig.  51 

Artichoke 227 

Arum 2"'S 

A.-urum 275 


AsclepiadaceaJ 27S 

Asclepiads 273 

Asciepias,  jfig.  2S3 274 

Ascyrura 168 

Ash,/r/.  187 274 

Asparagus 296 

Aspen 2Sl 

Asphodel,  Asphodelus 295 

Aster,/i7.  524 229 

Asterworts 219 

Astilbe 207 

Astragalus ISS 

Atamacco  Lily, y?j/.  137. ..  291 

Atropa 26S 

Auricula 242 

Avens 199 

Awlwort 162 

Azalea,  ^g  205,  532-4 ....  238 

Baldwinia 222 

Balloon  Vine 184 

Ballota 256 

Balm 256 

Ba!:n-of-Gilead,>(7.  636-7,  234 

Balsaminaceai ISl 

Balsaniine 182 

Bane-berry 145 

Baptisia 193 

Barbarea 166 

Barberry 153 

Bartonia 270 

Batatas 267 

Bav-galls 27S 

llc'an.  Jig.  446,  311 189 

Bear-berry,  ^g.  545 236 

Beard-flower 291 

Beard-tongue 249 

Bedstraw.- 218 

Beech,  Jig.  275 279 

Beet,  /^.  336 

Belaria 2S6 

BciTonia,  ^g.  1S5 

Belladonna 2CS 

Bell-llower 2::V4 

Bellis 222 

r.i'\\won.Jig.  580-1.  SI. 283. 299 

Benzoin 279 

Berheridaceae 158 

Berberids 153 


INDEX   TO   THE   NAMES   OF  PLANTS. 


Berberis./er.  171-2,  377-SO  153 

Berlaniliera 222 

Betula 2S() 

Betulacfse  . .   2S0 

Bidens 22S 

Bignonia 244 

Bisriioniaceae 244 

liUi,erry,fg.lH) 

Bindweeds 266 

Bindwefd,  fig.  \U 267 

Birch,  fig.  13,  632-3 250 

Birch  worts 2S0 

Birtli  worts 275 

Bitter  Cress 165 

Biaer-s\veet,/(7.  611-13..  269 

Bhick berry.  >-!/.  26S 200 

Blackcurrant 205 

Black  H&w.fg.  16 

Black  Hoarhoiind 256 

Black  Saltwort 242 

Bladder-nut.  Jig.  434 185 

Bladder-pod 162 

Bladder  Senna 188 

Blazing  Star 300 

Blephilia 256 

Bletia 286 

Blood-root 158 

Blue-banner 18S 

Blueberries,  /ig.  bi6 236 

Blue-curls 255,259 

Blue-eyed  Grass,  fg.  iS..  292 

Bhie-fliig 293 

Blue-hearts 249 

Blue  Lettuce,  f.  35,  245-7, 

309 223 

Bluets 219 

Boiierhaavia 276 

Boltonia 222 

Bovraiie 261 

Borrageworts 260 

Borraginacea?'. 260 

Borrago,  _fig.  598-000 261 

Borrichia 222 

Boxberry.  j^gr.  547 237 

Box  Elder 182 

Brachychaita 222 

Bramble  199 

Brassica 162 

Bridal  Kose 200 

Brooklime 251 

Brunella  259 

Buchnera 249 

Buck-bean 270 

Buckeye,  Jig.  1£3 1S5 

Buckwheat 276 

Bugbane 145 

Butrloss 261 

Bulrush 801 

Bupleurum .   210 

Burdock, /flr.  509-11 

Burnet 195 

Burr  Marigold 228 

Burr-seed 261 

Bush  Clover 192 

Bush  Honeysuckle 217 


Butter  and  Eggs 249 

Buttercups,  ;y^.  168,  334..   147 

Butterfly  Pea ISS 

Button-bush 218 

Cabbage 162 

CaUile 162 

Calaininth 257 

Caianiintha 257 

Calendula 221 

Calico-bush 2^8 

Calla,  fg.  237  688-41 283 

Callistephus 222 

Calopogon, /e-.  655 290 

Caltha 149 

Calynyction 266 

Calypso 285 

Calystegia 267 

Cauielina 162 

Cauiouiile 2'23 

Campanula, /!7.  142 234 

Campanulacese  233 

Campion 174 

Candytuft 162 

Canterbury  Bells,/S'.  527-9  234 

Caprifoliacere 215 

Capsella,  Jig.23\ 163 

Cai)sicuui  268 

Caraway.  Jig.  211 210 

Cavdamine,  fg.  182 165 

Cardinal-flower 233 

Cardiiispermum 184 

Carnation 173 

Carpet-weed 175 

Carpinus 280 

Carrot 210 

Carum 210 

Caryophvllacese 172 

Cassia,  jig.  60 194 

Cassiope 236 

Castanea 279 

Castilleja 248 

Catal pa, /^.  196-7,  236....  245 

C&h-h&y,  Jig.  136 174 

Catmint,  fig.  52,  593-4. , . .  258 

Cedronelia 256 

Celandine,  Jig. 'iO 158 

Celery 210 

Celtis./fir.  72 

Centrosema IBS 

Centunculus 242 

Century  Plant 292 

Cephalanthus 218 

Cerastium,  ^^.  114 175 

Cerasus 196 

Cercis,^j7-  4 189 

ChiEiophyllura 210 

Chaff-seed 248 

Chamailiriuin 800 

Chaptalia 223 

Checkerberry,/^'- &40-8..  237 

Cheiranthus 161 

Chelidonium 158 

Chelone 252 

Cherry,  Jig.  452-8 196 


Chervil 210 

Chestnut,  ^gr.  49 279 

Cliick-[iea 189 

Chickweed,  j?gr.21     175 

Chick-wintergreen 243 

Chimaphila 240 

China  Aster 222 

Chiogenes.  fig.  343 237 

Chionaiithiis 274 

Chokeberry 197 

Chrysanthemum,  /ig.  55      222 

Chrysobalanus 195 

Chrysogonum 222 

Ciirysopsis 221 

Chrysosplenium 2(»7 

Cicely, /V- 487-90 212 

Cicer 189 

Cichorium 223 

Cicuta, Tfgr.  65 213 

Cimicifuga 145 

Cinquefoil    201 

C\rcsBa,^g.  53,  73,  193,  464  204 

Cives 29S 

Cladastris 189 

Clarkia 203 

Claytonia 176 

Clelhra 236 

Clematis,  j?^  219 145 

Climbing  Fern,  fig.  6 

Clintonia,  Jig.  663 299 

Clitoria 183 

Cloudberry 200 

Clover,/  37, 63,  335, 447-50  191 

Cockle 174 

Cocoa-plum 195 

Coffee-tree 189 

Cohosh 1 53 

Colchicum 300 

Collinsia.  ^g.  578 251 

CoUinsonia 255 

ColtVfoot 222 

Coluinbo 270 

Columbine,/^.  365-70  ...  149 

Colutea 188 

Comarum  196 

Comfrey.  fg.  603 261 

Commelyna 301 

CommelynaceiB 301 

Compositae 219 

Cone-flower 222 

Conioselinum,  Jig.  85 210 

Conium,  ^e'.  65 2l2 

Conobea 249 

Convallaria . .  296 

Convolvulaceae 266 

Convolvulus,  Jig.  144 267 

Coptis 149 

Coral-berry 216 

Corallorhiza 289 

Coral-root 2S9 

Coreopsis 228 

Coriander 210 

Coriandrum,  jfig.  498-4  . . .  210 

Cornaceae  214 

Cornel,  Jig.  12,1 214 


INDEX   TO   THE  NAMES  OF  PLANTS. 


311 


Corn  Flag 292 

Cornus, /?(7.  495 214 

Coronilla 18S 

Corvdal 160 

Corydalis 160 

Corylus 279 

Ci)Stnantlms    264 

Cotton, /i?-  302 177 

Cotton-tree. /(/.  303 

Cow-parsnip 210 

Cowslip 149 

Cow-wlicat 249 

Cranberry 237 

Cranichis 2S7 

Crantzia 210 

CrassulacefE 205 

Cratsesus,  fg.  99 1 95 

Cress  102 

Crest-umbel 210 

Crocus 292 

Crotalaria 183 

Crowfoot,  fig  3 -.1-4 147 

Crowfi)()ts,"  /ig.  200-1 143 

Crownbeard 222 

Crown  Iinperiul 295 

Cruciferae 160 

Crucifers 160 

Cryptot.-Bnia 212 

Cuckoo-flower 162 

Cucumber-tree 152 

Culver's  Tlivsic 251 

Cnniln,  7?!7.  595-6 257 

CupulifL-ne 279 

Currant,  fig.  243,  261,  329.  205 

Cuscuiineae 266 

Cyd<ini:i 197 

Cynoglossum 263 

Cynthia 223 

Cypress-vine  267 

Cvpripediuin,/^/.  89,  646-8  2S7 
Cyrilla 237 

DaflFodil 292 

Dahlia 223 

Daisy 222 

Dalea 188 

Dalibarda 200 

Dandelion./  147,  Ho.r)04-6  231 

Dasystoma,  j^g.  565 -S 253 

Datura 269 

Daucus 210 

Day  Lily 295,  29H 

Decumaria 207 

Delpliinium,  ^gr.  168,  203.  150 

Dentaria 1 65 

Desmanthns 1^9 

DeMModi.im.^j/.  62,287...  1S9 

Dewberry 200 

Diamorpha 2o6 

Dianihus 173 

Dici"ntra../f(7.  3S9,  392 1.59 

Dicerandra 2.55 

Dichondra 266 

Dierviila 217 

Digitalis 243 


Diodia. 21=5 

Dion.-ea 171 

Diphylleia 153 

Diplopappus 222 

Disooj)Ieura 210 

Dittaiiy,/f/.  595-6 257 

Dock, jfgr.  233 276 

Dodecatheon,/  151,  554-5  243 
Dogbanes,  fig.  285,  620-6..  272 

Dogtooth  Violet 290 

Dogwood 214 

Doliclios IhS 

Draba./5r.  396-7 164 

Draba  arabizans,/  155-159 

Dracocephalum 256 

Dragon-root 2S3 

DragonVliead 256 

Dragon's-claw 2S9 

Drop-flower 232 

Dropwort 202 

Drosera 170 

DroseracciE 170 

Dryas 196 

Dry  Strawberry 200 

Dwarf  Dandelion 223 

Dwarf  Pimpernel 242 

Dwarf  Pink. 219 

Dysodia 222 

Eardrop 159,  203 

Echinacea 223 

Echinodorus 284 

Eehinospermum 261 

Echium 261 

Eclipta./^.  305 223 

Egg-plant 269 

Egvptian  Calla 2S3 

Elder 217 

Elecampane 222 

Elliottia 237 

Ellisia 263 

Elm./fl-.  5t,274,359 

Elodoa 163 

Enchanter's     Nightshade, 

Jig.b:i,T3 204 

Ensleniii 274 

Ephe.lra.^0'.  178 

Epidcndruin 287 

Ei)igiea 238 

Epiiobium 203 

Erica 236 

EricacesB 2:<5 

Erigenia,  j«S'.  S33 212 

Eritreron 230 

Erodiimi 179 

Eryngium 210 

Ery>imiim 160 

Kryiliriea 270 

Erytlirina 1S8 

Erythronium,^£/.  657 296 

E>choltzia 1.58 

Euloplms 210 

Eui)atorium,^(7.  512-13  .. 

Euphrasia 24'' 

Evening  Primro.^e 203 


Everlasting  Ten,  Jig.  96. 
Eyebright 


249 


Fabiana 

Fagopyrum , 

Fagns 

False  Aster 

False  Bindweed , 

False  Catmint 

False  Dog-fennel , 

False  Flax 

False  Gentian 

False  Gromwell 

False  Heliotrope 

False  Mitrowort 

False  Pennyroyal 

False  Kocket 

False  Sneezewort 

False  Sunflower 

False  Syringa 

False  Tamarisk 

False  Violet 

False  Wall-flower 

False  Wintergreen 

Featherfoil 

Fennel 

Fenncl-flower,^{7.  41 

Fern.^g.  226,  3.)5 

Fever-root 

Fig./£7.  298 

Figwort 

Figworts 

Flax./(7.  418-420 

Flax  worts  ., 

Fleahai.e 

Floating  Heart 

FlorideiB 

Flowir-of-an-liour 

Flower-de-luce 

Flowering  Almond,  j?fir.  11 

Fly-poison .300 

Fcenicnlum ..   210 

FooKs  Parsley 210 

Forestiera 274 

Forget-me-not. J>V-  6U4...  262 

Forsteronia 272 

Forsvthia 274 

Four-o'clock, /(7.  313 276 

Foxglove 248 

Fragaria.jfC-  2il2.  265 201 

Frankenia,/(7.  160 

Frasera 270 

Fraxinus,^{7.  1S7 274 

French  Marigold 222 

Frinire-tree 274 

Kritillaria 295 

Fuchsia.^V-  130 203 

Furnaria I'D 

Fumariaceic 1.59 

Fumeworis 150 

Fumitory 1.59 

Funkia 298 

221 


276 
279 
222 
267 
257 
222 
162 
255 
261 
261 
2i8 
257 
162 
222 
222 

i's 

269 
2iiO 
166 
2:19 
212 
210 
145 

215 

249 
247 
179 
178 
230 
270 
284 
178 
293 


Gaill.ardia 
Qaiactia.. 


01  C) 


INDEX  TO  THE  NAMES  OF  PLANTS. 


Galanthus 291 

Galeopsis,^^.  5S2-4 256 

Gaiiiiin 218 

Gamopetaloiis  Exogens, . .  215 

Garli.' 2^1 

Gaiikheria 237 

Gaura 203 

Gavlnssacia 236 

Gelseiniuin 247 

Gem-fruit 20S 

Genista 188 

Gentian    270 

Gentiana,./?(7.  615-9 271 

Gentianaceae 2"0 

Gentianworts 270 

Gerariia 179 

Geraniaccfe 179 

Geraniinn,^gr.296,340,421  179 

Gerardia 252 

Germander 255 

Geum 199 

GSlia 265 

Gili,;?fi'.  74,587-8 258 

Gillenia 196 

Gladiolus 292 

Glauciuin 158 

Glaux 242 

Gleditschia 189 

Globe-flower 149 

Glorio<a.^g'.  97 

Glotidimn 188 

Goafs-beard  202 

Goafs  Rue 188 

Golden  Chain 188 

Golden-club, ^(7- 642 283 

Goldenrod.^g-.  75  224 

Gold-thread 149 

Gonolobus 274 

Good-night 266 

Goodyera 2b7 

Gooseberry, /fir.  2S1 205 

Gossypium 177 

Grape  Hyacinth 295 

Grass  Parnassus 171 

Grass  Pink 290 

Gratiola 250 

Greenbrier. /flf.  95 

Green  Dragon 283 

Green  Head 218 

Gronnvell 261 

Grossulaceae 2(I4 

Ground  Cherry 268 

Ground-nut 190 

Halenia 270 

Hardback 201 

Hare-bell, /flr.  526 234 

Hawkbit 223 

Hawkweed 231 

Hazel 279 

Hearf  s-ease 168 

Heath,7f£r.  314-5 236 

Heatliworts 235 

Hedeoma 255 

Hedge  Hyssop 260 


Hedge  Mustard 162 

Hedge  Nettle 256 

Hedysarum 188 

Helenum 222 

Helianthus,/6r.  307 226 

Heliopsis 222 

Heliotrope 261 

Heliotrophytum 261 

Heliotropium 201 

Hellebore 145 

Helleborus 145 

Helonias 800 

Helosciadium 210 

Hemerocallis 295 

Hemianthus 248 

Hemp  Nettle,  fig.  582-4  ..  256 

Henbane,/^.  282 268 

Henbit 256 

Hepatica./fir.  238,  371 ....  147 

Heracleum 210 

Herb  Robert, /fir.  421 1 80 

Herspestis 249 

Hesperis 161 

Het^rotheca 221 

Heuchera 207 

Hibiscus, /^.  411-14 17S 

Hieracium 231 

Hippuris,/V.  461-3 203 

Hoarhound 256 

Ho- Peanut ISS 

Hollyhock,/fir.  218 177 

Honewort 212 

Honey  Locust,  fig.  (>4,  100  189 
Honeysuckle,  jri'fir-  82,  146, 

496 216 

Honkenya 173 

nop,.;?(7.  353 Ill 

Hornbeam 2S0 

Horn  Pondwecd,  Jig.  98 . .     38 

Horn  Poppy 1 5S 

Horse  Balm 255 

Horse  Chestnut 185 

Horse  Nettle 269 

Horse  Radish 162 

Hottonia 242 

Hound's  tonsue 263 

Houseleek,/fir.  474 206 

Houseleeks,>V-  191 205 

Houstonia 219 

Hoya 274 

Huckleberry 236 

Hyacinth,  Ilyacinthus 295 

Hvdransea,  fig.  482 209 

Hydrastis, /V-  154 145 

Hydrocotyle 210 

Hydrophvllacete 263 

HydrophVlIs 263 

Hydropliyllum,/fir.  605-S.  263 

Hyoscyamus 268 

Hvpericacete 168 

Hvperi.'um  169 

nVpoxis 291 

Hyptis 255 

Hyssop 255 

Hyssopus 255 


Iberis 16; 

Illicium 15" 

Ilysanthus 24 

I mpatiens,/^.  71.428....  18 

Indian  Corn,  Jig.  360 11 

Indian  Cucumber, /fir.  92.  29 

Indian  Physic 19 

Indian  Pipes 24 

Indian  Soapworts IS 

Indian  Tobacco 23& 

Indian  Turnip 283 

Indigo 1 SS 

Indigofera IS" 

Innocence 25 1 

Inula 22? 

lodanthus 16L 

Ipomaea 267 

Iridaceae 292 

Irids 292 

Iris,/^.  165,  229,  294-5...  293 

Irish  Moss,/v.  190 206 

Iron-weed. /fir.  248-50 SI 

Iron-wood 280 

Isanthus 255 

Isatis 16; 

Isopappus 222 

Isopy  rum 145 

Itea 207 

Ixia 292 

Jaek-in-the-pulpit 2S8 

Jacobea  Lily 291 

.lapan  Quince 197 

Jeffersonia./^.  284,  375-6  154 

Jerusalem  Cherry 269 

Jerusalem  Sage 256 

Jewel-weed 182 

Jonquil 292 

Jndas-tree,  Jig.  4 1 89 

Julibrassin 189 

Juncacpse 800 

Juncus 301 

Juneberry 197 

Juniper,/fir.  7 15 

Jussisea 203 

Kalmia 23S 

Kerria 196 

Knawell 173  I 

Knot  Bindweed     277', 

Knot-weeds,/fir.  69 276; 

Kostdetskya 177! 

Krigia 223  j 

i 

Laljiatse    254  j 

Labiate  Plants 254  , 

Labrador  Tea 236  ,' 

Laburnum 188  I 

Lactuci^/fiT.  36 224  ?, 

Ladies'-tresses,/sr.  240  ...  289  f 

Lady's-mantle./fir.  45i 19 ')  | 

Lady's-slipper./fi'.  89 2S7  / 

Lady's-thumb 277  * 

Lamium 256  i 

Lampsana. TiJ  \ 


INDEX  TO  THE  NAVIES   OF   PLANTS. 


313 


1 


hVnpa,  r?(7.  n09-ll 

uych.  Jiff,  n 

f^.ikspur,/^.  120,  872.... 

at  liyrus 

ccae 

Rasi>.;   


ivatera 

vftiulula  

vender 

Li-ad-plant 

Leaf-cup 

Leather-flower 

Lt   venwortbia 

Lerium  

Lesruminosae 

Leu'uininous  Plants 

Leiopliyllum 

Leioseleuria  .   

Jjemon,yig.  79 

Leoiiotis 

L'""   tice  ,,..   

Leoi  todon 

Leoniirus 

Ltia'-hys 

Vi).uium 

Lepiocaulis 

L»^pi<.poda 

Lepuropetalon 

Lespedeza 

Lettuce 

.\,eucanthemam 

}^euca3 

I^eucojum 

Leverwood 

lic'-eis,7ffir.  356-8 

I'jri  iicum 

Licustiuin 

L\\&c,/ij.i3l 

L  liacux' 

Liliutn.^Sr.  107,  113 

LVy,fg.Si6 

L'y  worts 

Li  y-of-the-valley,^(7.  44. . 

Liiinanihemum 

Limosefla 

LJnacese 

Li n aria. /^.  663-4 

Linnfca 

Linuin 

Lion's-cars 

Lion's-foot  I 

Lion's-heart 

Liparis 

Liquidambar,j^^.  4  a  . . . . 

Liriodendron 

Listcra 

Litl)()sperninm,j'fo'.  GOl-2. 

Liver\v()rt,/(7.  30 

Lizard-tail, /c'-  1S6 

L(jbeiia 

LobeliacesB 

Lobeliads 

Locust 

L«gttniace» 


150 
1S9 

278 
152 
278 
177 
255 
25.-) 
ISS 
222 
146 
1C2 
236 
ISfi 
1S6 
236 
236 


Lonicera./er.  82 216 

Loosestrife 243 

Lophantlius 256 

Lopl)ospcrinuin,j'?^.  181..  24S 

Lousewort 24^ 

Lovaire 210 

Love-flower 295 

Ludwigia 203 

Lunaria 163 

Lungwort 262 

Lupfne,/(7.  66 192 

Lupinus,  j?(7.  66 192 

Luzula../f(7.  665 801 

Lyclinidea 265 

Lychnis,/(7.  403 174 

Lyciuin 269 

Lycopsis 261 

Lycopus 257 

L^'cospersicuDi 268 

Lygodesmia 224 

Lysiuiacbia 243 

Macbridea 256 

Mncrantbora 249 

Madder 218 

Madderworts 218 

Madwort 161 

Magnolia,  ^^7.  23 151 

Magnoliaceie 151 

Magnoliads 151 

Maiantheinum 296 

MallowP,/i7.  177,217 177 

Mai va, ^(7.  415-17. 177 

Malvaceie 176 

Malvaviscus 177 

Mandrake 154 

Maples,^er.  262,  430-1 1S2 

Mare's  tail 203 

Marigold 221 

Marjoram 255 

Marrubiuni 256 

Marsh  Mallow 177 

Marsh  Marigold 149 

Marsh  Umbel 210 

Maruta 22^3 

Marvel-of-Peru 276 

Marvel  worts 275 

Mastworts 279 

Matrimony 269 

Matthiola 161 

Maurandia 248 

Mayaca 301 

May  Apple 154 

May-flower 238 

May- weed 223 

Meadow  U\y,Jig.  107-9 . .  41 

Meadow  Kue 1-15 

Meadow-sweet 201 

Mcconopsis I'lS 

Medeola,7?j7,  92 294 

Medicago ISS 

Medic 188 

Melampyrum 249 

Melilotus 190 

MelantliaceiB 299 

14 


Melanthiuni 300 

Melantbs 299 

Melissa 256 

Mentha 256 

Mcnyanthes 270 

Menzicsia 236 

Mermaid-weed 203 

Mertensia 262 

Miami-mist 264 

Microstylis 286 

Misnonctte, /£7.  118 44 

Milk  Vetch 188 

Milk-vine 18S 

Milkweed,/^.  2&3 274 

Milkworts 185 

Milfoil 231 

Mimosa 189 

Mimulus,/V-  569-72 252 

Mint 256 

Mirabilis 276 

Missouri  Currant, /j7.  471.  205 

Mitchella.  ^(7.  497 213 

Mitella.^^.  477-Sl 207 

Mitreola  246 

Mitrewort,7?i7.  115 207 

Modesty 210 

Modiola 177 

Mollugo 175 

Molucca  Balm 256 

Molucella 256 

Monarda,7f(7.  580-1 253 

Moneses 237 

Moneywort 243 

Monkey-flower,/fir.  569-72  252 

Mouk's-hood,  Jiff.  43 151 

Monotropa 240 

Morning-glory,  Tfo-.  22,  161, 

162;  352 267 

AIoss  Andromeda    236 

Moss  rink 265 

Motherwort 256 

Mountain  Ash 197 

Mountain  Fringe 159 

Mountain  Heath 236 

Mountain  Laurel  238 

Mountain  Mint 258 

Mountain  Sorrel 276 

Mouse-ear 175 

Mouse-tail 145 

Mud-flower 248 

Mudwort 248 

Mulberry, yto'.  297 91 

Mulgedium,/i7.  35,  245-7.  223 

Mullein 249 

MulleinPink 174 

Aruscari 295 

Mustard./(7.  291,  893-5...  166 

Mustardworts 166 

Mylocaryum 237 

Myosotis 202 

M'vosurus 145 

Myriopbyllum 203 

Nnl.nlns, /j7.  607-9 232 

Nuihvort 178 


3U 


INDEX   TO   THE   NAMES   OF  I'LANTS. 


\ 


Napwa 177 

Narcissus 292 

Nardosmia      223 

Narthecinm 801 

Nastnrtiuiu 162 

Nauinbergia 242 

Neckweed 251 

Nesundo 1S2 

Neirenibergia 269 

Nelumbiacete 154 

Neliimhium 156 

Neliiinbo 155 

Nepeta,/^'.  74,  5S7-S  ....  25S 

Nerium 272 

Nettle,7?fir.  106 

Neurophyllum   210 

Nicandra 26S 

Nicotiana 269 

Nisella 145 

Nightshade 269 

Nightshades 268 

Niiiebark 202 

Nipplewort 223 

Noble  Liverwort 147 

Nolina 295 

Nu[)har 155 

Nyctasinaceae .' 275 

Nytnphfeace.'B 1;"6 

Nvmphsea,/^'.  198-9,381-4  156 

Nyssa 214 

Oo.k.yf.g.  32-4,  54, 318-21 . .  279 

Obolaria 270 

Ocymum,^7.  5S6 255 

(Enothera,  Jig.  453-9 203 

Okra 177 

Oldenlandia 218 

0!ea 274 

Oleacese  274 

OIeander,/£r.  1 74 272 

Oliveworts 274 

Onagracese 202 

Onion,  Jffir.  816-17 297 

Onosmodium 261 

Orchidacea  285 

Orchids,7?fir.  45 28.5 

Orcliis,^^-^'.  649-50 287 

Oregon  Currant 205 

Origanum 255 

Ornithogalum 295 

Orontium,^Cr.  642 233 

Orpine 206 

Osier 281 

Osmanthus 274 

Osmorhiza 212 

Ostrya 280 

Oxalidaceae ISO 

OxaWs,  Jig.  425 181 

Ox-eye 222 

Oxybaphus 276 

Oxycoccus 237 

Oxydendrura 236 

Oxyria 276 

r8Donia,^j7.  838 145 


Painted-cup 243 

Pancratium 291 

Pansy,  j«sr.  S4 168 

Papaver 158 

Papaveracese 157 

Papaw,^^'.  70 

Pardanthus 292 

Parnassia ITI 

Paronychia 173 

Parsley 210 

Parsnip 210 

Parthenium 223 

Partridge-berry 218 

Pasque-flower 140 

Passion-flower,^^'.  42,  351 

Pastinaca 210 

Paulo wnia 248 

PavoTiia 177 

Pen, Jig.  286.  443-5,  451 .. .  193 

Peach, ^fl-.  276 195 

Peanut 189 

Pear./(7.  10,  88,  133,  280..  197 

Pearl  wort 173 

Pedicularis 248 

Pelargonium 179 

Peltandra 283 

Pennyroyal 255 

Pennywort,  fig.  24,  25....  210 

Penthorura 206 

Pcntstemon .■ 249 

Peony,  /fir.  838 145 

Pepper 268 

Pepper-and-Salt 212 

Pepper-grass 163 

Peppermint 255 

Pepper-root 165 

Periploca 274 

Periwinkle 272 

Persea 273 

Persica 195 

Petalostemon 188 

Petroselinum 210 

Petunia,  Jig.  145,  614 268 

Phaca 188 

Phacelia.   263 

Pharbitis   267 

Phaseolus 189 

Pheasant's-eye,/:406-7.14S,173 

Philadelphia  Lily 297 

Philadelphus 2(i8 

Phlomis 256 

Phlox,  ^gr.  l-:6,  609 265 

Phloxworts 264 

Physalis 268 

Physostegia,  Jig.  589-91  . .  260 
Piiytolacca,^^'.  627-31  ...  278 

Phytolaccacece 278 

Pigweed,/6r.  31,  277 

Pimpernel. 214 

Pimpinella 210 

Pinckneya 218 

Vme,Jig.  9,800 

Pine-sap 240 

Pink,j«fl'.  112 173 

Pink-root,  Jig.\21 246 


Pinkworts \  .T9 

Plnxter V  ''.39 

Pipsissewa,  fig.  54S 2^  ;iO 

Pisum,  Jig.  '138-9,  224  ... .  19,J?3 

Pitcher-plant 1-'  J;  7 

PIum,/(7.    15 "-•  2|5 

Podophyllum i5*^  * 

Podostigma 173 

Pogonia:  fg.  653-4 291 

Poison  Hemlock,/^.  49 1-2  212 

Poke 27-1,300 

Pokeweeds 278 

Polar-plant 222 

Polemoniaceaj 264 

Polemonium 266 

Polyanthus 291,  292 

Polycarpon 173 

Polygala,  Jig.  437-8 185 

Polygalacese 1S5 

Polygonacejft    276 

Polygonatum 295 

Polygonel'.a 276 

Polygonum,  Jig.  69,  S6  . . .  276 

Polyrania 222 

Polypremum 246 

Polytaenia 210 

Pond  weed, /fir.  46 

Poplar 152,  281 

Poppy 153 

Poppyworts 157 

Populus 281 

Portulaca 176 

Portulacaceoe 175 

Potato 269 

Potentilla,  Jig.  76-7 201 

Poterium 195 

Prairie  Innocence 219 

Prairie  Rue 145 

Pride  of  Ohio 243 

Prim 274 

Primrose 242 

Primula.  Jig.  549,  553 242 

Primulacese 241 

Primworts 241 

Prince's  Feather 277 

Prince's  Pine,  Jig.  341 ... .  240 

Privet 274 

Prosartes 296 

Proserplnaca 203 

Prunus 195 

Psoralea 188 

Pterospora 237 

Puccoon 262 

Purselane 176 

Putty-root,  /fir.  345 286 

Pyciianthemum 255 

Pyrethrum 222 

Pyrola,/fir.  14,  169,  536-9.  239 

Pyrrhopappus 223 

Pyrus,  /fir.  134 19T 

Quamoclit.  Jig.  610 267 

Queen-of-the-Prairie 202 

Quercus 279 

Quince, /fi-.  1,  2 197 


INDEX   TO   THE   NAMES   OF  PL/VNTS. 


15 


Ra>1ish lCr2 

IJa-ge.l  Robin 175 

liiinuiiculaceaB 143 

Riimuu-ulus 147 

Riipliunus 1()2 

Raspberry 200 

Kiitllc-pod 1S8 

Rjittlc'snake  Plantain 2S7 

Rc.l  B.-an ISS 

Resin-wc-ed 2'22 

Rlieiim  276 

Riiinanthiis 249 

Rhododendron  ^g'.  152,535  239 

Rl.odora 230 

Rhubarb 276 

Klivncosia 1S3 

Riln-s 205 

Richardia 2S3 

Rivina 278 

Robinia 190 

Rubin's  Plantain 232 

liock  Cress 164 

R.R-i^et 161 

Rosa,  Jig.  221,  299 197 

Rosaceje 194 

Rosc/s-  oO,  53,  SCs  101,203  197 

Rose  Acacia 190 

Kosft  15ay.  Jig.  Gl 2i9 

Rusc  Campion 1 74 

Rosemary 256 

Rosf  worts 194 

Rosmarinus 256 

Riibia 2IS 

RnbiaccsB 21S 

Riibus 199 

Rndbeckia 222 

Rne  Anemone, T^'r/.  207... 

Rnmex  276 

Rushes soil 

Rutland  Ueauty   267 

Sabbatia 271 

Sa<re.  Jig.  176,  22S,  535. . . .  257 

Sairina 173 

Sa^'ittaria.  Jig.  643-5 285 

SalicaceiC 281 

SnWx.Jig  19 '-SI 

Salvia,/!/.  585 257 

Snmbucus 217 

Samolns 242 

Sand  Myrtle 23  i 

Sandwort 173 

Sangiiinaria-jf?^.  3s3 158 

Sangnisorba 195 

Sanicle 211 

Saiiicnla 211 

Sapindacoae  184 

Sai.indiis 1^4 

Saponaria,  ^g.  125 173 

Sarraconia.  Jig.  3S5-7 157 

Sarraceniaceaj 156 

Sassafras 279 

Satin-flower 163 

Sat ni eja 255 

Saiirurus, /t/  1S6 


Saxifraga 207 

SaxifragaceiB 206 

Saxifrage, ./fj7. 131,  214., . . .  207 

Schenocaulon 800 

Scheufhzeria 284 

Scbizanthus 243 

Schrankia ISO 

Sciiwalbea 243 

Schweinitzia 237 

Scilla 295 

Scleranthns 173 

Scorpion-griiss 2(12 

Scotch  Broom 183 

Scratch-grass,  Jig.  26 277 

Scre\v-sl;ein 270 

Scrophularia 249 

Scroiiiinlariaceai 247 

Scutelhiria 259 

Sea-rocket 1C2 

Sea  Sandwort 173 

Sedge,  Jig.  227 

Sedum.  jffe^.  1911,472-3....  200 

Seed-box 203 

Self-heal   25G 

Semillower 243 

Semiiervivum £06 

Senebiera 1 63 

Senecio 221 

Senna 194 

Sensitive  Brier lo9 

Sensitive  Pea 194 

Sensitive  Plant 1S9 

Sentera 274 

Sericocarpus 222 

Sesbania 183 

Sesuvium 175 

Seymeria 249 

Shad-berry 197 

Shamrock 191 

Sheep-poison 238 

Si.epherd's-purse,  Tfflr.  288, 

331  1G3 

Sickle-pod 164 

Sida  177 

Silene,/i7.  116 174 

Si:kweed 274 

Silpliinm 222 

Sinapis 106 

Sisymbrium 102 

Slsyrinchiuin 292 

Slum 2:0 

Skullcap 259 

Skunk  Cabbage 2'«3 

Skunk  Currant 205 

Smilacina 298 

Smoke-tree.  7?(7.  18 

Snake-head 249 

Snap-dragon 248 

Snee/.ewort 222.  230 

Snowberry 216 

Snovrdro]! '291 

Siiowllake 291 

Soapwoit 173,  1S4 

Solanace.x* 26> 

So.nmim,  Jig.  Gll-13 260 


Solea 16T 

Solidaco, /,/.  75,  501-3  ...  224 

Solomon's  Seal,  ^g.  348 .. .  298 

Sonchns 223 

Sorrel '276 

Sorrel-tree  236 

Sow-thi.stle 223 

Si>adicitioriE 2S2 

Spanish  Needles 228 

S|)eculaiia 233 

Speedwell,  Jig.  575-7 250 

Spergula 173 

Si)ergiilaria 173 

Spermacoce 218 

Si. ice-bush 279 

Sj.iderwort 301 

Spiderworts 3(il 

Si.iirelia. /(7.  503-4 246 

Spiranihes,/^/.  240 289 

Spirea 2<il 

Sponge-  tree ISO 

Sprekelia 291 

Sprini:  Beauty 176 

Spnrrv 173 

Sipiill 295 

Squirrel-corn 150 

Starhys 256 

Staphylea,  Jig.  235 185 

Star  Anise 151 

Star-grass 291 

Star-(d-Bethlehem 295 

Starwort.  ...   173,  229 

Steliaria. /?er.  251 173 

Stijiulicula 173 

St,  Jolinswort,/.'/-  400-2  .  169 

St  JohnsworusyiV-  210-11  163 

Stock 161 

Stonecrop 206 

St  Peterswort 1 63 

St  Peter's  Wreath 202 

Strawberry,   /((7.   Ill,  273, 

45.>-6 201 

Streptopus 296 

Stylisma 266 

Stylosanthes ISO 

Subularia 1 62 

Succory 223 

Sugar-berry. /(/.  72 

Sullivantia    207 

Summer  Savorv 255 

Sundews, yrV/.  20.  21 170 

Suntlower.  fig.  49d-500.  ..  226 

Swamp  Pink 289 

Sweet  Basil 255 

Sweet  Clover 190 

Sweet  Flag 233 

Sweet  Pea 1S9 

Sweet  I'otlitO 267 

Sweet  William. 173,  174 

Swine  Cress U'>:i 

Symiiliituin 201 

Symphoricarpus 216 

Svmplocarpiis 233 

SynAndra,/£7.  90,  143,  697.  260 

Synthiris 24S 


81G 


INDEX   TO   THE   NAMES   OF   PLANTS. 


Syplionycbia 173 

Syringa 274 

Tagetes 222 

Talinum 175 

Tall  Hyssop 256 

Taraxicum 231 

Tecoma,  Jiff.  V2i 244 

Tephrosia,.;?fir.  59 188 

Teiragonotheca 222 

Tetraiuhei-a 279 

Tencrium.^^.  592 255 

Tlialictruin 145 

Thaspinm 213 

Thiiuble-berry 200 

Thistle, /{7.  273 

Thorn 195 

Thorn  Apple 269 

Thyme 255 

Thymus 255 

Thysanella 276 

Tiarella 2()S 

Tick-seed 228 

Tiedmannia 210 

Tiger-flower 292 

Tiser  U]y,jfig.  150 

Tigridia 292 

Tillaja 206 

Tipularia 256 

Toad -flax,  Jiff.  U9 249 

Tobacco,>V.  204 269 

Tomato 208 

Tongue-grass 163 

Tooih-root 165 

Touch-me-not,  /:  71,  121-2  181 

Tower  Mustard 162 

Tradescantia  801 

Tragopogon 223 

Trailing  Arbutus 238 

Trautvetteria 145 

Tree  Orchis 287 

Trefoil 189,  191 

Trichostema 255 

Trientalis 243 

Trifolium 191 

Triglochin 284 

Triiliaceffi 293 

Trilliads, /gr.  110.  206,  349  293 
Trillium,  Jig.  108,  656. . . .  294 

Triosteum 215 

Trollius 149 

Troximon 223 

Trumpet-flower, ^gr.  561..  244 
Trumpet-leaf 157 


Trumpets 244 

Tuberose 291 

Tulip,  Tulipa 295 

Tulip-tree,/  225,  330,  874.  152 

Tupelo 214 

TurkVcap 297 

Turmeric-root 145 

Turnip,  ^(7.  837 

Turnsol 261 

Turritis 162 

Turtle-head 252 

Tussilairo 222 

Tway-blade 2S6 

Tway-leaf 296 

Twin-flower 215 

Twin-leaf. 154 

Twist-foot 296 

Umbeliferae 209 

Umbelworts 209 

Umbrella-leaf. 153 

Umbrella-tree 152 

Uvularia,/g'.  81 299 

YRccmmm,  Jiff.  170,  544.,  236 

Vachellia 189 

Vegetable  Oyster 223 

Venus'  Flytrap,  _fiff.  403-5  171 

Veratrum 800 

Verbascum 249 

Verbesina 222 

Veronica, /g-.  575-7 250 

Vesicaria 162 

Vetch 188,189 

Viburnum 215 

Vicia 189 

Vigna 188 

Vinca 272 

Y\o]a,  Jiff.  89S-9 167 

Violaceae 166 

Violet. /.^.  269 167 

Violets,  ^^V-  132,  173 166 

Vi[)er's  Bugloss 261 

Virgin's  Bower 145 

Visiana 274 

Wake  Robin 294 

"VValdsteinia 200 

Wall-flower, /£?.  135,  223  .  161 

"Water-beans 154 

Water-carpet 207 

Water  Hemlock 213 

Water  Hoarhound 257 

Waterleaf,  fff.  6(i5-8 263 


Water  Lily 156 

Water  Peppei 277 

Water  Pimpeinel 242 

Water-pitchers 156 

Water  Plantain 284 

Wax-plant 274 

Vfheat,fff.  272,312 

Wheat-thief 262 

Whistle-wood 183 

White  Bay 152 

W hite-M-eed 2-22,  230 

White-wood 152 

Whitlow-grass 164 

Wild  Apple,  fg.  134 

Wild  Basil 255,257 

Wild  Ginger,  fg.2i 275 

Wild  Indigo 193 

Wild  Lettuce, /S'- 36,  310.  224 

Wild  Oats 297 

Wild  Potato 267 

Willow,  Jiff.  3, 17,  88,  034-5  281 

Willow-herb...   203 

WMlloworts 281 

Wind-flower 146 

Winter  Cress 166 

Wintergreen,^^.  14 239 

Wistaria 1S8 

Witch-grass,^{7.  350 

Woad 161 

Wolf- berry 216 

Wood-rush 301 

Wood-sorrel 181 

Woolmoulh 253 

Xeroph yllum 800 

Xy  ris,  jig.  1 94 

Yarrow 231 

Yellow  Birch 281 

Yellow-eyed-grass,yf£7. 194 

Yellow  Jessamine 247 

Yellow  Jessie 203 

Yellow  Eattle 249 

Yellow-root 145 

Yew,  Jiff.  801 

Yucca  295 

Yulan 152 

Zanthorhiza 145 

Zephyranthus,/e'.  166  ...  291 

Zigadenus 800 

Zinnia 223 

Zizica 213 

Zornia 189 


APPENDIX 


•  THE  LANGUAGE  OF  FLOWERS. 

'*  Then  gather  a  wreath  from  the  garden  bowers, 
And  toll  of  the  wish  of  thy  heart  in  flowers." 

rEKCIVAL. 

Acacia,  Rose  (Robinia  liispida,  319*).     Friendsliip. 

Adonis,  Floss  (Adonis  autumnalis,  205).     Sad  remembrances. 

Almond,  Flowering  (Amygdalus  pumila,  329).     Hope. 

Aloe  (Agave,  694,  or  Yucca,  709).    Superstition. 

Alyssum,  Sweet  (Alyssum  maritinum,  236).    Merit  before  beauty. 

Amaranth,  Globe  (Gomplirena  globosa,  019).     I  change  not. 

Amaryllis  (Zephyranthus,  695).     Affectation,  Co(iuetry. 

Andromeda  (Andromeda,  487).    A  cruel  fate  has  fixed  me  here. 

Anemone  (Anemone  nemorosa,  203).     Anticipation. 

Angelica  (Archangelica,  381).     These  are  idle  dreams. 

Arbor-vitae  (Thuja,  662).    Thy  friend  till  death. 

Arethusa  (A.  bulbosa,  691).    I  could  weep  for  thee. 

Aspen  (Populus  tremuloides,  655).    Excessive  sensibility. 

Asphodel  (Asphodelus,  713).    My  thoughts  will  follow  thee  beyond  the  grave. 

Aster  (420).    Cheerfulness  in  age. 


*  liefers  to  the  page  in  the  Chiss-Book  of  Botany,  where  may  be  fomul  a  more  full 
and  complete  account  of  the  species  or  genus  than  could  bo  consistent  with  th« 
limits  of  an  elementary  treatise.  Reference  to  page  and  place  in  this  work  may  ba 
made  through  the  Index. 


318  THE   LANGUAGE  OF  FLOWERS. 


Auricula  (Primula  auricula,  502).     You  are  proud. 

Bachelor's  Button  (Centaurea  Cyanus,  465).     Single  blessedness. 

Balm  (Melissa,  548  ;  Monarda  didyma,  550).     Sympathy. 

Balm-of-Gilead  (Populus  candicans,  6oG).     You  have  cured  my  pain. 

Balsamine  (Impatiens  balsamina,  280).    Approach  not. 

Barberry  (Berberis,  217).    A  sour  temper  is  no  slight  evil. 

Basil,  Sweet  (Ocymum  basilicum,  541).    Good  wishes. 

Beech  (Fagus,  646).    There  let  us  meet. 

Bluets  (Houstonia  coerulea,  402).    Unaspiring  beauty. 

Box  (Buxus,  632).     Constancy.     I  change  not. 

Broom  (Genista,  310).    Humility. 

Broom  Corn  (Sorghum  saccharatum,  709).    Industry. 

Bulrush  (Scirpus,  738).    Indecision. 

Burdock  (Lappa  major,  468).    Don't  come  near  me. 

Bultercups  (Ranunculus,  205).    I  cannot  trust  thee. 

Cactus  (the  Cactacese,  359).    l^ou  terrify  me. 

Canterbury  BeUs  (Campanula  Medium,  479).     Gratitude. 

Carnation  (Dianthus  caryophyllus,  254).    A  haughty  spirit  before  a  Ml. 

Catchfly  (Silene,  256).    I  am  a  willing  prisoner. 

Cedar  (Juniper  Virginiana,  664).    I  live  for  thee. 

Chamomile  (Anthemis  nobilis,  457).     Fortitude. 

China  Aster  (Callistephus  Chinensis,  429).     I'll  think  of  it. 

Chrysanthemum  (458).    I  love. 

Clover,  Red  (Trifolium  repens,  312).     Industry. 

Clover,  White  (     "  "  ).    Truth  needs  no  flowers  of  speecli. 

Clover,  I'ellow  (    "  "  ).     Slighted  love. 

Columbim  (Aquilegia  Canadensis,  210).     I  cannot  give  thee  up. 

Columbine  (A.  vulgaris,  110).    Hopes  and  fears. 

Corn  Cockle  (Agrostemma  Githago,  257).    Thou  hast  more  beauty  than  wcrth. 

Coxcomb  (Celosia,  616).    You  are  a  fop. 

Crocus  (700).    What  an  enigma  thou  art. 

Cypress  (Cupressus  thyoides,  663).    Bereavement.    Despair. 

Daffodil  (Narcissus  Pseudo-narcissus,  693).     Self  esteem. 


THE  LANGUAGE  OF  FLOWERS.  319 


Dahlia  (429).     Forever  thine. 

Dandelion  (Taraxacum  Dens-leonis,  473).     You  intrude. 

Dogbane  (Apocynum,  588).     Falsehood. 

Dogwood,  Flowering  (Gornus  florida,  890).     False  pretensions. 

Eglantine  Rose  (Rosa  ruhiginosa,  335).    I  wound  to  heal. 

Egyptian  Calla  (Richardia  ^Ethiopica,  GG9).    Modesty. 

Enchanter's  Nightshade  (Circsea,  35G) .    I  shall  beware  of  your  enchantments 

Fennel-flower  (Nigella  damascena,  209).    Love  in  a  mist.    Perplexity. 

Fig  (Ficus  Carica,  G35).    It  is  a  secret. 

Fir  Balsam  (Abies  Balsamea,  GGl).     Time  will  cure. 

Flax  (Linum  usitatissimum,  275).     Domestic  industry. 

Fleur-de-lis  (Iris,  697).    I  bring  you  a  message. 

Four-o-clock  (Mirabilis  Jalapa,  603).     Timidity. 

Foxglove  (Digitalis,  526).    My  heart  acknowledges  your  influence. 

Geranium,  Ivy  (P.  peltatum,  278).    A  bridal  decoration. 

Geranium  maculatam  (277j.    You  burn  with  envy. 

Geranium,  Oak-leaf  (Pelargonium  qucrcifolium,  279).     There  is  notliing  in  a 

Geranium  Robertianum  (277).    Aversion.  [name. 

Geranium,  Rose  (P.  graveolens,  278).    Thou  art  my  choice, 

Goldenrod  (Solidago,  430).    Encouragement. 

Hazel-nut  (Corylus,  647).    Reconciliation. 

Heart's-ease  or  Pansy  (Viola  tricolor,  244).    Forget  me  not. 

Hibiscus  Syriacus  (270\    Thy  beauty  soon  will  fade. 

Hibiscus  Trionum  (269).     I  would  not  be  unreasonable. 

Heliotrope  (Heliotropium  Peruvianum,  559).    Devotion. 

Hellebore  (Helleborus,  209).    It  is  a  scandal. 

Holly  (Ilex  opaca,  &c.,  496).     Am  I  forgotten? 

Hollyhock  (Althaea  rosea,  266).    Ambitious  only  of  show. 

Honeysuckle  (Lonicera,  394).     Seek  not  a  hasty  answer 

Hop  (Humilus  lupulus,  638).     You  do  me  injustice. 

Hyacinth  (Hyacinthus,  713).     Jealousy. 

Hydrangea  hortensis  (373).    Vain  boasting. 

Ice-plant  (Mesembryanth,  265).     Your  very  looks  Are  freezing. 


320  THE   LANCJUAGE   OF   FLOWERS. 


Indian  Tobacco  (Lobelia  infiata,  477j.     Away  with  your  quackery. 

Ivy  (Hedera  Helix,  390).    Nothing  can  part  us. 

Japonica,  Red  (Camellia  Jap.,  273).     Pity  may  change  to  love. 

Japonica,  Wliite  (C.  Japonica,  273).     Perfected  loveliness. 

Jessamine  (Jasminum,  596).    Thy  gentle  grace  hath  won  me. 

Jonquil  (Narcissus  Jonquilla,  693).    Requited  love. 

Judas-tree  (Cercis  Canadensis, 301).     Unbelief.     Treachery. 

Juniper  (Juniperus  communis,  663).    I  will  protect  thee. 

Lady's-slipper  (Cypripedium,  581).     Caprice. 

Larkspur  (Delphinium,  210).    Fickleness. 

Laurel,  Sheep  (Kalmia  angustifolia,  &c.,  485).    Falsehood. 

Lavender  (Lavandula,  541).    Owning  her  love  she  sent  him  Lavender.    Shaks. 

Lemon  (Citrus  Limonum,  274).    Discretion. 

Lilac  (Syringa,  598).     My  first  love. 

Lily,  White  (Lilium  candidum,  709).     Purity  and  sweetness. 

Locust,  green  leaves  (Robinia  Pseudacacia,  319).     My  heart  is  buried. 

Lupine  (Lupinus,  311).     Indignation. 

Magnolia  glauca  (214).    He  lives  in  fame  who  dies  in  virtue's  cause. 

Magnolia  grandiflora  (214).     Thou  hast  magnanimity. 

Marigold  (Tagetes,  or  Calendula,  465).     Cruelty. 

Mignonette  (Reseda  odorata,  241).    Moral  worth  superior  to  beauty. 

Milkweed  (Asclepias,  597).    Conquer  your  love. 

Mistletoe  (Phorodendron,  621).    Meanness.    Indolence. 

Mock  Orange  (Philadelphus  coronarius,  374).    Deceit.    I  cannot  trust  thee. 

Monk's-hood  (Aconitum,  211).    Deceit.    Your  words  are  poison. 

Morning-glory  (Pharbitis  purpurea,  571).    You  love  darkness. 

Myrtle  (Myrica  ceriera,  650).     Thine  is  the  beauty  of  holiness. 

Myrtle  (Myrtus  communis,  346).     Love's  offering. 

Narcissus,  Poet's  (Narcissus  poeticus,  693).     Egotists  are  agreeable  only  to 

Nasturtion  (Tropa^olum  majus,  281).     Honor  to  the  brave.  [themselves 

Nettle  (Urtica  dioica,  636).    Thou  art  a  slanderer. 

Nightshade  (Atropa  Belladonna,  588).     Death. 

Nightshade  (Solanum  nigrum,  577).     Skepticism. 


TW  LANGUAGE  OF  FLOWERS.  321 

Oak  (Quercus,  642).     Tliou  art  honored  above  all. 

Oat  (Avena  sativa,  790).     Thy  music  charms  me. 

Oleander  (Ncrium  Oleander,  590).     The  better  part  of  valor  is  discretion. 

Olive  (Olea,  599).    Emblem  of  peace. 

Orange  FJowers  (Citrus  Aurantium,  274).    Bridal  festivity. 

Ox-eye  Daisy,  or  Whiteweed  (Leucanthemum,  458).     Be  patient. 

Parsley  (Apium  petroselinum,  388).     Thy  presence  is  desired. 

Passion-flower  (Passifldra,  363).     Let  love  to  God  precede  all  other  love 

Pea  (Pisum  sativum,  303).     Grant  me  an  interview. 

Peach  blossom  (Persica  vulgaris,  328).    Preference. 

Pennyroyal  (Hedeoma  pulegioides,  544).     Flee  temptation. 

Peony  (Paeonia,  212\    A  frown. 

Pepper  (Capsicum,  578).    Your  wit  is  too  keen  for  friendship 

Periwinkle  (Vinca,  589).     Remember  the  past. 

Phlox  (567).    Our  souls  are  one. 

Pine,  Pitch  (Pinus  rigida,  660).     Time  and  philosophy. 

Pine,  White  (Pinus  strobus,  660).    High-souled  patriotism. 

Pink,  Single  Red  (254).    A  token  of  pure  and  ardent  love. 

Pink,  Single  White  (Dianthus  caryophyllus,  254).     Artlessness  . 

Pink,  Variegated  (254).    Frank  refusal. 

Poppy,  Red  (Papaver  Rheas,  224).    Oblivion  is  the  cure. 

Poppy,  White  (Papaver  somniferum,  224).     'Twixt  life  and  death. 

Primrose  (Primula  grandiflora,  502).     Confidence. 

Primrose,  Evening  (OSnothera,  352).    Inconstancy. 

Quince  (Cydonia,  333).    Beware  of  temptation. 

Rocket  (Hesperus,  234).     Thou  vain  coquette  ! 

Rose  Bud.     Thou  hast  stolen  my  affections. 

Rose,  Burnet  (Rosa  pimpinellifolia,  337).    Gentle  and  innocent. 

Rose,  Cinnamon  (R.  cinnamomia,  335).     Without  pretension.     Such  as  I 

am  receive  me.     Would  I  were  more  for  your  sake. 
Rose,  Damask  (R.  damascena,  336).     Blushes  augment  thy  beauty. 
Rosemary  (Rosmarinus,  550).    Remember  me. 
Rose,  Moss  (R.  centifolia,  B.,  886).    Thou  art  one  of  a  thousand. 

14* 


322  THE  LANGUAGE  OF  FLOWERS. 


Rose,  White  (R.  alba,  33G).    My  heart  is  free. 

Rose,  White,  withered  (33G\     Transient  impressions.  [you. 

Rose,  Wild  (R.  nitida,  335).     Simplicity.     Let  not  this  false  world  deceive 

Rue  (Ruta,  283).    Disdain.  [virtues. 

Sage  (Salvia,  548).     There  is  nothing  lovelier  in  woman  than  the  domestic 

Snap-dragon  (Antirrhinum,  519).     Thou  hast  deceived  me. 

Snow-ball  (Viburnum  Opulus,  397).     Thou  livest  a  useless  life. 

Snow-drop  (Galanthus,  694).    I  am  no  summer  friehd.  [friend. 

Sorrel  (Polygonum  acetosella,  606).     Ill-timed  wit.    A  jester  is  a  dangerous 

Speedwell  (Veronica,  526^.     My  best  wishes. 

Spiderwort  (Tradescantia,  727).     You  have  my  esteem  ;  are  you  content  ? 

Star-of-Bethlehem  (Ornithogalum,  710).     Look  heavenward. 

Stock  (Matthiola,  229).     Too  lavish  of  smiles. 

Sumac  (Rhus,  283).     Splendid  misery. 

Sweet  Pea  (Lathyrus  odoratus,  304\    Must  you  go  ? 

Sweet-scented  Shrub  (Calycanthus,  345).     Benevolence.  [villain  too. 

Sweet  William  (Lychnis  chalcedonica,  257).     A  man  may  smile  and  be  a 

Thistle  (Cirsium,  467).     Misanthropy. 

Thorn  Apple  (Datura,  581).     Thou  scarcely  hidest  thy  guilt. 

Thyme  (Thymus,  547).     The  prize  of  ^artue. 

Tulip,  Variegated  (Tulipa,  707).     Thy  spell  is  broken. 

Tulip,  Yellow  (707).    I  dare  not  aspire  so  high. 

Venus'  Looking-glass  (Specularia,  479).    Flattery  hath  spoiled  thee. 

Vervain  (Verbena  hastata,  537).     I  see  thy  arts,  and  despise  them. 

Violet,  Blue  (Viola  cucullata,  243).     Faithfulness.    I  shall  never  forget. 

Violet,  White  (V.  blanda,  242).     Retirement.    I  must  be  sought  to  be  found, 

Virgin's  Bower  (Clematis,  200).     Filial  affection. 

Wall-flower  (Cheiranthus,  232).     A  friend  in  need  is  a  friend  indeed. 

Water  Lily  (Nymphsea  odorata,  220).     Be  silent. 

Weeping  Willow  (Salix  Babylonica,  655).    Mourning  for  friends  departed. 

Zinnia  (444).    To  the  prude. 


